Plant Kingdom Practice Questions - DPP for NEET

 Page 1


Solution
1. (c)
1 microspore mother cell 
meiotic division
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
   = 16 pollen grains.
2. (b)
Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air
and retention of zygote inside archegonium to
provide nourishment to developing embryo.
3. (a)
Artificial systems of classification given by
Linnaeus were based upon morphological
characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number
and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of
organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative
characters or on the androecium structure. These
systems separated the closely related species
since they were based only on a few
characteristics.
4. (a)
Both statements are correct.
5. (d)
Phylogenetic system or classification is based
on evolutionary sequence as well as the genetic
relationship among the living beings. Engler and
Prantl’s System of Classification was jointly
proposed in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
in 1892. It is the first phylogenetic system of
classification which includes all the plants from
algae to angiosperms arranged in an evolutionary
sequence from simplicity to complexity.
6. (a)
There are three systems of classification -
artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In the natural
system of classification the organisms are
arranged on the basis of all known taxonomic
characters instead of one or first few. These
include morphological, anatomical, cytological,
physiological and biochemical characters of the
organisms. The artificial system is based on one
or a few characters that are easily observable.
The phylogenetic system tries to organize
organisms on the basis of their genetic and
phylogenetic relationships besides taxonomic
characters.
7. (d)
Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through
fusion of two gametes. In Spirogyra, the gametes
are similar in size (isogamy) and non-flagellated
(non-motile).
8. (b)
Chara is a genus of green algae. They are
multicellular and superficially resemble land
plants. They prefer less oxygenated and hard
water. They are covered with calcium carbonate
deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts.
Chara reproduces by both sexual and vegetative
modes. Sexual reproduction of Chara is an
advanced oogamous type. The sex organs are
macroscopic and large. The male sex organ is
yellow to red in colour, called globule. The female
sex organ is more or less oval and green in colour
and called nucule or oogonium. On maturity,
globule develops into antheridia filaments made
up of antheridium cells. Oogonium is always
situated singly above the globule or antheridium.
Most of the species are homothallic or monoecious
( i.e. male and female sex organs develop on the
same plant ) but some are heterothallic or
dioecious ( i.e. male and female sex organs on
different plants ).
9. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite
cell wall containing cellulose and other
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different
chemical components are present which vary
widely among different groups (e.g., xylan,
mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar,
pectin, carrageenin, etc.,). Cell wall of blue-green
algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins).
This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic
algae.
10. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae, that belongs to Class
Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol)
and the reserve food material is laminarin.
11. (c)
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such
as mosses and liverworts. Bryophytes do not have
seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce via
spores.
Page 2


Solution
1. (c)
1 microspore mother cell 
meiotic division
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
   = 16 pollen grains.
2. (b)
Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air
and retention of zygote inside archegonium to
provide nourishment to developing embryo.
3. (a)
Artificial systems of classification given by
Linnaeus were based upon morphological
characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number
and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of
organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative
characters or on the androecium structure. These
systems separated the closely related species
since they were based only on a few
characteristics.
4. (a)
Both statements are correct.
5. (d)
Phylogenetic system or classification is based
on evolutionary sequence as well as the genetic
relationship among the living beings. Engler and
Prantl’s System of Classification was jointly
proposed in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
in 1892. It is the first phylogenetic system of
classification which includes all the plants from
algae to angiosperms arranged in an evolutionary
sequence from simplicity to complexity.
6. (a)
There are three systems of classification -
artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In the natural
system of classification the organisms are
arranged on the basis of all known taxonomic
characters instead of one or first few. These
include morphological, anatomical, cytological,
physiological and biochemical characters of the
organisms. The artificial system is based on one
or a few characters that are easily observable.
The phylogenetic system tries to organize
organisms on the basis of their genetic and
phylogenetic relationships besides taxonomic
characters.
7. (d)
Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through
fusion of two gametes. In Spirogyra, the gametes
are similar in size (isogamy) and non-flagellated
(non-motile).
8. (b)
Chara is a genus of green algae. They are
multicellular and superficially resemble land
plants. They prefer less oxygenated and hard
water. They are covered with calcium carbonate
deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts.
Chara reproduces by both sexual and vegetative
modes. Sexual reproduction of Chara is an
advanced oogamous type. The sex organs are
macroscopic and large. The male sex organ is
yellow to red in colour, called globule. The female
sex organ is more or less oval and green in colour
and called nucule or oogonium. On maturity,
globule develops into antheridia filaments made
up of antheridium cells. Oogonium is always
situated singly above the globule or antheridium.
Most of the species are homothallic or monoecious
( i.e. male and female sex organs develop on the
same plant ) but some are heterothallic or
dioecious ( i.e. male and female sex organs on
different plants ).
9. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite
cell wall containing cellulose and other
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different
chemical components are present which vary
widely among different groups (e.g., xylan,
mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar,
pectin, carrageenin, etc.,). Cell wall of blue-green
algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins).
This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic
algae.
10. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae, that belongs to Class
Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol)
and the reserve food material is laminarin.
11. (c)
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such
as mosses and liverworts. Bryophytes do not have
seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce via
spores.
12. (b)
Artificial system of classification is based on the
few morphological characters.
Natural system of classification is based on the
natural affinities among the organisms and
considers external as well as internal features.
Phylogenetic system of classification is based on
the evolutionary relationships between the various
organisms.
13. (b)
Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum (known
as Maiden hair fern, a pteridophyte) resemble
each other in having motile sperms. Seeds,
cambium are common in gymnosperms but absent
in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both
pteridophytes and gymnospems.
14. (a)
The predominant stage of the moss is the presence
of gametophyte which consists of two stages –
the first stage is protonema and the second stage
is leafy stage. Protonema stage develops directly
from the spores and leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
15. (d)
Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta under the
Plant Kingdom and do not have true roots or stems.
They have root-like structures called rhizoids for
anchorage which are multicellular and branched.
Their life cycle starts from germination of a haploid
spore to form a protonema, which is filamentous
or thallus-like. The gametophore plant body grows
from the protonema which bears the sex-organs,
archegonia and antheridia on the apices.
After fertilization, the sporophyte body undergoes
meiosis to give rise to haploid spores which form
the gametophytic plant body. Thus, gametophyte
is the predominant stage in mosses.
16. (b)
The earliest systems of classification used only
gross superficial morphological characters such
as habit, colour number and shape of leaves, etc.
They were based mainly on vegetative characters
or on the androecium structure.
17. (c)
Algae are defined as chlorophyllous, thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
The size and form of algae is highly variable.
Not all the algae are filamentous. The size ranges
from the microscope unicellular forms to colonial
forms and to the filamentous forms.
18. (d)
Statement (i) : Equisteum does not form seeds.
They belong to pteridophytes in which the female
gametophyte has independent existence. This is
why the female gametophyte does not stay
retained on parent sporophyte.
Statement (ii) : Ginkgo belongs to the category
of Gymnosperms. In gymnosperms, the male and
female gametophytes do not have independent
existence. This is why male gametophyte is not
independent.
Statement (iii) : The sporophyte in Polytrichum
is more developed than sporophyte of Riccia.It
has well developed foot, seta and capsule. Hence,
the given statement is false.
Statement (iv) : Volvox reproduces with the help
of oogamy. The two gametes produced from
Volvox have different sizes and one of the them
is motile while the other is non-motile. Isogamous
condition means equal size of gametes. Hence,
the given statement is false.
19. (d)
In gymnosperms, the male and female
gametophytes never grow independently but
develop within the sporophyte structures.
20. (a)
Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a
flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the
spores produced in small capsules. Liverworts
are small, green, terrestrial plants. They do not
have true roots, stems, or leaves. Instead, they
have an above ground leaf-like structure, known
as a thallus, and an underground structure,
known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are found
in moist environments and they tend to be less
resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the
mosses. Like mosses, many species of
liverworts reproduce by making gemmae.
21. (c)
No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.
22. (c)
Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant
consists of two morphological phases i.e., haploid
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly
alternate with each other. This phenomenon is
termed as alternation of generation.
23. (a)
Selaginella is a member of lycopsida, which
produce two kinds of spores-macro (large) and
micro (small) spores. Thus, known as
heterosporous pteridophytes.
Page 3


Solution
1. (c)
1 microspore mother cell 
meiotic division
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
   = 16 pollen grains.
2. (b)
Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air
and retention of zygote inside archegonium to
provide nourishment to developing embryo.
3. (a)
Artificial systems of classification given by
Linnaeus were based upon morphological
characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number
and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of
organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative
characters or on the androecium structure. These
systems separated the closely related species
since they were based only on a few
characteristics.
4. (a)
Both statements are correct.
5. (d)
Phylogenetic system or classification is based
on evolutionary sequence as well as the genetic
relationship among the living beings. Engler and
Prantl’s System of Classification was jointly
proposed in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
in 1892. It is the first phylogenetic system of
classification which includes all the plants from
algae to angiosperms arranged in an evolutionary
sequence from simplicity to complexity.
6. (a)
There are three systems of classification -
artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In the natural
system of classification the organisms are
arranged on the basis of all known taxonomic
characters instead of one or first few. These
include morphological, anatomical, cytological,
physiological and biochemical characters of the
organisms. The artificial system is based on one
or a few characters that are easily observable.
The phylogenetic system tries to organize
organisms on the basis of their genetic and
phylogenetic relationships besides taxonomic
characters.
7. (d)
Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through
fusion of two gametes. In Spirogyra, the gametes
are similar in size (isogamy) and non-flagellated
(non-motile).
8. (b)
Chara is a genus of green algae. They are
multicellular and superficially resemble land
plants. They prefer less oxygenated and hard
water. They are covered with calcium carbonate
deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts.
Chara reproduces by both sexual and vegetative
modes. Sexual reproduction of Chara is an
advanced oogamous type. The sex organs are
macroscopic and large. The male sex organ is
yellow to red in colour, called globule. The female
sex organ is more or less oval and green in colour
and called nucule or oogonium. On maturity,
globule develops into antheridia filaments made
up of antheridium cells. Oogonium is always
situated singly above the globule or antheridium.
Most of the species are homothallic or monoecious
( i.e. male and female sex organs develop on the
same plant ) but some are heterothallic or
dioecious ( i.e. male and female sex organs on
different plants ).
9. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite
cell wall containing cellulose and other
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different
chemical components are present which vary
widely among different groups (e.g., xylan,
mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar,
pectin, carrageenin, etc.,). Cell wall of blue-green
algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins).
This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic
algae.
10. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae, that belongs to Class
Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol)
and the reserve food material is laminarin.
11. (c)
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such
as mosses and liverworts. Bryophytes do not have
seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce via
spores.
12. (b)
Artificial system of classification is based on the
few morphological characters.
Natural system of classification is based on the
natural affinities among the organisms and
considers external as well as internal features.
Phylogenetic system of classification is based on
the evolutionary relationships between the various
organisms.
13. (b)
Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum (known
as Maiden hair fern, a pteridophyte) resemble
each other in having motile sperms. Seeds,
cambium are common in gymnosperms but absent
in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both
pteridophytes and gymnospems.
14. (a)
The predominant stage of the moss is the presence
of gametophyte which consists of two stages –
the first stage is protonema and the second stage
is leafy stage. Protonema stage develops directly
from the spores and leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
15. (d)
Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta under the
Plant Kingdom and do not have true roots or stems.
They have root-like structures called rhizoids for
anchorage which are multicellular and branched.
Their life cycle starts from germination of a haploid
spore to form a protonema, which is filamentous
or thallus-like. The gametophore plant body grows
from the protonema which bears the sex-organs,
archegonia and antheridia on the apices.
After fertilization, the sporophyte body undergoes
meiosis to give rise to haploid spores which form
the gametophytic plant body. Thus, gametophyte
is the predominant stage in mosses.
16. (b)
The earliest systems of classification used only
gross superficial morphological characters such
as habit, colour number and shape of leaves, etc.
They were based mainly on vegetative characters
or on the androecium structure.
17. (c)
Algae are defined as chlorophyllous, thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
The size and form of algae is highly variable.
Not all the algae are filamentous. The size ranges
from the microscope unicellular forms to colonial
forms and to the filamentous forms.
18. (d)
Statement (i) : Equisteum does not form seeds.
They belong to pteridophytes in which the female
gametophyte has independent existence. This is
why the female gametophyte does not stay
retained on parent sporophyte.
Statement (ii) : Ginkgo belongs to the category
of Gymnosperms. In gymnosperms, the male and
female gametophytes do not have independent
existence. This is why male gametophyte is not
independent.
Statement (iii) : The sporophyte in Polytrichum
is more developed than sporophyte of Riccia.It
has well developed foot, seta and capsule. Hence,
the given statement is false.
Statement (iv) : Volvox reproduces with the help
of oogamy. The two gametes produced from
Volvox have different sizes and one of the them
is motile while the other is non-motile. Isogamous
condition means equal size of gametes. Hence,
the given statement is false.
19. (d)
In gymnosperms, the male and female
gametophytes never grow independently but
develop within the sporophyte structures.
20. (a)
Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a
flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the
spores produced in small capsules. Liverworts
are small, green, terrestrial plants. They do not
have true roots, stems, or leaves. Instead, they
have an above ground leaf-like structure, known
as a thallus, and an underground structure,
known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are found
in moist environments and they tend to be less
resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the
mosses. Like mosses, many species of
liverworts reproduce by making gemmae.
21. (c)
No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.
22. (c)
Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant
consists of two morphological phases i.e., haploid
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly
alternate with each other. This phenomenon is
termed as alternation of generation.
23. (a)
Selaginella is a member of lycopsida, which
produce two kinds of spores-macro (large) and
micro (small) spores. Thus, known as
heterosporous pteridophytes.
24. (d)
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes :
Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella,
Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and
Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
25. (d)
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms
to colonise rocks and hence, are of great
ecological importance. They decompose rocks
making the substrate suitable for the growth of
higher plants. Since mosses form dense mats on
the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and
prevent soil - erosion.
26. (b)
According to the features described, the unknown
plant belongs to bryophytes. Bryophytes refer to
a group of plants comprising the mosses,
liverworts, and hornworts. They do not have a
true vascular system and are unable to pull water
and nutrients up from the ground at any significant
distance. This distinguishes bryophytes from ferns
and flowering plants.
27. (b)
Mosses are non-vascular plants which means
they cannot transport water and nutrients to the
aerial parts of the plant.
28. (b)
The correct sequence of the plants group which
appeared first on the earth to appear most
recently in time is: Algae ? Moss ? Fern ?
Gymnosperms ? Angiosperms
29. (b)
Bryophytes play an important role in plant
succession on bare rocks/soil. Bryophytes
include the various mosses and liverworts that
are found in moist shaded areas in the hills. Moss
stage is the second stage in biological succession
on a bare rock that slowly changes rocky
substratum into fertile soil.
30. (d)
In gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are
mostly in the form of compact cones except
female organs of Cycas. There are two types of
sporophylls, usually segregated to form distinct
cones or strobili (male and female cones).
31. (d)
32. (c)
33. (d)
Most varieties of algae live near the surface of the
water in order to get enough sunlight to live. Red
algae contains the pigment phycoerythrin which
absorb blue light and reflect red light. Blue light
penetrates water to greater depths more than other
colors of light. This allows red algae to live at greater
depths than other types.
34. (a)
Double fertilization is a process, unique to
flowering plants (angiosperms). The
gymnosperms do not exhibit double fertilization
or triple fusion like angiosperms.
35. (d)
Mosses and ferns belong to bryophtes and
pteridophytes respectively. In bryophytes, the
dominant phase in the life cycle is the
gametophytic plant body. However, in
pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte,
which is differentiated into true root, stem and
leaves. These organs possess well – differentiated
vascular tissues.
36. (d)
Volvox is a colonial green algae.
37. (a)
Monoecious is a plant species in which male
(microsporangiate) and female (megasporangiate)
organs are found on the same plant (for example
pinus). Dioecious plant is a plant species in which
male and female organs appear on separate
individuals.
38. (b)
Chemotaxonomy is the classification of living
organisms based on their biochemical
composition.
Cytotaxonomy deals with the classification of living
organisms based on cytological characteristics such
as the number and arrangement of chromosomes.
B - taxonomy deals with the classification of
organisms into their natural system of categories
after initial identification.
39. (c)
Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. They
reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
methods. Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size
is termed as anisogamous.
Page 4


Solution
1. (c)
1 microspore mother cell 
meiotic division
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
   = 16 pollen grains.
2. (b)
Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air
and retention of zygote inside archegonium to
provide nourishment to developing embryo.
3. (a)
Artificial systems of classification given by
Linnaeus were based upon morphological
characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number
and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of
organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative
characters or on the androecium structure. These
systems separated the closely related species
since they were based only on a few
characteristics.
4. (a)
Both statements are correct.
5. (d)
Phylogenetic system or classification is based
on evolutionary sequence as well as the genetic
relationship among the living beings. Engler and
Prantl’s System of Classification was jointly
proposed in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
in 1892. It is the first phylogenetic system of
classification which includes all the plants from
algae to angiosperms arranged in an evolutionary
sequence from simplicity to complexity.
6. (a)
There are three systems of classification -
artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In the natural
system of classification the organisms are
arranged on the basis of all known taxonomic
characters instead of one or first few. These
include morphological, anatomical, cytological,
physiological and biochemical characters of the
organisms. The artificial system is based on one
or a few characters that are easily observable.
The phylogenetic system tries to organize
organisms on the basis of their genetic and
phylogenetic relationships besides taxonomic
characters.
7. (d)
Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through
fusion of two gametes. In Spirogyra, the gametes
are similar in size (isogamy) and non-flagellated
(non-motile).
8. (b)
Chara is a genus of green algae. They are
multicellular and superficially resemble land
plants. They prefer less oxygenated and hard
water. They are covered with calcium carbonate
deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts.
Chara reproduces by both sexual and vegetative
modes. Sexual reproduction of Chara is an
advanced oogamous type. The sex organs are
macroscopic and large. The male sex organ is
yellow to red in colour, called globule. The female
sex organ is more or less oval and green in colour
and called nucule or oogonium. On maturity,
globule develops into antheridia filaments made
up of antheridium cells. Oogonium is always
situated singly above the globule or antheridium.
Most of the species are homothallic or monoecious
( i.e. male and female sex organs develop on the
same plant ) but some are heterothallic or
dioecious ( i.e. male and female sex organs on
different plants ).
9. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite
cell wall containing cellulose and other
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different
chemical components are present which vary
widely among different groups (e.g., xylan,
mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar,
pectin, carrageenin, etc.,). Cell wall of blue-green
algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins).
This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic
algae.
10. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae, that belongs to Class
Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol)
and the reserve food material is laminarin.
11. (c)
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such
as mosses and liverworts. Bryophytes do not have
seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce via
spores.
12. (b)
Artificial system of classification is based on the
few morphological characters.
Natural system of classification is based on the
natural affinities among the organisms and
considers external as well as internal features.
Phylogenetic system of classification is based on
the evolutionary relationships between the various
organisms.
13. (b)
Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum (known
as Maiden hair fern, a pteridophyte) resemble
each other in having motile sperms. Seeds,
cambium are common in gymnosperms but absent
in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both
pteridophytes and gymnospems.
14. (a)
The predominant stage of the moss is the presence
of gametophyte which consists of two stages –
the first stage is protonema and the second stage
is leafy stage. Protonema stage develops directly
from the spores and leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
15. (d)
Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta under the
Plant Kingdom and do not have true roots or stems.
They have root-like structures called rhizoids for
anchorage which are multicellular and branched.
Their life cycle starts from germination of a haploid
spore to form a protonema, which is filamentous
or thallus-like. The gametophore plant body grows
from the protonema which bears the sex-organs,
archegonia and antheridia on the apices.
After fertilization, the sporophyte body undergoes
meiosis to give rise to haploid spores which form
the gametophytic plant body. Thus, gametophyte
is the predominant stage in mosses.
16. (b)
The earliest systems of classification used only
gross superficial morphological characters such
as habit, colour number and shape of leaves, etc.
They were based mainly on vegetative characters
or on the androecium structure.
17. (c)
Algae are defined as chlorophyllous, thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
The size and form of algae is highly variable.
Not all the algae are filamentous. The size ranges
from the microscope unicellular forms to colonial
forms and to the filamentous forms.
18. (d)
Statement (i) : Equisteum does not form seeds.
They belong to pteridophytes in which the female
gametophyte has independent existence. This is
why the female gametophyte does not stay
retained on parent sporophyte.
Statement (ii) : Ginkgo belongs to the category
of Gymnosperms. In gymnosperms, the male and
female gametophytes do not have independent
existence. This is why male gametophyte is not
independent.
Statement (iii) : The sporophyte in Polytrichum
is more developed than sporophyte of Riccia.It
has well developed foot, seta and capsule. Hence,
the given statement is false.
Statement (iv) : Volvox reproduces with the help
of oogamy. The two gametes produced from
Volvox have different sizes and one of the them
is motile while the other is non-motile. Isogamous
condition means equal size of gametes. Hence,
the given statement is false.
19. (d)
In gymnosperms, the male and female
gametophytes never grow independently but
develop within the sporophyte structures.
20. (a)
Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a
flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the
spores produced in small capsules. Liverworts
are small, green, terrestrial plants. They do not
have true roots, stems, or leaves. Instead, they
have an above ground leaf-like structure, known
as a thallus, and an underground structure,
known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are found
in moist environments and they tend to be less
resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the
mosses. Like mosses, many species of
liverworts reproduce by making gemmae.
21. (c)
No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.
22. (c)
Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant
consists of two morphological phases i.e., haploid
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly
alternate with each other. This phenomenon is
termed as alternation of generation.
23. (a)
Selaginella is a member of lycopsida, which
produce two kinds of spores-macro (large) and
micro (small) spores. Thus, known as
heterosporous pteridophytes.
24. (d)
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes :
Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella,
Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and
Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
25. (d)
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms
to colonise rocks and hence, are of great
ecological importance. They decompose rocks
making the substrate suitable for the growth of
higher plants. Since mosses form dense mats on
the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and
prevent soil - erosion.
26. (b)
According to the features described, the unknown
plant belongs to bryophytes. Bryophytes refer to
a group of plants comprising the mosses,
liverworts, and hornworts. They do not have a
true vascular system and are unable to pull water
and nutrients up from the ground at any significant
distance. This distinguishes bryophytes from ferns
and flowering plants.
27. (b)
Mosses are non-vascular plants which means
they cannot transport water and nutrients to the
aerial parts of the plant.
28. (b)
The correct sequence of the plants group which
appeared first on the earth to appear most
recently in time is: Algae ? Moss ? Fern ?
Gymnosperms ? Angiosperms
29. (b)
Bryophytes play an important role in plant
succession on bare rocks/soil. Bryophytes
include the various mosses and liverworts that
are found in moist shaded areas in the hills. Moss
stage is the second stage in biological succession
on a bare rock that slowly changes rocky
substratum into fertile soil.
30. (d)
In gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are
mostly in the form of compact cones except
female organs of Cycas. There are two types of
sporophylls, usually segregated to form distinct
cones or strobili (male and female cones).
31. (d)
32. (c)
33. (d)
Most varieties of algae live near the surface of the
water in order to get enough sunlight to live. Red
algae contains the pigment phycoerythrin which
absorb blue light and reflect red light. Blue light
penetrates water to greater depths more than other
colors of light. This allows red algae to live at greater
depths than other types.
34. (a)
Double fertilization is a process, unique to
flowering plants (angiosperms). The
gymnosperms do not exhibit double fertilization
or triple fusion like angiosperms.
35. (d)
Mosses and ferns belong to bryophtes and
pteridophytes respectively. In bryophytes, the
dominant phase in the life cycle is the
gametophytic plant body. However, in
pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte,
which is differentiated into true root, stem and
leaves. These organs possess well – differentiated
vascular tissues.
36. (d)
Volvox is a colonial green algae.
37. (a)
Monoecious is a plant species in which male
(microsporangiate) and female (megasporangiate)
organs are found on the same plant (for example
pinus). Dioecious plant is a plant species in which
male and female organs appear on separate
individuals.
38. (b)
Chemotaxonomy is the classification of living
organisms based on their biochemical
composition.
Cytotaxonomy deals with the classification of living
organisms based on cytological characteristics such
as the number and arrangement of chromosomes.
B - taxonomy deals with the classification of
organisms into their natural system of categories
after initial identification.
39. (c)
Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. They
reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
methods. Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size
is termed as anisogamous.
40. (a)
The members of chlorophyceae include free
swimming unicellular species, colonies, nonflagellate
unicells, filaments, and more. They also reproduce
in a variety of ways, though all have a haploid life-
cycle, in which only the zygote cell is diploid. The
zygote will often serve as a resting spore, able to lie
dormant though potentially damaging environmental
changes such as desiccation.
41. (a)
In Chlamydomonas sexual reproduction takes
place through isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy.
Isogamy i.e.,the fusion of similar gametes is the
common mode of sexual reproduction in it.
Anisogamy is fusion of morphologically similar
but physiologically different cells. Oogamy is
fusion of different gametes.
42. (b)
Marchintia          Funaria             Sphagnum
       
43. (d)
In haplontic cycle, there is a single dominant
phase i.e., haploid gametophyte which is free
living photosynthetic phase. In diplontic life cycle,
diploid sporophyte is dominant vegetative phase.
The sporophyte is independent photosynthetic
phase of the plant. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is
intermediate condition where both phases are
multicellular and often free living.
44. (d)
Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that
have long been used as a packing material for
sending flowers and live plants to distant places
because it is hygroscopic.
45. (c)
Plants whose body is not differentiated into
distinct roots, stems and leaves are called
thallophytes. For example - Algae.
46. (a)
Asexual reproduction (in algae) is by the
production of different types of spores, and the
most common type is zoospore. Zoospores are
flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise
to new plants.
47. (b)
The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation, asexually by non-motile spores and
sexually by non-motile gametes. Red algae is the
common name of Rhodophyta. They are called
red algae because of the presence of red pigment,
r-phycoerythrin.
48. (a)
The endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid. It is
a pre-fertilization tissue and is equivalent to female
gametophyte, hence it is haploid in nature but in
angiosperms it is post-fertilization tissue and is
generally triploid in nature.
49. (b)
The natural system of classification for higher plants
was given by Bentham and Hooker in their Genera
Plantarum (1862 - 1883). The characters employed
in this system include those of study of form
(morphology), internal structure (anatomy),
development (embryology), reproduction, cell
structure (cytology), life processes, (physiology),
behaviour and biochemistry.
50. (d)
Phylogenetic system of classification indicates the
evolutionary as well as genetic relationships among
organisms. It is based on fossil record, biochemical,
anatomical, morphological, embryological,
physiological, genetics, karyotype and other studies.
51. (b)
The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae
are found primarily in marine habitats. The
common forms are Ectocarpus, Dictyota,
Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.
52. (b)
Rhodophyceae are commonly called as red algae
because of the predominance of the red pigment
(r - phycoerythrin) in their body. They are mostly
found in salt water.
53. (a)
In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually
attached to the substratum by a holdfast (A), and
has a stalk, the stipe (B) and leaf like
photosynthetic organ - the frond (C)
54. (d)
Isogamous fertilization is the fusion of two similar
gametes while anisogamous fertilization is fusion of
two morphologically dissimilar motile gametes. In
rhodophyceae, the major pigments are chlorophyll
‘a’ and ‘d’ but the stored food is floridean starch.
Page 5


Solution
1. (c)
1 microspore mother cell 
meiotic division
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
   = 16 pollen grains.
2. (b)
Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air
and retention of zygote inside archegonium to
provide nourishment to developing embryo.
3. (a)
Artificial systems of classification given by
Linnaeus were based upon morphological
characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number
and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of
organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative
characters or on the androecium structure. These
systems separated the closely related species
since they were based only on a few
characteristics.
4. (a)
Both statements are correct.
5. (d)
Phylogenetic system or classification is based
on evolutionary sequence as well as the genetic
relationship among the living beings. Engler and
Prantl’s System of Classification was jointly
proposed in Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
in 1892. It is the first phylogenetic system of
classification which includes all the plants from
algae to angiosperms arranged in an evolutionary
sequence from simplicity to complexity.
6. (a)
There are three systems of classification -
artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In the natural
system of classification the organisms are
arranged on the basis of all known taxonomic
characters instead of one or first few. These
include morphological, anatomical, cytological,
physiological and biochemical characters of the
organisms. The artificial system is based on one
or a few characters that are easily observable.
The phylogenetic system tries to organize
organisms on the basis of their genetic and
phylogenetic relationships besides taxonomic
characters.
7. (d)
Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through
fusion of two gametes. In Spirogyra, the gametes
are similar in size (isogamy) and non-flagellated
(non-motile).
8. (b)
Chara is a genus of green algae. They are
multicellular and superficially resemble land
plants. They prefer less oxygenated and hard
water. They are covered with calcium carbonate
deposits and are commonly known as stoneworts.
Chara reproduces by both sexual and vegetative
modes. Sexual reproduction of Chara is an
advanced oogamous type. The sex organs are
macroscopic and large. The male sex organ is
yellow to red in colour, called globule. The female
sex organ is more or less oval and green in colour
and called nucule or oogonium. On maturity,
globule develops into antheridia filaments made
up of antheridium cells. Oogonium is always
situated singly above the globule or antheridium.
Most of the species are homothallic or monoecious
( i.e. male and female sex organs develop on the
same plant ) but some are heterothallic or
dioecious ( i.e. male and female sex organs on
different plants ).
9. (a)
Majority of algae (eukaryotes) possess a definite
cell wall containing cellulose and other
carbohydrates. In algal cell wall, different
chemical components are present which vary
widely among different groups (e.g., xylan,
mannan, galactan, alginic acid, silica, agar,
pectin, carrageenin, etc.,). Cell wall of blue-green
algae is made up of micro-peptides (proteins).
This micro-peptide is not found in eukaryotic
algae.
10. (b)
Fucus is a brown algae, that belongs to Class
Phaeophyta. In this alga the accumulation product
of photosynthesis is D-mannitol (a sugar alcohol)
and the reserve food material is laminarin.
11. (c)
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such
as mosses and liverworts. Bryophytes do not have
seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce via
spores.
12. (b)
Artificial system of classification is based on the
few morphological characters.
Natural system of classification is based on the
natural affinities among the organisms and
considers external as well as internal features.
Phylogenetic system of classification is based on
the evolutionary relationships between the various
organisms.
13. (b)
Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum (known
as Maiden hair fern, a pteridophyte) resemble
each other in having motile sperms. Seeds,
cambium are common in gymnosperms but absent
in pteridophytes. True vessels are absent in both
pteridophytes and gymnospems.
14. (a)
The predominant stage of the moss is the presence
of gametophyte which consists of two stages –
the first stage is protonema and the second stage
is leafy stage. Protonema stage develops directly
from the spores and leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
15. (d)
Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta under the
Plant Kingdom and do not have true roots or stems.
They have root-like structures called rhizoids for
anchorage which are multicellular and branched.
Their life cycle starts from germination of a haploid
spore to form a protonema, which is filamentous
or thallus-like. The gametophore plant body grows
from the protonema which bears the sex-organs,
archegonia and antheridia on the apices.
After fertilization, the sporophyte body undergoes
meiosis to give rise to haploid spores which form
the gametophytic plant body. Thus, gametophyte
is the predominant stage in mosses.
16. (b)
The earliest systems of classification used only
gross superficial morphological characters such
as habit, colour number and shape of leaves, etc.
They were based mainly on vegetative characters
or on the androecium structure.
17. (c)
Algae are defined as chlorophyllous, thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
The size and form of algae is highly variable.
Not all the algae are filamentous. The size ranges
from the microscope unicellular forms to colonial
forms and to the filamentous forms.
18. (d)
Statement (i) : Equisteum does not form seeds.
They belong to pteridophytes in which the female
gametophyte has independent existence. This is
why the female gametophyte does not stay
retained on parent sporophyte.
Statement (ii) : Ginkgo belongs to the category
of Gymnosperms. In gymnosperms, the male and
female gametophytes do not have independent
existence. This is why male gametophyte is not
independent.
Statement (iii) : The sporophyte in Polytrichum
is more developed than sporophyte of Riccia.It
has well developed foot, seta and capsule. Hence,
the given statement is false.
Statement (iv) : Volvox reproduces with the help
of oogamy. The two gametes produced from
Volvox have different sizes and one of the them
is motile while the other is non-motile. Isogamous
condition means equal size of gametes. Hence,
the given statement is false.
19. (d)
In gymnosperms, the male and female
gametophytes never grow independently but
develop within the sporophyte structures.
20. (a)
Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a
flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the
spores produced in small capsules. Liverworts
are small, green, terrestrial plants. They do not
have true roots, stems, or leaves. Instead, they
have an above ground leaf-like structure, known
as a thallus, and an underground structure,
known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are found
in moist environments and they tend to be less
resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the
mosses. Like mosses, many species of
liverworts reproduce by making gemmae.
21. (c)
No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.
22. (c)
Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant
consists of two morphological phases i.e., haploid
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly
alternate with each other. This phenomenon is
termed as alternation of generation.
23. (a)
Selaginella is a member of lycopsida, which
produce two kinds of spores-macro (large) and
micro (small) spores. Thus, known as
heterosporous pteridophytes.
24. (d)
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes :
Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella,
Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and
Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
25. (d)
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms
to colonise rocks and hence, are of great
ecological importance. They decompose rocks
making the substrate suitable for the growth of
higher plants. Since mosses form dense mats on
the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and
prevent soil - erosion.
26. (b)
According to the features described, the unknown
plant belongs to bryophytes. Bryophytes refer to
a group of plants comprising the mosses,
liverworts, and hornworts. They do not have a
true vascular system and are unable to pull water
and nutrients up from the ground at any significant
distance. This distinguishes bryophytes from ferns
and flowering plants.
27. (b)
Mosses are non-vascular plants which means
they cannot transport water and nutrients to the
aerial parts of the plant.
28. (b)
The correct sequence of the plants group which
appeared first on the earth to appear most
recently in time is: Algae ? Moss ? Fern ?
Gymnosperms ? Angiosperms
29. (b)
Bryophytes play an important role in plant
succession on bare rocks/soil. Bryophytes
include the various mosses and liverworts that
are found in moist shaded areas in the hills. Moss
stage is the second stage in biological succession
on a bare rock that slowly changes rocky
substratum into fertile soil.
30. (d)
In gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are
mostly in the form of compact cones except
female organs of Cycas. There are two types of
sporophylls, usually segregated to form distinct
cones or strobili (male and female cones).
31. (d)
32. (c)
33. (d)
Most varieties of algae live near the surface of the
water in order to get enough sunlight to live. Red
algae contains the pigment phycoerythrin which
absorb blue light and reflect red light. Blue light
penetrates water to greater depths more than other
colors of light. This allows red algae to live at greater
depths than other types.
34. (a)
Double fertilization is a process, unique to
flowering plants (angiosperms). The
gymnosperms do not exhibit double fertilization
or triple fusion like angiosperms.
35. (d)
Mosses and ferns belong to bryophtes and
pteridophytes respectively. In bryophytes, the
dominant phase in the life cycle is the
gametophytic plant body. However, in
pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte,
which is differentiated into true root, stem and
leaves. These organs possess well – differentiated
vascular tissues.
36. (d)
Volvox is a colonial green algae.
37. (a)
Monoecious is a plant species in which male
(microsporangiate) and female (megasporangiate)
organs are found on the same plant (for example
pinus). Dioecious plant is a plant species in which
male and female organs appear on separate
individuals.
38. (b)
Chemotaxonomy is the classification of living
organisms based on their biochemical
composition.
Cytotaxonomy deals with the classification of living
organisms based on cytological characteristics such
as the number and arrangement of chromosomes.
B - taxonomy deals with the classification of
organisms into their natural system of categories
after initial identification.
39. (c)
Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. They
reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
methods. Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size
is termed as anisogamous.
40. (a)
The members of chlorophyceae include free
swimming unicellular species, colonies, nonflagellate
unicells, filaments, and more. They also reproduce
in a variety of ways, though all have a haploid life-
cycle, in which only the zygote cell is diploid. The
zygote will often serve as a resting spore, able to lie
dormant though potentially damaging environmental
changes such as desiccation.
41. (a)
In Chlamydomonas sexual reproduction takes
place through isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy.
Isogamy i.e.,the fusion of similar gametes is the
common mode of sexual reproduction in it.
Anisogamy is fusion of morphologically similar
but physiologically different cells. Oogamy is
fusion of different gametes.
42. (b)
Marchintia          Funaria             Sphagnum
       
43. (d)
In haplontic cycle, there is a single dominant
phase i.e., haploid gametophyte which is free
living photosynthetic phase. In diplontic life cycle,
diploid sporophyte is dominant vegetative phase.
The sporophyte is independent photosynthetic
phase of the plant. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is
intermediate condition where both phases are
multicellular and often free living.
44. (d)
Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that
have long been used as a packing material for
sending flowers and live plants to distant places
because it is hygroscopic.
45. (c)
Plants whose body is not differentiated into
distinct roots, stems and leaves are called
thallophytes. For example - Algae.
46. (a)
Asexual reproduction (in algae) is by the
production of different types of spores, and the
most common type is zoospore. Zoospores are
flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise
to new plants.
47. (b)
The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation, asexually by non-motile spores and
sexually by non-motile gametes. Red algae is the
common name of Rhodophyta. They are called
red algae because of the presence of red pigment,
r-phycoerythrin.
48. (a)
The endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid. It is
a pre-fertilization tissue and is equivalent to female
gametophyte, hence it is haploid in nature but in
angiosperms it is post-fertilization tissue and is
generally triploid in nature.
49. (b)
The natural system of classification for higher plants
was given by Bentham and Hooker in their Genera
Plantarum (1862 - 1883). The characters employed
in this system include those of study of form
(morphology), internal structure (anatomy),
development (embryology), reproduction, cell
structure (cytology), life processes, (physiology),
behaviour and biochemistry.
50. (d)
Phylogenetic system of classification indicates the
evolutionary as well as genetic relationships among
organisms. It is based on fossil record, biochemical,
anatomical, morphological, embryological,
physiological, genetics, karyotype and other studies.
51. (b)
The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae
are found primarily in marine habitats. The
common forms are Ectocarpus, Dictyota,
Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.
52. (b)
Rhodophyceae are commonly called as red algae
because of the predominance of the red pigment
(r - phycoerythrin) in their body. They are mostly
found in salt water.
53. (a)
In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually
attached to the substratum by a holdfast (A), and
has a stalk, the stipe (B) and leaf like
photosynthetic organ - the frond (C)
54. (d)
Isogamous fertilization is the fusion of two similar
gametes while anisogamous fertilization is fusion of
two morphologically dissimilar motile gametes. In
rhodophyceae, the major pigments are chlorophyll
‘a’ and ‘d’ but the stored food is floridean starch.
55. (b)
Kelps belong to Phaeophyceae or brown algae.
They are also called giant algae and are
exclusively marine.
56. (a)
In rhodophyceae (red algae) food is stored in the
form floridean starch. Whereas mannitol and
laminarin are stored food material of class
phaeophyceae (brown algae). In the diplontic life
cycle, sporophyte represents the dominant phase.
57. (d)
In chlorophyceae, the stored food material is
starch and the major pigments are chlorophyll- a
and b. In phaeophyceae, laminarian is the stored
food and major pigments are chlorophyll a, c and
fucoxanthin.
58. (c)
59. (d)
Gemmae are a means of asexual reproduction
found in many bryophytes (e.g, liverworts). They
are 1 to many celled, specially produced clonal
plant fragments. They are green, multicellular,
asexual buds which develop in small receptacles
(called gemma cups) located on the thalli.
Gemmae become detached from the parent body
and germinate to form new individuals.
60. (c)
Agar, one of commercial products obtained from
Gracilaria and Gelidium are used to grow
microbes and in preparation of ice-creams and
jellies. In phaeophyceae, major pigments are
chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin.
61. (c)
The leaves are small (microphyll) as in Selaginella or
large (macrophyll) as in ferns. Funaria, Polytrichum
and Sphagnum are common examples of mosses.
62. (c)
Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants,
such as Cycads, Ginkgo, Yews and Conifers,
in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in
an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on
the surface of scale or leaf-like appendages of
cones or at the end of short stalk. The largest
group of living gymnosperms are the Conifers
(pines, cypresses and relatives) and the smallest
is Ginkgo, a single living plant species found in
China.
63. (d)
The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
wind. In conifers, the needle like leaves reduces
surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken
stomata also help to reduce water loss.
64. (b)
Algae are a simple, non-flowering, and typically
aquatic plant of a large assemblage that includes
the seaweeds and many single-celled forms.
Example - Chlamydomonas.
Fungi is a diverse group of eukaryotic single-celled
or multinucleate organisms comprising the
mushrooms, moulds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and
yeasts. Example - Rhizopus.
Angiosperms comprises those that have flowers and
produce seeds enclosed within a carpel, including
herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
Example - Solanum tuberosum.
Pteridophytes are the vascular plants (those having
xylem and phloem tissues). They include the highly
diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily
forestdwelling plants. Example - Equisetum.
Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants
in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in
an ovary. Example - Cycas.
65. (a)
Pteridophytes are the vascular plants (those
having xylem and phloem tissues) that reproduce
by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they
include the highly diverse true ferns and other
graceful, primarily forest-dwelling plants. The
pteridophytes are further classified into four
classes: psilopsida (eg, Psilotum), lycopsida (eg,
Selaginella), sphenopsida (eg, Equisetum) and
pteropsida (eg, Dryopteris).
66. (a)
Asexual reproduction in members of
Phaeophyceae occurs by biflagellate zoospores.
Rhodophyceae are called red algae because
of presence of phycoerythrin pigment.
Eg Polysiphonia, Gracilaria and Gelidium.
Mosses are commonly found in moist shaded areas.
They contain a well- developed sporophyte,
consisting of a foot, seta and capsule.The capsule
is oval and contains haploid spores.The spore
dispersal mechanism of mosses is very unique.
In the evolution process pteridophytes first
terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues -
xylem and phloem.