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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: सामाजिक संस्थाओं को समझना | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


 46 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
1
ifjp;
;g iqLrd lekt vkSj O;fDr dh var%fozQ;k
osQ ckjs esa ppkZ ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA geus ns[kk
fd geesa ls izR;sd dk ,d O;fDr dh rjg
lekt esa ,d LFkku ;k fLFkfr gksrh gSA izR;sd
dh ,d izfLFkfr vkSj ,d ;k vusd Hkwfedk,¡
gksrh gSa ysfdu lkèkkj.kr% budk pquko djuk
gekjs fu;a=k.k esa ugha gksrkA ;s Hkwfedk,¡ pyfp=kksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dh rjg ugha gksrh ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHkusrk viuh bPNk ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj
dj losQA ;gk¡ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
izfrcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr] nafMr vkSj iqjLÑr
djrh gaSA lkekftd laLFkk,¡ jkT; dh rjg
c`gr ;k ifjokj dh rjg y?kq gks ldrh gaSA
bl vè;k; eas gekjk ifjp; lkekftd laLFkkvksa
ls gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xk fd lekt'kkL=k
,oa lkekftd ekuofoKku esa buoQk vè;;u
fdl çdkj gksrk gSA bl vè;k; esa oqQN izeq[k
{ks=kksa ftuesa egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ tSls
(d) ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh] ([k ) jktuhfr]
(x ) vFkZO;oLFkk] (?k) èkeZ ,oa (M+ ) f'k{kk gksrh
gS] budk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
foLr`r vFkZ esa laLFkk mls dgk tkrk gS tks
LFkkfir ;k de ls de dkuwu ;k çFkk }kjk
LohÑr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj
mlosQ fu;fer rFkk fujarj dk;Z pkyu dks
bu fu;eksa dks tkus fcuk le>k ugha tk
ldrkA laLFkk,¡ O;fDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk yxkrh
gaS] lkFk gh ;s O;fDr;ksa oQks volj Hkh iznku
djrh gaSA
laLFkkvksa dks Lo;a esa y{; osQ :i eas Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa yksxksa us ifjokj]
èkeZ] jkT; ;k ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk dks Hkh vius
vki esa ,d y{; osQ :i esa ekuk gSA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
vè;k; 3
fØ;kdyki&1
yksxksa }kjk ifjokj] èkeZ] jkT; osQ fy, cfynku
nsus osQ mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspasA
2019-20
Page 2


 46 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
1
ifjp;
;g iqLrd lekt vkSj O;fDr dh var%fozQ;k
osQ ckjs esa ppkZ ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA geus ns[kk
fd geesa ls izR;sd dk ,d O;fDr dh rjg
lekt esa ,d LFkku ;k fLFkfr gksrh gSA izR;sd
dh ,d izfLFkfr vkSj ,d ;k vusd Hkwfedk,¡
gksrh gSa ysfdu lkèkkj.kr% budk pquko djuk
gekjs fu;a=k.k esa ugha gksrkA ;s Hkwfedk,¡ pyfp=kksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dh rjg ugha gksrh ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHkusrk viuh bPNk ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj
dj losQA ;gk¡ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
izfrcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr] nafMr vkSj iqjLÑr
djrh gaSA lkekftd laLFkk,¡ jkT; dh rjg
c`gr ;k ifjokj dh rjg y?kq gks ldrh gaSA
bl vè;k; eas gekjk ifjp; lkekftd laLFkkvksa
ls gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xk fd lekt'kkL=k
,oa lkekftd ekuofoKku esa buoQk vè;;u
fdl çdkj gksrk gSA bl vè;k; esa oqQN izeq[k
{ks=kksa ftuesa egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ tSls
(d) ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh] ([k ) jktuhfr]
(x ) vFkZO;oLFkk] (?k) èkeZ ,oa (M+ ) f'k{kk gksrh
gS] budk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
foLr`r vFkZ esa laLFkk mls dgk tkrk gS tks
LFkkfir ;k de ls de dkuwu ;k çFkk }kjk
LohÑr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj
mlosQ fu;fer rFkk fujarj dk;Z pkyu dks
bu fu;eksa dks tkus fcuk le>k ugha tk
ldrkA laLFkk,¡ O;fDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk yxkrh
gaS] lkFk gh ;s O;fDr;ksa oQks volj Hkh iznku
djrh gaSA
laLFkkvksa dks Lo;a esa y{; osQ :i eas Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa yksxksa us ifjokj]
èkeZ] jkT; ;k ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk dks Hkh vius
vki esa ,d y{; osQ :i esa ekuk gSA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
vè;k; 3
fØ;kdyki&1
yksxksa }kjk ifjokj] èkeZ] jkT; osQ fy, cfynku
nsus osQ mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspasA
2019-20
 47
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ge igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd lekt'kkL=k
osQ varxZr ladYiukvksa dks le>us eas vusd
izdkj dh fHkUurk,¡ vkSj fojksèkkHkkl gaSA gekjk
ifjp; çdk;Zoknh vkSj la?k"kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls
Hkh djk;k x;k gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd
oSQls mUgksaus ,d gh fo"k;&oLrq dks fofHkUurk
ls ns[kk] tSls Lrjhdj.k ;k lkekftd fu;a=k.kA
blfy, blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha fd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh
le> gSA
,d çdk;Zoknh n`f"V lkekftd laLFkkvksa
dks lkekftd ekudksa] vkLFkkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fufeZr lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk osQ tfVy
rkus&ckus osQ :i esa ns[krh gSA lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ lekftd ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fo|eku gksrh gaSA bl izdkj lekt esa gesa
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk,¡
ns[kus dks feyrh gaSA tSls ifjokj vkSj èkeZ
vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk osQ tcfd dkuwu
vkSj f'k{kk (vkSipkfjd) vkSipkfjd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
,d la?k"kZoknh n`f"V dh ekU;rk gS fd
lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk LFkku leku ugha
gSA lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ pkgs os ikfjokfjd]
èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd] vk£Fkd] dkuwuh ;k 'kS{kf.kd
gksa] lekt osQ izHkko'kkyh vuqHkkxksa pkgs os oxZ]
tkfr] tutkfr ;k ¯yx osQ lanHkZ esa gksa] osQ
fgr esa lapkfyr gksrh gSaA izHkko'kkyh lkekftd
vuqHkkxksa dk u osQoy jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd
laLFkkvksa ij izHkqRo gksrk gSa vfirq os ;g Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd 'kkld oxZ osQ fopkj
gh lekt osQ fopkj cu tk,¡A ;g fopkj bl
ls cgqr fHkUu gSa fd fdlh lekt dh lkekU;
vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSaA
tSls&tSls vki bl vè;k; dk vkxs vè;;u
djsaxs] ns[ksa fd D;k vki ,sls mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSa fd oSQls lkekftd laLFkk,¡
O;fDr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gaS rFkk volj Hkh
iznku djrh gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[kas fd D;k os
lekt osQ fofHkUu vuqHkkxksa ij vleku izHkko
Mkyrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge iwN ldrs gaS]
¶oSQls ifjokj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk volj Hkh iznku djrk
gS\¸ ;k ¶jktuhfrd ;k dkuwuh laLFkk,¡ fo'ks"k
lqfoèkk izkIr vkSj vfèkdkj foghu O;fDr;ksa
dks oSQls izHkkfor djrh gaS\¸
2
ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
'kk;n ifjokj ftruh ^uSlfxZd* dksbZ vU;
lkekftd laLFkk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA izk;% ge
;g ekuus dks rS;kj jgrs gSa fd lHkh ifjokj
oSls gh gksrs gS tSls ifjokjksa esa ge jgrs gSaA
dksbZ vkSj lkekftd laLFkk bruh O;kid vkSj
vifjorZuh; ugha fn[krh gSA lekt'kkL=k vkSj
lkekftd ekuofoKku us dbZ n'kdksa rd fofHkUu
laLÑfr;ksa esa ;g n'kkZus osQ fy, {ks=kh; vuqlaèkku
fd, fd oSQls fofHkUu lektksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu
Lo:i gksrs gq, Hkh ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
laLFkk,¡ lHkh lektksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gaSA mUgksaus
2019-20
Page 3


 46 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
1
ifjp;
;g iqLrd lekt vkSj O;fDr dh var%fozQ;k
osQ ckjs esa ppkZ ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA geus ns[kk
fd geesa ls izR;sd dk ,d O;fDr dh rjg
lekt esa ,d LFkku ;k fLFkfr gksrh gSA izR;sd
dh ,d izfLFkfr vkSj ,d ;k vusd Hkwfedk,¡
gksrh gSa ysfdu lkèkkj.kr% budk pquko djuk
gekjs fu;a=k.k esa ugha gksrkA ;s Hkwfedk,¡ pyfp=kksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dh rjg ugha gksrh ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHkusrk viuh bPNk ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj
dj losQA ;gk¡ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
izfrcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr] nafMr vkSj iqjLÑr
djrh gaSA lkekftd laLFkk,¡ jkT; dh rjg
c`gr ;k ifjokj dh rjg y?kq gks ldrh gaSA
bl vè;k; eas gekjk ifjp; lkekftd laLFkkvksa
ls gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xk fd lekt'kkL=k
,oa lkekftd ekuofoKku esa buoQk vè;;u
fdl çdkj gksrk gSA bl vè;k; esa oqQN izeq[k
{ks=kksa ftuesa egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ tSls
(d) ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh] ([k ) jktuhfr]
(x ) vFkZO;oLFkk] (?k) èkeZ ,oa (M+ ) f'k{kk gksrh
gS] budk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
foLr`r vFkZ esa laLFkk mls dgk tkrk gS tks
LFkkfir ;k de ls de dkuwu ;k çFkk }kjk
LohÑr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj
mlosQ fu;fer rFkk fujarj dk;Z pkyu dks
bu fu;eksa dks tkus fcuk le>k ugha tk
ldrkA laLFkk,¡ O;fDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk yxkrh
gaS] lkFk gh ;s O;fDr;ksa oQks volj Hkh iznku
djrh gaSA
laLFkkvksa dks Lo;a esa y{; osQ :i eas Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa yksxksa us ifjokj]
èkeZ] jkT; ;k ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk dks Hkh vius
vki esa ,d y{; osQ :i esa ekuk gSA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
vè;k; 3
fØ;kdyki&1
yksxksa }kjk ifjokj] èkeZ] jkT; osQ fy, cfynku
nsus osQ mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspasA
2019-20
 47
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ge igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd lekt'kkL=k
osQ varxZr ladYiukvksa dks le>us eas vusd
izdkj dh fHkUurk,¡ vkSj fojksèkkHkkl gaSA gekjk
ifjp; çdk;Zoknh vkSj la?k"kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls
Hkh djk;k x;k gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd
oSQls mUgksaus ,d gh fo"k;&oLrq dks fofHkUurk
ls ns[kk] tSls Lrjhdj.k ;k lkekftd fu;a=k.kA
blfy, blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha fd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh
le> gSA
,d çdk;Zoknh n`f"V lkekftd laLFkkvksa
dks lkekftd ekudksa] vkLFkkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fufeZr lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk osQ tfVy
rkus&ckus osQ :i esa ns[krh gSA lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ lekftd ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fo|eku gksrh gaSA bl izdkj lekt esa gesa
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk,¡
ns[kus dks feyrh gaSA tSls ifjokj vkSj èkeZ
vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk osQ tcfd dkuwu
vkSj f'k{kk (vkSipkfjd) vkSipkfjd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
,d la?k"kZoknh n`f"V dh ekU;rk gS fd
lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk LFkku leku ugha
gSA lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ pkgs os ikfjokfjd]
èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd] vk£Fkd] dkuwuh ;k 'kS{kf.kd
gksa] lekt osQ izHkko'kkyh vuqHkkxksa pkgs os oxZ]
tkfr] tutkfr ;k ¯yx osQ lanHkZ esa gksa] osQ
fgr esa lapkfyr gksrh gSaA izHkko'kkyh lkekftd
vuqHkkxksa dk u osQoy jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd
laLFkkvksa ij izHkqRo gksrk gSa vfirq os ;g Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd 'kkld oxZ osQ fopkj
gh lekt osQ fopkj cu tk,¡A ;g fopkj bl
ls cgqr fHkUu gSa fd fdlh lekt dh lkekU;
vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSaA
tSls&tSls vki bl vè;k; dk vkxs vè;;u
djsaxs] ns[ksa fd D;k vki ,sls mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSa fd oSQls lkekftd laLFkk,¡
O;fDr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gaS rFkk volj Hkh
iznku djrh gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[kas fd D;k os
lekt osQ fofHkUu vuqHkkxksa ij vleku izHkko
Mkyrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge iwN ldrs gaS]
¶oSQls ifjokj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk volj Hkh iznku djrk
gS\¸ ;k ¶jktuhfrd ;k dkuwuh laLFkk,¡ fo'ks"k
lqfoèkk izkIr vkSj vfèkdkj foghu O;fDr;ksa
dks oSQls izHkkfor djrh gaS\¸
2
ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
'kk;n ifjokj ftruh ^uSlfxZd* dksbZ vU;
lkekftd laLFkk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA izk;% ge
;g ekuus dks rS;kj jgrs gSa fd lHkh ifjokj
oSls gh gksrs gS tSls ifjokjksa esa ge jgrs gSaA
dksbZ vkSj lkekftd laLFkk bruh O;kid vkSj
vifjorZuh; ugha fn[krh gSA lekt'kkL=k vkSj
lkekftd ekuofoKku us dbZ n'kdksa rd fofHkUu
laLÑfr;ksa esa ;g n'kkZus osQ fy, {ks=kh; vuqlaèkku
fd, fd oSQls fofHkUu lektksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu
Lo:i gksrs gq, Hkh ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
laLFkk,¡ lHkh lektksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gaSA mUgksaus
2019-20
 48 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd fdl çdkj ifjokj (futh
{ks=k) vk£Fkd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] 'kS{kf.kd
(lkoZtfud {ks=kksa) ls lacafèkr gSA ;g vkidks
iqu% ;kn fnyk ldrk gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls
ysu&nsu dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+rh gS ftldh
ppkZ geus vè;k; 1 esa dh gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ifjokj vusd
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gS tks lekt dh cqfu;knh
vko';drk,¡ iwjh djrs gSa vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk
dks LFkk;h cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA çdk;Zoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dk roZQ gS fd ;fn efgyk,¡ ifjokj
dh ns[kHkky djsa vkSj iq#"k ifjokj dh thfodk
pyk,¡ rks vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd lekt Js"B
dk;Z fu"iknu djrs gaSA rFkkfi Hkkjr esa fd,
x, vè;;u ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ vkS|ksfxd izfrekuksa esa ifjokjksa dks ewy gksus
dh vko';drk ugha gS (¯lg 1993%83)A
fiQj Hkh ;g ,d mnkgj.k gS ftlls irk pyrk
gS fd ,d lekt osQ vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr izo`fÙk
dk lkekU;hdj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ewy ifjokj dks
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus
okyh ,d loksZÙke lkèku laiUu bdkbZ osQ :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls ifjokj esa ?kj dk ,d
lnL; ?kj ls ckgj dk;Z djrk gS vkSj nwljk
lnL; ?kj vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA
O;kogkfjd :i ls ewy ifjokj esa Hkwfedkvksa osQ
bl fof'k"Vhdj.k esa ifr dh thfodk pykus
okys ^lgk;d* dh rFkk iRuh dh ?kjsyw lajpuk
esa ^izHkko'kkyh* HkkoukRed Hkwfedk 'kkfey jgrh
gS (fx¯Ml 2001)A bl n`f"V ij u osQoy
vuqfpr ¯yxHksn osQ dkj.k iz'u fd;k tk
ldrk gS vfirq] bfrgkl vkSj vusd laLÑfr;ksa
osQ vkuqHkfod vè;;u n'kkZrs gaS fd ;g lR;
ugha gSA okLro esa vki dk;Z vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
dh ppkZ esa ns[ksaxs fd oL=k fu;kZr tSls ledkyhu
m|ksx esa efgyk,¡ Jfed cy dk cgqr cM+k
fgLlk gaSA bl rjg dk foHkktu ;g Hkh lq>krk
gS fd iq#"k gh vko';d :i ls ifjokj osQ
eqf[k;k gSaA uhps fn;k x;k ckWDl n'kkZrk gS fd
;g vfuok;Zr% lR; ugha gSA
efgyk&izèkku ?kj
tc iq#"k uxjh; {ks=kksa esa pys tkrs gSa rks efgykvksa dks gy pykuk iM+rk gS vkSj [ksrksa osQ dk;ks± dk
izcaèk djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj os vius ifjokj dh ,dek=k Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus okyh cu tkrh gaSA
,sls ifjokjksa dks efgyk&izèkku ?kj dgk tkrk gSA foèkokiu Hkh ,slh ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk cuk ldrk
gSA ;g fLFkfr iq#"kksa }kjk nwljk fookg djus rFkk viuh ifRu;ksa] cPpksa vkSj vU; vkfJrksa dks èku
u Hkstus osQ dkj.k Hkh cu ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk dks vius ifjokj dh ns[kHkky lqfuf'pr
djuh iM+rh gSA nf{k.k&iwoZ egkjk"Vª vkSj mÙkjh vkaèkz izns'k esa dksye tutkfr leqnk; esa efgyk&izèkku
?kj ,d LohÑr ekud gSA
2019-20
Page 4


 46 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
1
ifjp;
;g iqLrd lekt vkSj O;fDr dh var%fozQ;k
osQ ckjs esa ppkZ ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA geus ns[kk
fd geesa ls izR;sd dk ,d O;fDr dh rjg
lekt esa ,d LFkku ;k fLFkfr gksrh gSA izR;sd
dh ,d izfLFkfr vkSj ,d ;k vusd Hkwfedk,¡
gksrh gSa ysfdu lkèkkj.kr% budk pquko djuk
gekjs fu;a=k.k esa ugha gksrkA ;s Hkwfedk,¡ pyfp=kksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dh rjg ugha gksrh ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHkusrk viuh bPNk ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj
dj losQA ;gk¡ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
izfrcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr] nafMr vkSj iqjLÑr
djrh gaSA lkekftd laLFkk,¡ jkT; dh rjg
c`gr ;k ifjokj dh rjg y?kq gks ldrh gaSA
bl vè;k; eas gekjk ifjp; lkekftd laLFkkvksa
ls gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xk fd lekt'kkL=k
,oa lkekftd ekuofoKku esa buoQk vè;;u
fdl çdkj gksrk gSA bl vè;k; esa oqQN izeq[k
{ks=kksa ftuesa egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ tSls
(d) ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh] ([k ) jktuhfr]
(x ) vFkZO;oLFkk] (?k) èkeZ ,oa (M+ ) f'k{kk gksrh
gS] budk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
foLr`r vFkZ esa laLFkk mls dgk tkrk gS tks
LFkkfir ;k de ls de dkuwu ;k çFkk }kjk
LohÑr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj
mlosQ fu;fer rFkk fujarj dk;Z pkyu dks
bu fu;eksa dks tkus fcuk le>k ugha tk
ldrkA laLFkk,¡ O;fDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk yxkrh
gaS] lkFk gh ;s O;fDr;ksa oQks volj Hkh iznku
djrh gaSA
laLFkkvksa dks Lo;a esa y{; osQ :i eas Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa yksxksa us ifjokj]
èkeZ] jkT; ;k ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk dks Hkh vius
vki esa ,d y{; osQ :i esa ekuk gSA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
vè;k; 3
fØ;kdyki&1
yksxksa }kjk ifjokj] èkeZ] jkT; osQ fy, cfynku
nsus osQ mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspasA
2019-20
 47
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ge igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd lekt'kkL=k
osQ varxZr ladYiukvksa dks le>us eas vusd
izdkj dh fHkUurk,¡ vkSj fojksèkkHkkl gaSA gekjk
ifjp; çdk;Zoknh vkSj la?k"kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls
Hkh djk;k x;k gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd
oSQls mUgksaus ,d gh fo"k;&oLrq dks fofHkUurk
ls ns[kk] tSls Lrjhdj.k ;k lkekftd fu;a=k.kA
blfy, blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha fd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh
le> gSA
,d çdk;Zoknh n`f"V lkekftd laLFkkvksa
dks lkekftd ekudksa] vkLFkkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fufeZr lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk osQ tfVy
rkus&ckus osQ :i esa ns[krh gSA lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ lekftd ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fo|eku gksrh gaSA bl izdkj lekt esa gesa
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk,¡
ns[kus dks feyrh gaSA tSls ifjokj vkSj èkeZ
vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk osQ tcfd dkuwu
vkSj f'k{kk (vkSipkfjd) vkSipkfjd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
,d la?k"kZoknh n`f"V dh ekU;rk gS fd
lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk LFkku leku ugha
gSA lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ pkgs os ikfjokfjd]
èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd] vk£Fkd] dkuwuh ;k 'kS{kf.kd
gksa] lekt osQ izHkko'kkyh vuqHkkxksa pkgs os oxZ]
tkfr] tutkfr ;k ¯yx osQ lanHkZ esa gksa] osQ
fgr esa lapkfyr gksrh gSaA izHkko'kkyh lkekftd
vuqHkkxksa dk u osQoy jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd
laLFkkvksa ij izHkqRo gksrk gSa vfirq os ;g Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd 'kkld oxZ osQ fopkj
gh lekt osQ fopkj cu tk,¡A ;g fopkj bl
ls cgqr fHkUu gSa fd fdlh lekt dh lkekU;
vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSaA
tSls&tSls vki bl vè;k; dk vkxs vè;;u
djsaxs] ns[ksa fd D;k vki ,sls mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSa fd oSQls lkekftd laLFkk,¡
O;fDr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gaS rFkk volj Hkh
iznku djrh gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[kas fd D;k os
lekt osQ fofHkUu vuqHkkxksa ij vleku izHkko
Mkyrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge iwN ldrs gaS]
¶oSQls ifjokj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk volj Hkh iznku djrk
gS\¸ ;k ¶jktuhfrd ;k dkuwuh laLFkk,¡ fo'ks"k
lqfoèkk izkIr vkSj vfèkdkj foghu O;fDr;ksa
dks oSQls izHkkfor djrh gaS\¸
2
ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
'kk;n ifjokj ftruh ^uSlfxZd* dksbZ vU;
lkekftd laLFkk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA izk;% ge
;g ekuus dks rS;kj jgrs gSa fd lHkh ifjokj
oSls gh gksrs gS tSls ifjokjksa esa ge jgrs gSaA
dksbZ vkSj lkekftd laLFkk bruh O;kid vkSj
vifjorZuh; ugha fn[krh gSA lekt'kkL=k vkSj
lkekftd ekuofoKku us dbZ n'kdksa rd fofHkUu
laLÑfr;ksa esa ;g n'kkZus osQ fy, {ks=kh; vuqlaèkku
fd, fd oSQls fofHkUu lektksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu
Lo:i gksrs gq, Hkh ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
laLFkk,¡ lHkh lektksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gaSA mUgksaus
2019-20
 48 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd fdl çdkj ifjokj (futh
{ks=k) vk£Fkd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] 'kS{kf.kd
(lkoZtfud {ks=kksa) ls lacafèkr gSA ;g vkidks
iqu% ;kn fnyk ldrk gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls
ysu&nsu dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+rh gS ftldh
ppkZ geus vè;k; 1 esa dh gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ifjokj vusd
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gS tks lekt dh cqfu;knh
vko';drk,¡ iwjh djrs gSa vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk
dks LFkk;h cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA çdk;Zoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dk roZQ gS fd ;fn efgyk,¡ ifjokj
dh ns[kHkky djsa vkSj iq#"k ifjokj dh thfodk
pyk,¡ rks vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd lekt Js"B
dk;Z fu"iknu djrs gaSA rFkkfi Hkkjr esa fd,
x, vè;;u ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ vkS|ksfxd izfrekuksa esa ifjokjksa dks ewy gksus
dh vko';drk ugha gS (¯lg 1993%83)A
fiQj Hkh ;g ,d mnkgj.k gS ftlls irk pyrk
gS fd ,d lekt osQ vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr izo`fÙk
dk lkekU;hdj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ewy ifjokj dks
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus
okyh ,d loksZÙke lkèku laiUu bdkbZ osQ :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls ifjokj esa ?kj dk ,d
lnL; ?kj ls ckgj dk;Z djrk gS vkSj nwljk
lnL; ?kj vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA
O;kogkfjd :i ls ewy ifjokj esa Hkwfedkvksa osQ
bl fof'k"Vhdj.k esa ifr dh thfodk pykus
okys ^lgk;d* dh rFkk iRuh dh ?kjsyw lajpuk
esa ^izHkko'kkyh* HkkoukRed Hkwfedk 'kkfey jgrh
gS (fx¯Ml 2001)A bl n`f"V ij u osQoy
vuqfpr ¯yxHksn osQ dkj.k iz'u fd;k tk
ldrk gS vfirq] bfrgkl vkSj vusd laLÑfr;ksa
osQ vkuqHkfod vè;;u n'kkZrs gaS fd ;g lR;
ugha gSA okLro esa vki dk;Z vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
dh ppkZ esa ns[ksaxs fd oL=k fu;kZr tSls ledkyhu
m|ksx esa efgyk,¡ Jfed cy dk cgqr cM+k
fgLlk gaSA bl rjg dk foHkktu ;g Hkh lq>krk
gS fd iq#"k gh vko';d :i ls ifjokj osQ
eqf[k;k gSaA uhps fn;k x;k ckWDl n'kkZrk gS fd
;g vfuok;Zr% lR; ugha gSA
efgyk&izèkku ?kj
tc iq#"k uxjh; {ks=kksa esa pys tkrs gSa rks efgykvksa dks gy pykuk iM+rk gS vkSj [ksrksa osQ dk;ks± dk
izcaèk djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj os vius ifjokj dh ,dek=k Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus okyh cu tkrh gaSA
,sls ifjokjksa dks efgyk&izèkku ?kj dgk tkrk gSA foèkokiu Hkh ,slh ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk cuk ldrk
gSA ;g fLFkfr iq#"kksa }kjk nwljk fookg djus rFkk viuh ifRu;ksa] cPpksa vkSj vU; vkfJrksa dks èku
u Hkstus osQ dkj.k Hkh cu ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk dks vius ifjokj dh ns[kHkky lqfuf'pr
djuh iM+rh gSA nf{k.k&iwoZ egkjk"Vª vkSj mÙkjh vkaèkz izns'k esa dksye tutkfr leqnk; esa efgyk&izèkku
?kj ,d LohÑr ekud gSA
2019-20
 49
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ifjokj osQ Lo:iksa esa ifjorZu
Hkkjr esa ,d eq[; cgl ewy ifjokj ls
la;qDr ifjokj dh vksj cnyko osQ ckjs esa gSA
geus igys Hkh ns[kk gS fd lekt'kkL=k oSQls
lkekU; ckSf¼d izHkkoksa ij iz'u [kM+k djrk
gSA rF; ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ewy ifjokj igys
ls gh] fo'ks"kr% vHkkoxzLr tkfr;ksa vkSj oxks±
esa] ges'kk fo|eku jgs gSaA
lekt'kkL=kh ,-,e- 'kkg dk dFku gS fd
Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjr esa la;qDr ifjokj esa
fujarj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA muosQ vuqlkj bldk eq[;
dkjd Fkk Hkkjr esa vkSlr vk;q esa o`f¼ gksukA
iq#"kksa dh vk;q esa ;g o`f¼ 1941&50 ls
1981&85 osQ nkSjku 32-5 ls 55-4 o"kZ rFkk
efgykvksa dh vk;q esa 31-7 ls 55-7 o"kZ gks
xbZ FkhA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i cq”kqxZ yksxksa
(60 o"kZ ;k mlls vfèkd vk;q) dh la[;k esa
dki
+
Qh o`f¼ gks xbZ FkhA 'kkg fy[krs gaS fdµ
gesa ;g iwNuk gksxk fd ;s o`¼ fdl rjg
osQ ?kjksa essa jgrs gSa\ eSa ;g ekurk g¡w fd muesa
ls vfèkdrj la;qDr ?kjksa esa jgrs gaS
('kkg 1998)A
;g iqu% ,d O;kid lkekU;hdj.k gSA
ysfdu lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k gesa bl lkekU;
ckSf¼d izHkko ij vk¡[k can djosQ fo'okl
djus osQ fo#¼ lkoèkku djrk gS fd la;qDr
ifjokj rs”kh ls de gks jgs gSA ;g gesa
lkoèkkuhiwoZd rqyukRed vkSj vkuqHkfod
vè;;uksa dh vko';drk osQ izfr Hkh lroZQ
djrk gSA
vè;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd fdl rjg
fofHkUu lektksa eas ifjokj osQ fofHkUu Lo:i
ik, tkrs gSaA vkokl osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj
oqQN lekt vius fookg vkSj ikfjokfjd çFkkvksa
esa ekr`LFkkfud gSa vkSj oqQN fir`LFkkfudA
ekr`LFkkfud ifjokj esa uo&naifr iRuh osQ
vfHkHkkodksa osQ lkFk jgrs gaS tcfd nwljh
fLFkfr esa uo&naifr ifr osQ vfHkHkkodksa osQ
lkFk jgrs gSaA fir`ra=kkRed ifjokj lajpukvksa esa
vfèkdkj vkSj izHkko iq#"kksa osQ ikl gksrs gaS
tcfd ekr`ra=kkRed ifjokjksa esa fu.kZ; ysus esa
efgykvksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ekr`oa'kh;
lekt ekStwn gSa ij ekr`ra=kh; lektksa osQ ckjs
esa ;g nkok ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
ifjokj vU; lkekftd {ks=kksa vkSj ikfjokfjd
ifjorZuksa ls lacafèkr gksrs gaS
gekjs nSfud thou esa izk;% ge ifjokj dks
vU; {ks=kksa tSls vk£Fkd ;k jktuhfrd ls fHkUu
vkSj vyx ns[krs gSaA fiQj Hkh vki Lo;a ns[ksaxs
fd ifjokj] x`g] mldh lajpuk vkSj ekud]
ckdh lekt ls xgjs tqM+s gq, gSaA ,d jkspd
mnkgj.k teZu ,dhdj.k osQ vKkr ifj.kkeksa
dk gSA 1990 osQ n'kd eas ,dhdj.k osQ ckn
teZuh eas fookg iz.kkyh esa rs”kh ls fxjkoV
vkbZ D;ksafd u, teZu jkT; us ,dhdj.k ls
iwoZ ifjokjksa dks izkIr laj{k.k vkSj dY;k.k dh
lHkh ;kstuk,¡ jí dj nh FkhaA vk£Fkd vlqj{kk
dh c<+rh Hkkouk osQ dkj.k yksx fookg ls
badkj djus yxsA bls vutkus ifj.kke osQ :i
esa Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gS (vè;k; 1)A
2019-20
Page 5


 46 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
1
ifjp;
;g iqLrd lekt vkSj O;fDr dh var%fozQ;k
osQ ckjs esa ppkZ ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA geus ns[kk
fd geesa ls izR;sd dk ,d O;fDr dh rjg
lekt esa ,d LFkku ;k fLFkfr gksrh gSA izR;sd
dh ,d izfLFkfr vkSj ,d ;k vusd Hkwfedk,¡
gksrh gSa ysfdu lkèkkj.kr% budk pquko djuk
gekjs fu;a=k.k esa ugha gksrkA ;s Hkwfedk,¡ pyfp=kksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dh rjg ugha gksrh ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHkusrk viuh bPNk ls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj
dj losQA ;gk¡ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa tks
izfrcafèkr vkSj fu;af=kr] nafMr vkSj iqjLÑr
djrh gaSA lkekftd laLFkk,¡ jkT; dh rjg
c`gr ;k ifjokj dh rjg y?kq gks ldrh gaSA
bl vè;k; eas gekjk ifjp; lkekftd laLFkkvksa
ls gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xk fd lekt'kkL=k
,oa lkekftd ekuofoKku esa buoQk vè;;u
fdl çdkj gksrk gSA bl vè;k; esa oqQN izeq[k
{ks=kksa ftuesa egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd laLFkk,¡ tSls
(d) ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh] ([k ) jktuhfr]
(x ) vFkZO;oLFkk] (?k) èkeZ ,oa (M+ ) f'k{kk gksrh
gS] budk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
foLr`r vFkZ esa laLFkk mls dgk tkrk gS tks
LFkkfir ;k de ls de dkuwu ;k çFkk }kjk
LohÑr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj
mlosQ fu;fer rFkk fujarj dk;Z pkyu dks
bu fu;eksa dks tkus fcuk le>k ugha tk
ldrkA laLFkk,¡ O;fDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk yxkrh
gaS] lkFk gh ;s O;fDr;ksa oQks volj Hkh iznku
djrh gaSA
laLFkkvksa dks Lo;a esa y{; osQ :i eas Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa yksxksa us ifjokj]
èkeZ] jkT; ;k ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk dks Hkh vius
vki esa ,d y{; osQ :i esa ekuk gSA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
vè;k; 3
fØ;kdyki&1
yksxksa }kjk ifjokj] èkeZ] jkT; osQ fy, cfynku
nsus osQ mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspasA
2019-20
 47
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ge igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa fd lekt'kkL=k
osQ varxZr ladYiukvksa dks le>us eas vusd
izdkj dh fHkUurk,¡ vkSj fojksèkkHkkl gaSA gekjk
ifjp; çdk;Zoknh vkSj la?k"kZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls
Hkh djk;k x;k gSA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd
oSQls mUgksaus ,d gh fo"k;&oLrq dks fofHkUurk
ls ns[kk] tSls Lrjhdj.k ;k lkekftd fu;a=k.kA
blfy, blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha fd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh
le> gSA
,d çdk;Zoknh n`f"V lkekftd laLFkkvksa
dks lkekftd ekudksa] vkLFkkvksa] ewY;ksa vkSj
lekt dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fufeZr lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk osQ tfVy
rkus&ckus osQ :i esa ns[krh gSA lkekftd
laLFkk,¡ lekftd ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
fy, fo|eku gksrh gaSA bl izdkj lekt esa gesa
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk,¡
ns[kus dks feyrh gaSA tSls ifjokj vkSj èkeZ
vukSipkfjd lkekftd laLFkk osQ tcfd dkuwu
vkSj f'k{kk (vkSipkfjd) vkSipkfjd lkekftd
laLFkkvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
,d la?k"kZoknh n`f"V dh ekU;rk gS fd
lekt esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk LFkku leku ugha
gSA lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ pkgs os ikfjokfjd]
èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd] vk£Fkd] dkuwuh ;k 'kS{kf.kd
gksa] lekt osQ izHkko'kkyh vuqHkkxksa pkgs os oxZ]
tkfr] tutkfr ;k ¯yx osQ lanHkZ esa gksa] osQ
fgr esa lapkfyr gksrh gSaA izHkko'kkyh lkekftd
vuqHkkxksa dk u osQoy jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd
laLFkkvksa ij izHkqRo gksrk gSa vfirq os ;g Hkh
lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd 'kkld oxZ osQ fopkj
gh lekt osQ fopkj cu tk,¡A ;g fopkj bl
ls cgqr fHkUu gSa fd fdlh lekt dh lkekU;
vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSaA
tSls&tSls vki bl vè;k; dk vkxs vè;;u
djsaxs] ns[ksa fd D;k vki ,sls mnkgj.kksa osQ ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSa fd oSQls lkekftd laLFkk,¡
O;fDr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gaS rFkk volj Hkh
iznku djrh gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[kas fd D;k os
lekt osQ fofHkUu vuqHkkxksa ij vleku izHkko
Mkyrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ge iwN ldrs gaS]
¶oSQls ifjokj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk volj Hkh iznku djrk
gS\¸ ;k ¶jktuhfrd ;k dkuwuh laLFkk,¡ fo'ks"k
lqfoèkk izkIr vkSj vfèkdkj foghu O;fDr;ksa
dks oSQls izHkkfor djrh gaS\¸
2
ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
'kk;n ifjokj ftruh ^uSlfxZd* dksbZ vU;
lkekftd laLFkk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA izk;% ge
;g ekuus dks rS;kj jgrs gSa fd lHkh ifjokj
oSls gh gksrs gS tSls ifjokjksa esa ge jgrs gSaA
dksbZ vkSj lkekftd laLFkk bruh O;kid vkSj
vifjorZuh; ugha fn[krh gSA lekt'kkL=k vkSj
lkekftd ekuofoKku us dbZ n'kdksa rd fofHkUu
laLÑfr;ksa esa ;g n'kkZus osQ fy, {ks=kh; vuqlaèkku
fd, fd oSQls fofHkUu lektksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu
Lo:i gksrs gq, Hkh ifjokj] fookg vkSj ukrsnkjh
laLFkk,¡ lHkh lektksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gaSA mUgksaus
2019-20
 48 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd fdl çdkj ifjokj (futh
{ks=k) vk£Fkd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] 'kS{kf.kd
(lkoZtfud {ks=kksa) ls lacafèkr gSA ;g vkidks
iqu% ;kn fnyk ldrk gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls
ysu&nsu dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+rh gS ftldh
ppkZ geus vè;k; 1 esa dh gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ifjokj vusd
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gS tks lekt dh cqfu;knh
vko';drk,¡ iwjh djrs gSa vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk
dks LFkk;h cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA çdk;Zoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dk roZQ gS fd ;fn efgyk,¡ ifjokj
dh ns[kHkky djsa vkSj iq#"k ifjokj dh thfodk
pyk,¡ rks vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd lekt Js"B
dk;Z fu"iknu djrs gaSA rFkkfi Hkkjr esa fd,
x, vè;;u ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ vkS|ksfxd izfrekuksa esa ifjokjksa dks ewy gksus
dh vko';drk ugha gS (¯lg 1993%83)A
fiQj Hkh ;g ,d mnkgj.k gS ftlls irk pyrk
gS fd ,d lekt osQ vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr izo`fÙk
dk lkekU;hdj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çdk;Zokfn;ksa osQ vuqlkj ewy ifjokj dks
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus
okyh ,d loksZÙke lkèku laiUu bdkbZ osQ :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls ifjokj esa ?kj dk ,d
lnL; ?kj ls ckgj dk;Z djrk gS vkSj nwljk
lnL; ?kj vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA
O;kogkfjd :i ls ewy ifjokj esa Hkwfedkvksa osQ
bl fof'k"Vhdj.k esa ifr dh thfodk pykus
okys ^lgk;d* dh rFkk iRuh dh ?kjsyw lajpuk
esa ^izHkko'kkyh* HkkoukRed Hkwfedk 'kkfey jgrh
gS (fx¯Ml 2001)A bl n`f"V ij u osQoy
vuqfpr ¯yxHksn osQ dkj.k iz'u fd;k tk
ldrk gS vfirq] bfrgkl vkSj vusd laLÑfr;ksa
osQ vkuqHkfod vè;;u n'kkZrs gaS fd ;g lR;
ugha gSA okLro esa vki dk;Z vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
dh ppkZ esa ns[ksaxs fd oL=k fu;kZr tSls ledkyhu
m|ksx esa efgyk,¡ Jfed cy dk cgqr cM+k
fgLlk gaSA bl rjg dk foHkktu ;g Hkh lq>krk
gS fd iq#"k gh vko';d :i ls ifjokj osQ
eqf[k;k gSaA uhps fn;k x;k ckWDl n'kkZrk gS fd
;g vfuok;Zr% lR; ugha gSA
efgyk&izèkku ?kj
tc iq#"k uxjh; {ks=kksa esa pys tkrs gSa rks efgykvksa dks gy pykuk iM+rk gS vkSj [ksrksa osQ dk;ks± dk
izcaèk djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj os vius ifjokj dh ,dek=k Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus okyh cu tkrh gaSA
,sls ifjokjksa dks efgyk&izèkku ?kj dgk tkrk gSA foèkokiu Hkh ,slh ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk cuk ldrk
gSA ;g fLFkfr iq#"kksa }kjk nwljk fookg djus rFkk viuh ifRu;ksa] cPpksa vkSj vU; vkfJrksa dks èku
u Hkstus osQ dkj.k Hkh cu ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa efgyk dks vius ifjokj dh ns[kHkky lqfuf'pr
djuh iM+rh gSA nf{k.k&iwoZ egkjk"Vª vkSj mÙkjh vkaèkz izns'k esa dksye tutkfr leqnk; esa efgyk&izèkku
?kj ,d LohÑr ekud gSA
2019-20
 49
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks le>uk
ifjokj osQ Lo:iksa esa ifjorZu
Hkkjr esa ,d eq[; cgl ewy ifjokj ls
la;qDr ifjokj dh vksj cnyko osQ ckjs esa gSA
geus igys Hkh ns[kk gS fd lekt'kkL=k oSQls
lkekU; ckSf¼d izHkkoksa ij iz'u [kM+k djrk
gSA rF; ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ewy ifjokj igys
ls gh] fo'ks"kr% vHkkoxzLr tkfr;ksa vkSj oxks±
esa] ges'kk fo|eku jgs gSaA
lekt'kkL=kh ,-,e- 'kkg dk dFku gS fd
Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjr esa la;qDr ifjokj esa
fujarj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA muosQ vuqlkj bldk eq[;
dkjd Fkk Hkkjr esa vkSlr vk;q esa o`f¼ gksukA
iq#"kksa dh vk;q esa ;g o`f¼ 1941&50 ls
1981&85 osQ nkSjku 32-5 ls 55-4 o"kZ rFkk
efgykvksa dh vk;q esa 31-7 ls 55-7 o"kZ gks
xbZ FkhA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i cq”kqxZ yksxksa
(60 o"kZ ;k mlls vfèkd vk;q) dh la[;k esa
dki
+
Qh o`f¼ gks xbZ FkhA 'kkg fy[krs gaS fdµ
gesa ;g iwNuk gksxk fd ;s o`¼ fdl rjg
osQ ?kjksa essa jgrs gSa\ eSa ;g ekurk g¡w fd muesa
ls vfèkdrj la;qDr ?kjksa esa jgrs gaS
('kkg 1998)A
;g iqu% ,d O;kid lkekU;hdj.k gSA
ysfdu lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k gesa bl lkekU;
ckSf¼d izHkko ij vk¡[k can djosQ fo'okl
djus osQ fo#¼ lkoèkku djrk gS fd la;qDr
ifjokj rs”kh ls de gks jgs gSA ;g gesa
lkoèkkuhiwoZd rqyukRed vkSj vkuqHkfod
vè;;uksa dh vko';drk osQ izfr Hkh lroZQ
djrk gSA
vè;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd fdl rjg
fofHkUu lektksa eas ifjokj osQ fofHkUu Lo:i
ik, tkrs gSaA vkokl osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj
oqQN lekt vius fookg vkSj ikfjokfjd çFkkvksa
esa ekr`LFkkfud gSa vkSj oqQN fir`LFkkfudA
ekr`LFkkfud ifjokj esa uo&naifr iRuh osQ
vfHkHkkodksa osQ lkFk jgrs gaS tcfd nwljh
fLFkfr esa uo&naifr ifr osQ vfHkHkkodksa osQ
lkFk jgrs gSaA fir`ra=kkRed ifjokj lajpukvksa esa
vfèkdkj vkSj izHkko iq#"kksa osQ ikl gksrs gaS
tcfd ekr`ra=kkRed ifjokjksa esa fu.kZ; ysus esa
efgykvksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ekr`oa'kh;
lekt ekStwn gSa ij ekr`ra=kh; lektksa osQ ckjs
esa ;g nkok ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
ifjokj vU; lkekftd {ks=kksa vkSj ikfjokfjd
ifjorZuksa ls lacafèkr gksrs gaS
gekjs nSfud thou esa izk;% ge ifjokj dks
vU; {ks=kksa tSls vk£Fkd ;k jktuhfrd ls fHkUu
vkSj vyx ns[krs gSaA fiQj Hkh vki Lo;a ns[ksaxs
fd ifjokj] x`g] mldh lajpuk vkSj ekud]
ckdh lekt ls xgjs tqM+s gq, gSaA ,d jkspd
mnkgj.k teZu ,dhdj.k osQ vKkr ifj.kkeksa
dk gSA 1990 osQ n'kd eas ,dhdj.k osQ ckn
teZuh eas fookg iz.kkyh esa rs”kh ls fxjkoV
vkbZ D;ksafd u, teZu jkT; us ,dhdj.k ls
iwoZ ifjokjksa dks izkIr laj{k.k vkSj dY;k.k dh
lHkh ;kstuk,¡ jí dj nh FkhaA vk£Fkd vlqj{kk
dh c<+rh Hkkouk osQ dkj.k yksx fookg ls
badkj djus yxsA bls vutkus ifj.kke osQ :i
esa Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gS (vè;k; 1)A
2019-20
 50 lekt'kkL=k ifjp;
bl izdkj cM+h vk£Fkd izfØ;kvksa osQ
dkj.k ifjokj vkSj ukrsnkjh ifjofrZr vkSj
:ikarfjr gksrs jgrs gaS ysfdu ifjorZu dh
fn'kk lHkh ns'kksa vkSj {ks=kksa esa ges'kk ,d leku
ugha gks ldrhA gkyk¡fd bl ifjorZu dk ;g
Hkh vFkZ ugha gS fd fiNYks ekud vkSj ljapuk
iwjh rjg u"V gks xbZ gSaA ifjorZu vkSj fujarjrk
lgorhZ gksrs gSaA
ifjokj fdl rjg ¯yxoknh gS\
bl fo'okl osQ dkj.k fd yM+dk o`¼koLFkk
esa vfHkHkkodksa dh lgk;rk djsxk vkSj yM+dh
fookg osQ ckn nwljs ?kj pyh tk,xh] ifjokjksa
esa yM+dksa ij vfèkd /u [kpZ fd;k tkus yxkA
thofoKku osQ bl rF; osQ ckotwn fd yM+dksa
dh vis{kk yM+fd;ksa osQ thfor jgus osQ volj
ifjokjksa vkSj vkoklksa esa varj ij è;ku nhft,
dk;Z vkSj x`g
fØ;kdyki&2
,d rsyqxw vfHkdFku gSµ^,d yM+dh dk
ikyu djuk nwljs osQ vk¡xu esa ikSèks dks ikuh
nsus osQ cjkcj gSA* ,slh ;k blosQ foijhr
dgkorksa dk irk yxkb,A ppkZ dhft, fd
oSQls izfl¼ dgkorksa esa lekt dh lkekftd
O;oLFkk dh >yd feyrh gSA
2019-20
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