एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: वैश्वीकरण और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


fo'o osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx rs”kh ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs tk jgs
gSaA ;|fi ns'kksa osQ chp bl ikjLifjd tqM+ko osQ vusd
vk;ke gSaµ lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd]
ysfdu bl vè;k; esa vR;Ur lhfer vFkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blesa oS'ohdj.k dks cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ
fons'k O;kikj ,oa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls ns'kksa osQ chp
,dhdj.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vki ns[ksaxs
fd bl vè;k; esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k tSls tfVy eqíksa dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
;fn ge foxr rhl o"kks± ij u”kj Mkyas] rks ikrs gSa fd
fo'o osQ nwjLFk Hkkxksa dks tksM+us okyh oS'ohdj.k dh
izfØ;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ vius mRiknu dk nwljs ns'kksa esa D;ksa
izlkj dj jgh gSa vkSj fdl rjg ls dj jgh gSa\ vè;k; osQ
igys [kaM esa blh dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh rhoz o`f¼ vkSj muosQ izHkko dks ek=kkRed vkdyuksa osQ
ctk; eq[+;r% Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ls fy, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk
fn[kk;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd mnkgj.k lkekU; i{k dh
O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gSaA i<+krs le; /kj.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx O;k[;k osQ
fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vki tk¡p djus rFkk uohu
voèkkj.kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, cks/xE; vuqPNsnksa]
tSlk fd [kaM&II osQ var esa fn;k x;k gS] dk jpukRed
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ,oa blosQ izHkkoksa dks le>us esa
mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k vkSj ck”kkj dk ,dhdj.k ,d
egÙoiw.kZ /kj.kk gSA bl vè;k; esa] oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k
esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vxys fo"k; ij tkus ls
igys] vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Nk=k bu fopkjksa dks
i;kZIr Li"Vrk ls vkRelkr dj ysaA
oS'ohdj.k dks vusd dkjdksa us lqxerk iznku dh gSA
buesa ls rhu dkjdksa ij cy fn;k x;k gS µ izkS|ksfxdh esa
rhoz mUufr] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k vkSj
55 5 44 4 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk nckoA izkS|ksfxdh
esa mUufr Nk=kksa osQ fy, ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k gS vkSj vki
mudks oqQN funsZ'k nsdj mUgsa Lor% Nkuchu djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ djrs le;
vkidks è;ku j[kuk gS fd Nk=k Hkkjr dh mnkjhdj.k&iwoZ
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vifjfpr gaSA mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ ,oa
i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa esa rqyuk ,oa fo"kerk fn[kkus osQ fy,
ukVd dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj] MCY;w-
Vh-vks- osQ rgr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; Lakf/;k¡ vkSj 'kfDr dk
vleku larqyu jkspd fo"k; gSa] ftudks O;k[;ku dh ctk,
ppkZ osQ :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vafre [kaM esa oS'ohdj.k osQ izHkkoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA fodkl&izfØ;k esa oS'ohdj.k us fdl lhek rd
;ksxnku fd;k gS\ bl [kaM esa vè;k; 1 ,oa 2 (tSls]
U;k;laxr fodkl y{; D;k gS) osQ fo"k; Hkh è;ku esa j[ks
x, gSa] ftldk vki lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA bl [kaM dh ppkZ
djrs le; LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ls fØ;kdykiksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa
dks ysuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls mu lanHkks± dks
'kkfey fd;k tk losQxk ftUgsa bl vè;k; esa ugha j[kk x;k
gS] tSls&LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ij vk;krksa dk izHkko] bR;kfnA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa dh foospuk djus osQ fy, lkewfgd
fopkj&eaFku&l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vè;k; 4µ oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lwpuk osQ Ïksr
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu us viuh osclkbV www.ilo.org ij
U;k;laxr oS'ohdj.k dh vihy dh gSA ,slh vihysa vU;
laxBuksa us Hkh dh gSaA ,d vU; jkspd lzksr  WTO dh
osclkbV http//www.wto.org gSA ;g MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa
fd, tk jgs vusd izdkj osQ le>kSrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
oaQifu;ksa ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;ksa osQ fy, vf/dka'k cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;ksa oQh viuh osclkbV gSaA ;fn vki cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dks vkykspukRed <ax ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlosQ fy,
vuqeksfnr osclkbV www.corporatewatch.org.uk gSA
f'k{kd osQ fy, funsZ'k
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fo'o osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx rs”kh ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs tk jgs
gSaA ;|fi ns'kksa osQ chp bl ikjLifjd tqM+ko osQ vusd
vk;ke gSaµ lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd]
ysfdu bl vè;k; esa vR;Ur lhfer vFkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blesa oS'ohdj.k dks cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ
fons'k O;kikj ,oa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls ns'kksa osQ chp
,dhdj.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vki ns[ksaxs
fd bl vè;k; esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k tSls tfVy eqíksa dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
;fn ge foxr rhl o"kks± ij u”kj Mkyas] rks ikrs gSa fd
fo'o osQ nwjLFk Hkkxksa dks tksM+us okyh oS'ohdj.k dh
izfØ;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ vius mRiknu dk nwljs ns'kksa esa D;ksa
izlkj dj jgh gSa vkSj fdl rjg ls dj jgh gSa\ vè;k; osQ
igys [kaM esa blh dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh rhoz o`f¼ vkSj muosQ izHkko dks ek=kkRed vkdyuksa osQ
ctk; eq[+;r% Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ls fy, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk
fn[kk;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd mnkgj.k lkekU; i{k dh
O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gSaA i<+krs le; /kj.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx O;k[;k osQ
fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vki tk¡p djus rFkk uohu
voèkkj.kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, cks/xE; vuqPNsnksa]
tSlk fd [kaM&II osQ var esa fn;k x;k gS] dk jpukRed
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ,oa blosQ izHkkoksa dks le>us esa
mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k vkSj ck”kkj dk ,dhdj.k ,d
egÙoiw.kZ /kj.kk gSA bl vè;k; esa] oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k
esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vxys fo"k; ij tkus ls
igys] vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Nk=k bu fopkjksa dks
i;kZIr Li"Vrk ls vkRelkr dj ysaA
oS'ohdj.k dks vusd dkjdksa us lqxerk iznku dh gSA
buesa ls rhu dkjdksa ij cy fn;k x;k gS µ izkS|ksfxdh esa
rhoz mUufr] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k vkSj
55 5 44 4 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk nckoA izkS|ksfxdh
esa mUufr Nk=kksa osQ fy, ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k gS vkSj vki
mudks oqQN funsZ'k nsdj mUgsa Lor% Nkuchu djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ djrs le;
vkidks è;ku j[kuk gS fd Nk=k Hkkjr dh mnkjhdj.k&iwoZ
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vifjfpr gaSA mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ ,oa
i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa esa rqyuk ,oa fo"kerk fn[kkus osQ fy,
ukVd dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj] MCY;w-
Vh-vks- osQ rgr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; Lakf/;k¡ vkSj 'kfDr dk
vleku larqyu jkspd fo"k; gSa] ftudks O;k[;ku dh ctk,
ppkZ osQ :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vafre [kaM esa oS'ohdj.k osQ izHkkoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA fodkl&izfØ;k esa oS'ohdj.k us fdl lhek rd
;ksxnku fd;k gS\ bl [kaM esa vè;k; 1 ,oa 2 (tSls]
U;k;laxr fodkl y{; D;k gS) osQ fo"k; Hkh è;ku esa j[ks
x, gSa] ftldk vki lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA bl [kaM dh ppkZ
djrs le; LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ls fØ;kdykiksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa
dks ysuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls mu lanHkks± dks
'kkfey fd;k tk losQxk ftUgsa bl vè;k; esa ugha j[kk x;k
gS] tSls&LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ij vk;krksa dk izHkko] bR;kfnA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa dh foospuk djus osQ fy, lkewfgd
fopkj&eaFku&l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vè;k; 4µ oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lwpuk osQ Ïksr
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu us viuh osclkbV www.ilo.org ij
U;k;laxr oS'ohdj.k dh vihy dh gSA ,slh vihysa vU;
laxBuksa us Hkh dh gSaA ,d vU; jkspd lzksr  WTO dh
osclkbV http//www.wto.org gSA ;g MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa
fd, tk jgs vusd izdkj osQ le>kSrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
oaQifu;ksa ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;ksa osQ fy, vf/dka'k cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;ksa oQh viuh osclkbV gSaA ;fn vki cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dks vkykspukRed <ax ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlosQ fy,
vuqeksfnr osclkbV www.corporatewatch.org.uk gSA
f'k{kd osQ fy, funsZ'k
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ; SSS SSS S S
v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk ZZZZ
vè;k; 4
vkt osQ fo'o esa] miHkksDrk osQ :i esa geesa ls
oqQN osQ lkeus oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ foLr`r
fodYi gSaA fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk fofuekZrkvksa }kjk
fufeZr fMftVy oSQejs] eksckby iQksu vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku osQ uohure ekWMy gekjs fy, lqyHk
gSaA ges'kk Hkkjr dh lM+dksa ij xkfM+;ksa osQ u,
ekWMy ns[ks tk ldrs gaSA oks fnu xq”kj x,] tc
Hkkjr dh LkM+dksa ij osQoy ,EcslMj vkSj fiQ,V
dkjsa gh fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhaA vkt Hkkjrh; fo'o dh
yxHkx lHkh 'kh"kZ oaQifu;kas }kjk fufeZr dkjsa
[kjhn jgs gSaA vusd nwljh oLrqvksa osQ czkaMksa esa Hkh
blh izdkj dh rhoz o`f¼ ns[kh tk ldrh gS µ
deh”kksa ls ysdj Vsyhfo”kuksa vkSj izlaLdfjr
iQyksa osQ jl rdA
gekjs ck”kkjksa esa oLrqvksa osQ cgqO;kih fodYi
vIks{kko`Qr uohu ifj?kVuk gSA nks n'kd igys Hkh
vkidks Hkkjr osQ ck”kkjksa essa oLrqvkas dh ,slh
fofo/rk ugha feysxhA oqQN gh o"kksZa eas gekjk
ck”kkj iw.kZr% ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA
ge bl rhoz ifjorZu dks oSQls le> ldrs
gSa\ ,sls dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks bu ifjorZuksa dks yk
jgs gSa vkSj ;s ifjorZu yksxksa dk thou fdl
izdkj izHkkfor dj jgs gSa\ bl vè;k; eas ge bu
iz'uksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
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fo'o osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx rs”kh ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs tk jgs
gSaA ;|fi ns'kksa osQ chp bl ikjLifjd tqM+ko osQ vusd
vk;ke gSaµ lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd]
ysfdu bl vè;k; esa vR;Ur lhfer vFkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blesa oS'ohdj.k dks cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ
fons'k O;kikj ,oa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls ns'kksa osQ chp
,dhdj.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vki ns[ksaxs
fd bl vè;k; esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k tSls tfVy eqíksa dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
;fn ge foxr rhl o"kks± ij u”kj Mkyas] rks ikrs gSa fd
fo'o osQ nwjLFk Hkkxksa dks tksM+us okyh oS'ohdj.k dh
izfØ;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ vius mRiknu dk nwljs ns'kksa esa D;ksa
izlkj dj jgh gSa vkSj fdl rjg ls dj jgh gSa\ vè;k; osQ
igys [kaM esa blh dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh rhoz o`f¼ vkSj muosQ izHkko dks ek=kkRed vkdyuksa osQ
ctk; eq[+;r% Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ls fy, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk
fn[kk;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd mnkgj.k lkekU; i{k dh
O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gSaA i<+krs le; /kj.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx O;k[;k osQ
fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vki tk¡p djus rFkk uohu
voèkkj.kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, cks/xE; vuqPNsnksa]
tSlk fd [kaM&II osQ var esa fn;k x;k gS] dk jpukRed
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ,oa blosQ izHkkoksa dks le>us esa
mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k vkSj ck”kkj dk ,dhdj.k ,d
egÙoiw.kZ /kj.kk gSA bl vè;k; esa] oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k
esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vxys fo"k; ij tkus ls
igys] vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Nk=k bu fopkjksa dks
i;kZIr Li"Vrk ls vkRelkr dj ysaA
oS'ohdj.k dks vusd dkjdksa us lqxerk iznku dh gSA
buesa ls rhu dkjdksa ij cy fn;k x;k gS µ izkS|ksfxdh esa
rhoz mUufr] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k vkSj
55 5 44 4 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk nckoA izkS|ksfxdh
esa mUufr Nk=kksa osQ fy, ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k gS vkSj vki
mudks oqQN funsZ'k nsdj mUgsa Lor% Nkuchu djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ djrs le;
vkidks è;ku j[kuk gS fd Nk=k Hkkjr dh mnkjhdj.k&iwoZ
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vifjfpr gaSA mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ ,oa
i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa esa rqyuk ,oa fo"kerk fn[kkus osQ fy,
ukVd dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj] MCY;w-
Vh-vks- osQ rgr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; Lakf/;k¡ vkSj 'kfDr dk
vleku larqyu jkspd fo"k; gSa] ftudks O;k[;ku dh ctk,
ppkZ osQ :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vafre [kaM esa oS'ohdj.k osQ izHkkoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA fodkl&izfØ;k esa oS'ohdj.k us fdl lhek rd
;ksxnku fd;k gS\ bl [kaM esa vè;k; 1 ,oa 2 (tSls]
U;k;laxr fodkl y{; D;k gS) osQ fo"k; Hkh è;ku esa j[ks
x, gSa] ftldk vki lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA bl [kaM dh ppkZ
djrs le; LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ls fØ;kdykiksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa
dks ysuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls mu lanHkks± dks
'kkfey fd;k tk losQxk ftUgsa bl vè;k; esa ugha j[kk x;k
gS] tSls&LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ij vk;krksa dk izHkko] bR;kfnA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa dh foospuk djus osQ fy, lkewfgd
fopkj&eaFku&l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vè;k; 4µ oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lwpuk osQ Ïksr
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu us viuh osclkbV www.ilo.org ij
U;k;laxr oS'ohdj.k dh vihy dh gSA ,slh vihysa vU;
laxBuksa us Hkh dh gSaA ,d vU; jkspd lzksr  WTO dh
osclkbV http//www.wto.org gSA ;g MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa
fd, tk jgs vusd izdkj osQ le>kSrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
oaQifu;ksa ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;ksa osQ fy, vf/dka'k cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;ksa oQh viuh osclkbV gSaA ;fn vki cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dks vkykspukRed <ax ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlosQ fy,
vuqeksfnr osclkbV www.corporatewatch.org.uk gSA
f'k{kd osQ fy, funsZ'k
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ; SSS SSS S S
v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk ZZZZ
vè;k; 4
vkt osQ fo'o esa] miHkksDrk osQ :i esa geesa ls
oqQN osQ lkeus oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ foLr`r
fodYi gSaA fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk fofuekZrkvksa }kjk
fufeZr fMftVy oSQejs] eksckby iQksu vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku osQ uohure ekWMy gekjs fy, lqyHk
gSaA ges'kk Hkkjr dh lM+dksa ij xkfM+;ksa osQ u,
ekWMy ns[ks tk ldrs gaSA oks fnu xq”kj x,] tc
Hkkjr dh LkM+dksa ij osQoy ,EcslMj vkSj fiQ,V
dkjsa gh fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhaA vkt Hkkjrh; fo'o dh
yxHkx lHkh 'kh"kZ oaQifu;kas }kjk fufeZr dkjsa
[kjhn jgs gSaA vusd nwljh oLrqvksa osQ czkaMksa esa Hkh
blh izdkj dh rhoz o`f¼ ns[kh tk ldrh gS µ
deh”kksa ls ysdj Vsyhfo”kuksa vkSj izlaLdfjr
iQyksa osQ jl rdA
gekjs ck”kkjksa esa oLrqvksa osQ cgqO;kih fodYi
vIks{kko`Qr uohu ifj?kVuk gSA nks n'kd igys Hkh
vkidks Hkkjr osQ ck”kkjksa essa oLrqvkas dh ,slh
fofo/rk ugha feysxhA oqQN gh o"kksZa eas gekjk
ck”kkj iw.kZr% ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA
ge bl rhoz ifjorZu dks oSQls le> ldrs
gSa\ ,sls dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks bu ifjorZuksa dks yk
jgs gSa vkSj ;s ifjorZu yksxksa dk thou fdl
izdkj izHkkfor dj jgs gSa\ bl vè;k; eas ge bu
iz'uksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
55 5 66 6 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
chloh 'krkCnh osQ eè; rd mRIkknu eq[;r%
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa osQ vanj gh lhfer FkkA bu
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa dks yka?kus okyh oLrqvksa esa
osQoy dPpk eky] [kk| inkFkZ vkSj rS;kj mRikn
gh FksA Hkkjr tSls mifuos'kksa ls dPpk eky ,oa
[kk| inkFkZ fu;kZr gksrs Fks vkSj rS;kj oLRkqvksa dk
vk;kr gksrk FkkA O;kikj gh nwjLFk ns'kksa dks
vkil esa tksM+us dk eq[; tfj;k FkkA ;g cM+h
oaQifu;ksa] ftUgsa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ dgrs gSa]
, , ,d d d   c c cg g gqqqj j jk kk" " "V V Vªªªh hh; ; ;   o o oaaaQ QQi i iu u uh hh   } } }k kkj j jk kk   m m mR RRi i ik kkn n nu u u   d d dk kk   f f fo o oL L Lr r rk kkj j j qqq ªªª aaa q ª a
vkS|ksfxd midj.k cukus okyh ,d cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ
vuqla/ku osQUnz esa vius mRiknksa dk fMtkbu rS;kj djrh gSA mlosQ iq”ksZ phu esa
fofufeZr gksrs gSaA fiQj bUgsa tgk”k eas ykndj esfDldks vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ys tk;k tkrk
gS] tgk¡ midj.k osQ iq”kks± dks tksM+k tkrk gS vkSj rS;kj mRikn dks fo'o Hkj eas cspk
tkrk gSA bl chp] oaQIkuh dh xzkgd lsok dk Hkkjr fLFkr dkWy lsaVjksa osQ ekè;e ls
lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA
vUrjns'kh; mRiknu
osQ ifjn`'; ij mHkjus ls igys dk ;qx FkkA ,d
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh og gS] tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa
eas mRiknu ij fu;a=k.k vFkok LokfeRo j[krh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mu izns'kksa esa dk;kZy; rFkk
mRiknu osQ fy, dkj[kkus LFkkfir djrh gSa] tgk¡
mUgsa lLrk Je ,oa vU; lalk/u fey ldrs gaSA
mRiknu ykxr esa deh djus rFkk vf/d ykHk
dekus osQ fy, cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ,slk djrh
gSaA fuEu mnkgj.k ij fopkj djrs gSa µ
;g caxyksj fLFkr ,d dkWy laasVj gS tks i;kZIr nwjlapkj lqfoèkkvkas vkSj baVjusV
ls lqlfTtr gSA ;g fons'kh xzkgdksa dks lwpuk ,oa enn miyC/ djkrk gSA
Page 4


fo'o osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx rs”kh ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs tk jgs
gSaA ;|fi ns'kksa osQ chp bl ikjLifjd tqM+ko osQ vusd
vk;ke gSaµ lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd]
ysfdu bl vè;k; esa vR;Ur lhfer vFkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blesa oS'ohdj.k dks cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ
fons'k O;kikj ,oa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls ns'kksa osQ chp
,dhdj.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vki ns[ksaxs
fd bl vè;k; esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k tSls tfVy eqíksa dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
;fn ge foxr rhl o"kks± ij u”kj Mkyas] rks ikrs gSa fd
fo'o osQ nwjLFk Hkkxksa dks tksM+us okyh oS'ohdj.k dh
izfØ;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ vius mRiknu dk nwljs ns'kksa esa D;ksa
izlkj dj jgh gSa vkSj fdl rjg ls dj jgh gSa\ vè;k; osQ
igys [kaM esa blh dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh rhoz o`f¼ vkSj muosQ izHkko dks ek=kkRed vkdyuksa osQ
ctk; eq[+;r% Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ls fy, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk
fn[kk;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd mnkgj.k lkekU; i{k dh
O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gSaA i<+krs le; /kj.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx O;k[;k osQ
fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vki tk¡p djus rFkk uohu
voèkkj.kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, cks/xE; vuqPNsnksa]
tSlk fd [kaM&II osQ var esa fn;k x;k gS] dk jpukRed
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ,oa blosQ izHkkoksa dks le>us esa
mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k vkSj ck”kkj dk ,dhdj.k ,d
egÙoiw.kZ /kj.kk gSA bl vè;k; esa] oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k
esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vxys fo"k; ij tkus ls
igys] vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Nk=k bu fopkjksa dks
i;kZIr Li"Vrk ls vkRelkr dj ysaA
oS'ohdj.k dks vusd dkjdksa us lqxerk iznku dh gSA
buesa ls rhu dkjdksa ij cy fn;k x;k gS µ izkS|ksfxdh esa
rhoz mUufr] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k vkSj
55 5 44 4 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk nckoA izkS|ksfxdh
esa mUufr Nk=kksa osQ fy, ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k gS vkSj vki
mudks oqQN funsZ'k nsdj mUgsa Lor% Nkuchu djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ djrs le;
vkidks è;ku j[kuk gS fd Nk=k Hkkjr dh mnkjhdj.k&iwoZ
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vifjfpr gaSA mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ ,oa
i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa esa rqyuk ,oa fo"kerk fn[kkus osQ fy,
ukVd dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj] MCY;w-
Vh-vks- osQ rgr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; Lakf/;k¡ vkSj 'kfDr dk
vleku larqyu jkspd fo"k; gSa] ftudks O;k[;ku dh ctk,
ppkZ osQ :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vafre [kaM esa oS'ohdj.k osQ izHkkoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA fodkl&izfØ;k esa oS'ohdj.k us fdl lhek rd
;ksxnku fd;k gS\ bl [kaM esa vè;k; 1 ,oa 2 (tSls]
U;k;laxr fodkl y{; D;k gS) osQ fo"k; Hkh è;ku esa j[ks
x, gSa] ftldk vki lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA bl [kaM dh ppkZ
djrs le; LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ls fØ;kdykiksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa
dks ysuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls mu lanHkks± dks
'kkfey fd;k tk losQxk ftUgsa bl vè;k; esa ugha j[kk x;k
gS] tSls&LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ij vk;krksa dk izHkko] bR;kfnA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa dh foospuk djus osQ fy, lkewfgd
fopkj&eaFku&l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vè;k; 4µ oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lwpuk osQ Ïksr
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu us viuh osclkbV www.ilo.org ij
U;k;laxr oS'ohdj.k dh vihy dh gSA ,slh vihysa vU;
laxBuksa us Hkh dh gSaA ,d vU; jkspd lzksr  WTO dh
osclkbV http//www.wto.org gSA ;g MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa
fd, tk jgs vusd izdkj osQ le>kSrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
oaQifu;ksa ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;ksa osQ fy, vf/dka'k cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;ksa oQh viuh osclkbV gSaA ;fn vki cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dks vkykspukRed <ax ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlosQ fy,
vuqeksfnr osclkbV www.corporatewatch.org.uk gSA
f'k{kd osQ fy, funsZ'k
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ; SSS SSS S S
v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk ZZZZ
vè;k; 4
vkt osQ fo'o esa] miHkksDrk osQ :i esa geesa ls
oqQN osQ lkeus oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ foLr`r
fodYi gSaA fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk fofuekZrkvksa }kjk
fufeZr fMftVy oSQejs] eksckby iQksu vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku osQ uohure ekWMy gekjs fy, lqyHk
gSaA ges'kk Hkkjr dh lM+dksa ij xkfM+;ksa osQ u,
ekWMy ns[ks tk ldrs gaSA oks fnu xq”kj x,] tc
Hkkjr dh LkM+dksa ij osQoy ,EcslMj vkSj fiQ,V
dkjsa gh fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhaA vkt Hkkjrh; fo'o dh
yxHkx lHkh 'kh"kZ oaQifu;kas }kjk fufeZr dkjsa
[kjhn jgs gSaA vusd nwljh oLrqvksa osQ czkaMksa esa Hkh
blh izdkj dh rhoz o`f¼ ns[kh tk ldrh gS µ
deh”kksa ls ysdj Vsyhfo”kuksa vkSj izlaLdfjr
iQyksa osQ jl rdA
gekjs ck”kkjksa esa oLrqvksa osQ cgqO;kih fodYi
vIks{kko`Qr uohu ifj?kVuk gSA nks n'kd igys Hkh
vkidks Hkkjr osQ ck”kkjksa essa oLrqvkas dh ,slh
fofo/rk ugha feysxhA oqQN gh o"kksZa eas gekjk
ck”kkj iw.kZr% ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA
ge bl rhoz ifjorZu dks oSQls le> ldrs
gSa\ ,sls dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks bu ifjorZuksa dks yk
jgs gSa vkSj ;s ifjorZu yksxksa dk thou fdl
izdkj izHkkfor dj jgs gSa\ bl vè;k; eas ge bu
iz'uksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
55 5 66 6 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
chloh 'krkCnh osQ eè; rd mRIkknu eq[;r%
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa osQ vanj gh lhfer FkkA bu
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa dks yka?kus okyh oLrqvksa esa
osQoy dPpk eky] [kk| inkFkZ vkSj rS;kj mRikn
gh FksA Hkkjr tSls mifuos'kksa ls dPpk eky ,oa
[kk| inkFkZ fu;kZr gksrs Fks vkSj rS;kj oLRkqvksa dk
vk;kr gksrk FkkA O;kikj gh nwjLFk ns'kksa dks
vkil esa tksM+us dk eq[; tfj;k FkkA ;g cM+h
oaQifu;ksa] ftUgsa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ dgrs gSa]
, , ,d d d   c c cg g gqqqj j jk kk" " "V V Vªªªh hh; ; ;   o o oaaaQ QQi i iu u uh hh   } } }k kkj j jk kk   m m mR RRi i ik kkn n nu u u   d d dk kk   f f fo o oL L Lr r rk kkj j j qqq ªªª aaa q ª a
vkS|ksfxd midj.k cukus okyh ,d cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ
vuqla/ku osQUnz esa vius mRiknksa dk fMtkbu rS;kj djrh gSA mlosQ iq”ksZ phu esa
fofufeZr gksrs gSaA fiQj bUgsa tgk”k eas ykndj esfDldks vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ys tk;k tkrk
gS] tgk¡ midj.k osQ iq”kks± dks tksM+k tkrk gS vkSj rS;kj mRikn dks fo'o Hkj eas cspk
tkrk gSA bl chp] oaQIkuh dh xzkgd lsok dk Hkkjr fLFkr dkWy lsaVjksa osQ ekè;e ls
lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA
vUrjns'kh; mRiknu
osQ ifjn`'; ij mHkjus ls igys dk ;qx FkkA ,d
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh og gS] tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa
eas mRiknu ij fu;a=k.k vFkok LokfeRo j[krh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mu izns'kksa esa dk;kZy; rFkk
mRiknu osQ fy, dkj[kkus LFkkfir djrh gSa] tgk¡
mUgsa lLrk Je ,oa vU; lalk/u fey ldrs gaSA
mRiknu ykxr esa deh djus rFkk vf/d ykHk
dekus osQ fy, cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ,slk djrh
gSaA fuEu mnkgj.k ij fopkj djrs gSa µ
;g caxyksj fLFkr ,d dkWy laasVj gS tks i;kZIr nwjlapkj lqfoèkkvkas vkSj baVjusV
ls lqlfTtr gSA ;g fons'kh xzkgdksa dks lwpuk ,oa enn miyC/ djkrk gSA
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ;   v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk SSS SSS ZZZ S S Z 55 5 77 7
;g n'kkZUks osQ fy, fuEu dFku dh iwfrZ djsa fd oL=k m|ksx esa mRiknu&izfØ;k oSQls fo'o&Hkj esa iSQyh gqbZ gSA
,d czkaM yscy ij ^esM bu FkkbyS.M* fy[kk gS] ijUrq mlesa ,d Hkh FkkbZ mRikn ugha
gSA ge fofuekZ.k&izfØ;k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa vkSj izR;sd pj.k eas loksZÙke fuekZ.k dks
ns[krs gSaA ge bls fo'o Lrj ij dj jgs gSaA tSls] oL=k fuekZ.k esa oaQiuh dksfj;k ls lwr
ys ldrh gS 
-----------------------------------
v v vk kkv v vk kksssµ µ µb b bl l l   i i ij j j   f f fo o op p pk kkj j j   d d dj j jsssaaa sss sssaaa s sa
bl mnkgj.k esa] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh osQoy
oSf'od Lrj ij gh viuk rS;kj mRikn ugha csp
jgh gS cfYd vf/d egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu fo'o Lrj
ij dj jgh gSA ifj.kker% mRiknu izfØ;k
ozQe'k% tfVy <ax ls laxfBr gqbZ gSA
mRiknu&izfØ;k  NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS vkSj
fo'o Hkj eas] iSQyh gqbZ gSA mQij fn, x,
mnkgj.k esa phu ,d lLrk fofuekZ.k osQUnz gksus
dk ykHk iznku djrk gSA esfDldks vkSj iwohZ
;wjksi] vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ck”kkjksa ls viuh
fudVrk osQ dkj.k ykHkizn gSaA Hkkjr eas vR;ar
oqQ'ky bathfu;j miyC/ gSa] tks mRiknu osQ
rduhdh i{kksa dks le> ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ vaxsz”kh
cksyus okys f'kf{kr ;qod Hkh gSa] tks xzkgd
ns[kHkky lsok;sa mIkYkC/ djk ldrs gSaA ;s lHkh
ph”ksa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh dh ykxr dk yxHkx
50&60 izfr'kr cpr dj ldrh gSaA vRk%
okLro eas] lhekvksa osQ ikj cgqjk"Vªh; mRiknu
izfØ;k osQ izlkj ls vlhfer ykHk gks ldrk gSA
fo'o&Hkj osQ mRiknu dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+uk
dHkh&dHkh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ bu ns'kksa dh
LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk la;qDr :i ls mRiknu
djrh gSaA la;qDr mRiknu ls LFkkuh; oaQiuh dks
nksgjk ykHk gksrk gSA igyk cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡
vfrfjDr fuos'k osQ fy, /u iznku dj ldrh
gSa] tSls fd rhoz mRiknu osQ fy, e'khusa [kjhnus
osQ fy,A nwljk] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mRiknu dh
uohure izkS|ksfxdh vius lkFk yk ldrh gSaA
lkEkkU;r% cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mlh LFkku ij
mRiknu bdkbZ LFkkfir djrh gSa tks ck”kkj osQ
u”knhd gks] tgk¡ de ykxr ij oqQ'ky vkSj
voqQ'ky Je miYkC/ gks vkSj tgk¡ mRiknu osQ
vU; dkjdksa dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr gksA lkFk
gh] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ljdkjh uhfr;kas ij Hkh
u”kj j[krh gSa] tks muosQ fgrksa dk ns[kHkky djrh
gSaA vki ckn esa] bl vè;k; esa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs eas vkSj vè;;u djsaxsA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ckn
gh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mRiknu osQ fy, dk;kZy;ksa
vkSj dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk djrh gSaA ifjlaifÙk;ksa
tSls µ Hkwfe] Hkou] e'khu vkSj vU; midj.kksa
dh [kjhn esa O;; dh xbZ eqnzk dks fuos'k dgrs
gSaA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa }kjk fd, x, fuos'k dks
fons'kh fuos'k dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh fuos'k bl vk'kk
ls fd;k tkrk gS fd ;s ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ykHk vftZr
djsaxhA
ge bl dkj[kkus dks
nwljs ns'k esa
LFkkukUrfjr dj nsaxsA
;gk¡ ij ;g [kphZyk
gks x;k gSA
Page 5


fo'o osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx rs”kh ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs tk jgs
gSaA ;|fi ns'kksa osQ chp bl ikjLifjd tqM+ko osQ vusd
vk;ke gSaµ lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd]
ysfdu bl vè;k; esa vR;Ur lhfer vFkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blesa oS'ohdj.k dks cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ
fons'k O;kikj ,oa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekè;e ls ns'kksa osQ chp
,dhdj.k osQ :i esa ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vki ns[ksaxs
fd bl vè;k; esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k tSls tfVy eqíksa dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
;fn ge foxr rhl o"kks± ij u”kj Mkyas] rks ikrs gSa fd
fo'o osQ nwjLFk Hkkxksa dks tksM+us okyh oS'ohdj.k dh
izfØ;k esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ vius mRiknu dk nwljs ns'kksa esa D;ksa
izlkj dj jgh gSa vkSj fdl rjg ls dj jgh gSa\ vè;k; osQ
igys [kaM esa blh dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh rhoz o`f¼ vkSj muosQ izHkko dks ek=kkRed vkdyuksa osQ
ctk; eq[+;r% Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ls fy, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk
fn[kk;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd mnkgj.k lkekU; i{k dh
O;k[;k djus esa lgk;d gSaA i<+krs le; /kj.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx O;k[;k osQ
fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vki tk¡p djus rFkk uohu
voèkkj.kkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, cks/xE; vuqPNsnksa]
tSlk fd [kaM&II osQ var esa fn;k x;k gS] dk jpukRed
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k ,oa blosQ izHkkoksa dks le>us esa
mRiknu dk ,dhdj.k vkSj ck”kkj dk ,dhdj.k ,d
egÙoiw.kZ /kj.kk gSA bl vè;k; esa] oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k
esa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vxys fo"k; ij tkus ls
igys] vkidks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd Nk=k bu fopkjksa dks
i;kZIr Li"Vrk ls vkRelkr dj ysaA
oS'ohdj.k dks vusd dkjdksa us lqxerk iznku dh gSA
buesa ls rhu dkjdksa ij cy fn;k x;k gS µ izkS|ksfxdh esa
rhoz mUufr] O;kikj vkSj fuos'k uhfr;ksa dk mnkjhdj.k vkSj
55 5 44 4 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk nckoA izkS|ksfxdh
esa mUufr Nk=kksa osQ fy, ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k gS vkSj vki
mudks oqQN funsZ'k nsdj mUgsa Lor% Nkuchu djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA mnkjhdj.k dh ppkZ djrs le;
vkidks è;ku j[kuk gS fd Nk=k Hkkjr dh mnkjhdj.k&iwoZ
dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vifjfpr gaSA mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ ,oa
i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa esa rqyuk ,oa fo"kerk fn[kkus osQ fy,
ukVd dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj] MCY;w-
Vh-vks- osQ rgr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; Lakf/;k¡ vkSj 'kfDr dk
vleku larqyu jkspd fo"k; gSa] ftudks O;k[;ku dh ctk,
ppkZ osQ :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vafre [kaM esa oS'ohdj.k osQ izHkkoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA fodkl&izfØ;k esa oS'ohdj.k us fdl lhek rd
;ksxnku fd;k gS\ bl [kaM esa vè;k; 1 ,oa 2 (tSls]
U;k;laxr fodkl y{; D;k gS) osQ fo"k; Hkh è;ku esa j[ks
x, gSa] ftldk vki lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA bl [kaM dh ppkZ
djrs le; LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k ls fØ;kdykiksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa
dks ysuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gSA blls mu lanHkks± dks
'kkfey fd;k tk losQxk ftUgsa bl vè;k; esa ugha j[kk x;k
gS] tSls&LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ij vk;krksa dk izHkko] bR;kfnA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa dh foospuk djus osQ fy, lkewfgd
fopkj&eaFku&l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vè;k; 4µ oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
lwpuk osQ Ïksr
vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu us viuh osclkbV www.ilo.org ij
U;k;laxr oS'ohdj.k dh vihy dh gSA ,slh vihysa vU;
laxBuksa us Hkh dh gSaA ,d vU; jkspd lzksr  WTO dh
osclkbV http//www.wto.org gSA ;g MCY;w-Vh-vks- esa
fd, tk jgs vusd izdkj osQ le>kSrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
oaQifu;ksa ls lacafèkr tkudkfj;ksa osQ fy, vf/dka'k cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;ksa oQh viuh osclkbV gSaA ;fn vki cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dks vkykspukRed <ax ls ns[kuk pkgrs gSa rks mlosQ fy,
vuqeksfnr osclkbV www.corporatewatch.org.uk gSA
f'k{kd osQ fy, funsZ'k
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ; SSS SSS S S
v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk ZZZZ
vè;k; 4
vkt osQ fo'o esa] miHkksDrk osQ :i esa geesa ls
oqQN osQ lkeus oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ foLr`r
fodYi gSaA fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk fofuekZrkvksa }kjk
fufeZr fMftVy oSQejs] eksckby iQksu vkSj
Vsyhfo”ku osQ uohure ekWMy gekjs fy, lqyHk
gSaA ges'kk Hkkjr dh lM+dksa ij xkfM+;ksa osQ u,
ekWMy ns[ks tk ldrs gaSA oks fnu xq”kj x,] tc
Hkkjr dh LkM+dksa ij osQoy ,EcslMj vkSj fiQ,V
dkjsa gh fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhaA vkt Hkkjrh; fo'o dh
yxHkx lHkh 'kh"kZ oaQifu;kas }kjk fufeZr dkjsa
[kjhn jgs gSaA vusd nwljh oLrqvksa osQ czkaMksa esa Hkh
blh izdkj dh rhoz o`f¼ ns[kh tk ldrh gS µ
deh”kksa ls ysdj Vsyhfo”kuksa vkSj izlaLdfjr
iQyksa osQ jl rdA
gekjs ck”kkjksa esa oLrqvksa osQ cgqO;kih fodYi
vIks{kko`Qr uohu ifj?kVuk gSA nks n'kd igys Hkh
vkidks Hkkjr osQ ck”kkjksa essa oLrqvkas dh ,slh
fofo/rk ugha feysxhA oqQN gh o"kksZa eas gekjk
ck”kkj iw.kZr% ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA
ge bl rhoz ifjorZu dks oSQls le> ldrs
gSa\ ,sls dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks bu ifjorZuksa dks yk
jgs gSa vkSj ;s ifjorZu yksxksa dk thou fdl
izdkj izHkkfor dj jgs gSa\ bl vè;k; eas ge bu
iz'uksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
55 5 66 6 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
chloh 'krkCnh osQ eè; rd mRIkknu eq[;r%
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa osQ vanj gh lhfer FkkA bu
ns'kksa dh lhekvksa dks yka?kus okyh oLrqvksa esa
osQoy dPpk eky] [kk| inkFkZ vkSj rS;kj mRikn
gh FksA Hkkjr tSls mifuos'kksa ls dPpk eky ,oa
[kk| inkFkZ fu;kZr gksrs Fks vkSj rS;kj oLRkqvksa dk
vk;kr gksrk FkkA O;kikj gh nwjLFk ns'kksa dks
vkil esa tksM+us dk eq[; tfj;k FkkA ;g cM+h
oaQifu;ksa] ftUgsa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ dgrs gSa]
, , ,d d d   c c cg g gqqqj j jk kk" " "V V Vªªªh hh; ; ;   o o oaaaQ QQi i iu u uh hh   } } }k kkj j jk kk   m m mR RRi i ik kkn n nu u u   d d dk kk   f f fo o oL L Lr r rk kkj j j qqq ªªª aaa q ª a
vkS|ksfxd midj.k cukus okyh ,d cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ
vuqla/ku osQUnz esa vius mRiknksa dk fMtkbu rS;kj djrh gSA mlosQ iq”ksZ phu esa
fofufeZr gksrs gSaA fiQj bUgsa tgk”k eas ykndj esfDldks vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ys tk;k tkrk
gS] tgk¡ midj.k osQ iq”kks± dks tksM+k tkrk gS vkSj rS;kj mRikn dks fo'o Hkj eas cspk
tkrk gSA bl chp] oaQIkuh dh xzkgd lsok dk Hkkjr fLFkr dkWy lsaVjksa osQ ekè;e ls
lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA
vUrjns'kh; mRiknu
osQ ifjn`'; ij mHkjus ls igys dk ;qx FkkA ,d
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh og gS] tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa
eas mRiknu ij fu;a=k.k vFkok LokfeRo j[krh gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mu izns'kksa esa dk;kZy; rFkk
mRiknu osQ fy, dkj[kkus LFkkfir djrh gSa] tgk¡
mUgsa lLrk Je ,oa vU; lalk/u fey ldrs gaSA
mRiknu ykxr esa deh djus rFkk vf/d ykHk
dekus osQ fy, cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ,slk djrh
gSaA fuEu mnkgj.k ij fopkj djrs gSa µ
;g caxyksj fLFkr ,d dkWy laasVj gS tks i;kZIr nwjlapkj lqfoèkkvkas vkSj baVjusV
ls lqlfTtr gSA ;g fons'kh xzkgdksa dks lwpuk ,oa enn miyC/ djkrk gSA
o o oSSS' ' 'o o oh hhd d dj j j. . .k kk   v v vk kkSSSj j j   H H Hk kkk kkj j jr r rh hh; ; ;   v v vF F Fk kkZZZO O O; ; ;o o oL L LF F Fk kkk kk SSS SSS ZZZ S S Z 55 5 77 7
;g n'kkZUks osQ fy, fuEu dFku dh iwfrZ djsa fd oL=k m|ksx esa mRiknu&izfØ;k oSQls fo'o&Hkj esa iSQyh gqbZ gSA
,d czkaM yscy ij ^esM bu FkkbyS.M* fy[kk gS] ijUrq mlesa ,d Hkh FkkbZ mRikn ugha
gSA ge fofuekZ.k&izfØ;k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa vkSj izR;sd pj.k eas loksZÙke fuekZ.k dks
ns[krs gSaA ge bls fo'o Lrj ij dj jgs gSaA tSls] oL=k fuekZ.k esa oaQiuh dksfj;k ls lwr
ys ldrh gS 
-----------------------------------
v v vk kkv v vk kksssµ µ µb b bl l l   i i ij j j   f f fo o op p pk kkj j j   d d dj j jsssaaa sss sssaaa s sa
bl mnkgj.k esa] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh osQoy
oSf'od Lrj ij gh viuk rS;kj mRikn ugha csp
jgh gS cfYd vf/d egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu fo'o Lrj
ij dj jgh gSA ifj.kker% mRiknu izfØ;k
ozQe'k% tfVy <ax ls laxfBr gqbZ gSA
mRiknu&izfØ;k  NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS vkSj
fo'o Hkj eas] iSQyh gqbZ gSA mQij fn, x,
mnkgj.k esa phu ,d lLrk fofuekZ.k osQUnz gksus
dk ykHk iznku djrk gSA esfDldks vkSj iwohZ
;wjksi] vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ck”kkjksa ls viuh
fudVrk osQ dkj.k ykHkizn gSaA Hkkjr eas vR;ar
oqQ'ky bathfu;j miyC/ gSa] tks mRiknu osQ
rduhdh i{kksa dks le> ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ vaxsz”kh
cksyus okys f'kf{kr ;qod Hkh gSa] tks xzkgd
ns[kHkky lsok;sa mIkYkC/ djk ldrs gSaA ;s lHkh
ph”ksa cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh dh ykxr dk yxHkx
50&60 izfr'kr cpr dj ldrh gSaA vRk%
okLro eas] lhekvksa osQ ikj cgqjk"Vªh; mRiknu
izfØ;k osQ izlkj ls vlhfer ykHk gks ldrk gSA
fo'o&Hkj osQ mRiknu dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+uk
dHkh&dHkh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ bu ns'kksa dh
LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk la;qDr :i ls mRiknu
djrh gSaA la;qDr mRiknu ls LFkkuh; oaQiuh dks
nksgjk ykHk gksrk gSA igyk cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡
vfrfjDr fuos'k osQ fy, /u iznku dj ldrh
gSa] tSls fd rhoz mRiknu osQ fy, e'khusa [kjhnus
osQ fy,A nwljk] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mRiknu dh
uohure izkS|ksfxdh vius lkFk yk ldrh gSaA
lkEkkU;r% cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mlh LFkku ij
mRiknu bdkbZ LFkkfir djrh gSa tks ck”kkj osQ
u”knhd gks] tgk¡ de ykxr ij oqQ'ky vkSj
voqQ'ky Je miYkC/ gks vkSj tgk¡ mRiknu osQ
vU; dkjdksa dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr gksA lkFk
gh] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ljdkjh uhfr;kas ij Hkh
u”kj j[krh gSa] tks muosQ fgrksa dk ns[kHkky djrh
gSaA vki ckn esa] bl vè;k; esa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs eas vkSj vè;;u djsaxsA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ckn
gh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ mRiknu osQ fy, dk;kZy;ksa
vkSj dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk djrh gSaA ifjlaifÙk;ksa
tSls µ Hkwfe] Hkou] e'khu vkSj vU; midj.kksa
dh [kjhn esa O;; dh xbZ eqnzk dks fuos'k dgrs
gSaA cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa }kjk fd, x, fuos'k dks
fons'kh fuos'k dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh fuos'k bl vk'kk
ls fd;k tkrk gS fd ;s ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ykHk vftZr
djsaxhA
ge bl dkj[kkus dks
nwljs ns'k esa
LFkkukUrfjr dj nsaxsA
;gk¡ ij ;g [kphZyk
gks x;k gSA
55 5 88 8 v v vk kkf f fF F Fk kkZZZd d d   f f fo o od d dk kkl l l   d d dh hh   l l le e e> > > ZZZZ
ysfdu] cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa osQ fuos'k dk
lcls vke jkLrk LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa dks [kjhnuk
vkSj mlosQ ckn mRiknu dk izlkj djuk gSA
vikj laink okyh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ;g vklkuh
ls dj ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d cgqr
cM+h vesfjdh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh dkjfxy iwQM~l
us ij[k iwQM~Lk tSlh NksVh Hkkjrh; oaQifu;ksa dks
[kjhn fy;k gSA ij[k iwQM~Lk us Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa ,d cM+k foi.ku ra=k rS;kj fd;k Fkk]
tgk¡ mlosQ czk.M dkIkQh izfl¼ FksA ij[k iwQM~Lk
osQ pkj rsy 'kks/d osQUnz Hkh Fks] ftl ij vc
dkjfxy dk fu;a=k.k gks x;k gSA vc dkjfxy
50 yk[k iSosQV izfrfnu fuekZ.k {kerk osQ lkFk
Hkkjr eas [kk| rsyksa dh lcls cM+h mRiknd
oaQiuh gSA
okLRko esa] dbZ 'kh"kZLFk cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa
dh  laifÙk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ
lEiw.kZ ctV ls Hkh vf/d gSA ,slh vikj laifÙk
okyh cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dh 'kfDr vkSj izHkko
ij fopkj djsaA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡ ,d vU; rjhosQ ls mRiknu
fu;af=kr djrh gSaA fodflr ns'kksa dh cM+h cgqjk"Vªh;
oaQifu;k¡ NksVs mRikndksa dks mRiknu dk vkWMZj
nsrh gSaA oL=k] twrs&pIiy ,oa [ksy osQ lkeku
,sls m|ksx gSa] tgk¡ fo'oHkj esa cM+h la[;k esa
NksVs mRikndksa }kjk mRIkknu fd;k tkrk gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa dks bu mRiknksa dh vkiwfrZ
dh tkrh gSA fiQj bUgsa vius czk.M uke ls
xzkgdksa dks csprh gSaA bu cM+h daifu;ksa esa nwjLFk
mRikndksa osQ ewY;] xq.koÙkk] vkiwfrZ vkSj Je&'krkZsa
dk fu/kZj.k djus dh izp.M {kerk gksrh gSA
bl izdkj] ge ns[krs gaSa fd cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡
dbZ rjg ls vius mRiknu dk;Z dk izlkj dj
jgh gSa vkSj fo'o osQ dbZ ns'kksa dh LFkkuh;
oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd laca/ LFkkfir dj
jgh gSaA LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk lk>snkjh }kjk]
vkiwfrZ osQ fy, LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa dk bLRkseky
djosQ vkSj LFkkuh; oaQifu;ksa ls fudV izfrLièkkZ
djosQ vFkok mUgsa [kjhn dj cgqjk"Vªh; oaQifu;k¡
nwjLFk LFkkuksa osQ mRiknu ij viuk izHkko tek
jgh gSaA ifj.kker% nwj&nwj LFkkuksa ij iSQyk
mRiknu ijLij lacaf/r gks jgk gSA
yqf/;kuk osQ ,d ?kj esa ,d CkM+h cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh osQ fy, iqQVcky&fuekZ.k dk fp=k
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mRikfnr thUl vesfjdk esa
6500 jQ- esa csph tk jgh gSA