Reproductive Health Class 12 Notes Biology Chapter 3

 Page 1


  
    
 
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION HAS DEFINED IT AS A TOTAL WELL-BEING IN ALL 
ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, I.E., PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL. 
 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGY: 
? INDIA WAS AMONG THE 1ST COUNTRIES TO INITIATE ACTIONS & PLANS TO ATTAIN TOTAL 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SOCIAL GOAL. 
? THESE PROGRAMMES ARE CALLED AS ‘ FAMILY P LA N N I N G’ 
? IMPROVED PROGRAMMES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION HAVE A POPULAR NAME 
‘REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES ’ (RCH). 
 
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? 
? THROUGH THE HELP OF AUDIO-VISUALS & PRINT MEDIA. 
? EVEN FAMILY MEMBERS, CLOSE RELATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE AWARENESS. 
? SEX EDUCATION WAS  INTRODUCED  IN SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE AWARENESS 
? PROPER INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, ADOLESCENCE  & RELATED CHANGES 
, SAFE & HYGIENIC  SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, AIDS ETC.  
 
AMNIOCENTESIS 
IT IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND OUT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO BY 
USING AMNIOTIC FLUID. 
? IT IS ALSO MISUSED TO CHECK FOETAL SEX DETERMINATION BASED ON THE CHROMOSOMAL 
PATTERN IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID SURROUNDING THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO. 
 
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL: 
? THE WORLD ’S POPULATION BEING 2 BILLION IN 1900 WAS RELOCATED TO 6 BILLION IN 
2000… 
? INDIA ’S POPULATION WAS ABOUT 350 MILLION DURING INDEPENDENCE & ALMOST REACHED 
BILLION . 
Page 2


  
    
 
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION HAS DEFINED IT AS A TOTAL WELL-BEING IN ALL 
ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, I.E., PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL. 
 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGY: 
? INDIA WAS AMONG THE 1ST COUNTRIES TO INITIATE ACTIONS & PLANS TO ATTAIN TOTAL 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SOCIAL GOAL. 
? THESE PROGRAMMES ARE CALLED AS ‘ FAMILY P LA N N I N G’ 
? IMPROVED PROGRAMMES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION HAVE A POPULAR NAME 
‘REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES ’ (RCH). 
 
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? 
? THROUGH THE HELP OF AUDIO-VISUALS & PRINT MEDIA. 
? EVEN FAMILY MEMBERS, CLOSE RELATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE AWARENESS. 
? SEX EDUCATION WAS  INTRODUCED  IN SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE AWARENESS 
? PROPER INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, ADOLESCENCE  & RELATED CHANGES 
, SAFE & HYGIENIC  SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, AIDS ETC.  
 
AMNIOCENTESIS 
IT IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND OUT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO BY 
USING AMNIOTIC FLUID. 
? IT IS ALSO MISUSED TO CHECK FOETAL SEX DETERMINATION BASED ON THE CHROMOSOMAL 
PATTERN IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID SURROUNDING THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO. 
 
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL: 
? THE WORLD ’S POPULATION BEING 2 BILLION IN 1900 WAS RELOCATED TO 6 BILLION IN 
2000… 
? INDIA ’S POPULATION WAS ABOUT 350 MILLION DURING INDEPENDENCE & ALMOST REACHED 
BILLION . 
  
? A RAPID DECLINE IN DEATH RATE, MMR & IMR AS AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN 
REPRODUCIBLE AGE  ARE THE REASON FOR THIS . 
 
WHY SUCH  POPULATION EXPLOSION? 
o MOST OF THE URBAN PEOPLE ARE UNEDUCATED.  
o GIRLS WERE GIVEN INTO EARLY MARRIAGES AT 18 YRS OF AGE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE  METHODS: 
? THROUGH MEDIA – HUM DO HAMARE DO!!!!! (WE 2 , OUR 2) 
? SAHELI - IT IS A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD DEVELOPED BY SCIENTISTS IN CDRI - 
CENTRAL  DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: 
? NATURAL  METHODS 
? BARRIERS 
?  I U D 
? ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES 
? INJECTABLE  IMPLANTS 
? SURGICAL METHODS 
 
1. NATURAL METHODS: 
AVOIDS  MEETING OF SPERM & OVUM. 
? PERIODIC  ABSTINENCE - AVOID COITUS FROM DAY  10 – 17 OF  MENSTRUAL CYCLE WHEN 
OVULATION IS EXPECTED. BECAUSE CHANCES OF FERTILITY IS VERY HIGH DURING THIS PERIOD, 
HENCE KNOWN AS FERTILE PERIOD. 
? WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERUPTUS  - MALE PARTNER WITHDRAWS HIS PENIS FROM 
VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION AVOIDING INSEMINATION OF SPERMS 
? LACTATIONAL  AMENORRHEA-ABSENCE OF MENSTRUAL  CYCLE DURING FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 
INTENSE LACTATIONAL PERIOD. 
Page 3


  
    
 
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION HAS DEFINED IT AS A TOTAL WELL-BEING IN ALL 
ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, I.E., PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL. 
 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGY: 
? INDIA WAS AMONG THE 1ST COUNTRIES TO INITIATE ACTIONS & PLANS TO ATTAIN TOTAL 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SOCIAL GOAL. 
? THESE PROGRAMMES ARE CALLED AS ‘ FAMILY P LA N N I N G’ 
? IMPROVED PROGRAMMES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION HAVE A POPULAR NAME 
‘REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES ’ (RCH). 
 
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? 
? THROUGH THE HELP OF AUDIO-VISUALS & PRINT MEDIA. 
? EVEN FAMILY MEMBERS, CLOSE RELATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE AWARENESS. 
? SEX EDUCATION WAS  INTRODUCED  IN SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE AWARENESS 
? PROPER INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, ADOLESCENCE  & RELATED CHANGES 
, SAFE & HYGIENIC  SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, AIDS ETC.  
 
AMNIOCENTESIS 
IT IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND OUT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO BY 
USING AMNIOTIC FLUID. 
? IT IS ALSO MISUSED TO CHECK FOETAL SEX DETERMINATION BASED ON THE CHROMOSOMAL 
PATTERN IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID SURROUNDING THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO. 
 
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL: 
? THE WORLD ’S POPULATION BEING 2 BILLION IN 1900 WAS RELOCATED TO 6 BILLION IN 
2000… 
? INDIA ’S POPULATION WAS ABOUT 350 MILLION DURING INDEPENDENCE & ALMOST REACHED 
BILLION . 
  
? A RAPID DECLINE IN DEATH RATE, MMR & IMR AS AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN 
REPRODUCIBLE AGE  ARE THE REASON FOR THIS . 
 
WHY SUCH  POPULATION EXPLOSION? 
o MOST OF THE URBAN PEOPLE ARE UNEDUCATED.  
o GIRLS WERE GIVEN INTO EARLY MARRIAGES AT 18 YRS OF AGE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE  METHODS: 
? THROUGH MEDIA – HUM DO HAMARE DO!!!!! (WE 2 , OUR 2) 
? SAHELI - IT IS A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD DEVELOPED BY SCIENTISTS IN CDRI - 
CENTRAL  DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: 
? NATURAL  METHODS 
? BARRIERS 
?  I U D 
? ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES 
? INJECTABLE  IMPLANTS 
? SURGICAL METHODS 
 
1. NATURAL METHODS: 
AVOIDS  MEETING OF SPERM & OVUM. 
? PERIODIC  ABSTINENCE - AVOID COITUS FROM DAY  10 – 17 OF  MENSTRUAL CYCLE WHEN 
OVULATION IS EXPECTED. BECAUSE CHANCES OF FERTILITY IS VERY HIGH DURING THIS PERIOD, 
HENCE KNOWN AS FERTILE PERIOD. 
? WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERUPTUS  - MALE PARTNER WITHDRAWS HIS PENIS FROM 
VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION AVOIDING INSEMINATION OF SPERMS 
? LACTATIONAL  AMENORRHEA-ABSENCE OF MENSTRUAL  CYCLE DURING FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 
INTENSE LACTATIONAL PERIOD. 
  
  
2.BARRIER METHODS: 
? CONDOMS - THIN RUBBER USED TO COVER PENIS IN MALE OR VAGINA & CERVIX IN FEMALES. 
? DIAPHRAGMS, CERVICAL CAPS & VALUTS ARE ALL BARRIERS FOR FEMALES TO COVER CERVIX 
DURING COITUS. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER METHODS: 
1.       THEY ARE DISPOSABLE. 
2.       THEY CAN BE SELF –INSERTED. 
3.       THEY ARE REUSABLE. 
4.       PREVENTS CONCEPTION BY BLOCKING ENTRY OF SPERM THRU CERVIX. 
3. INTRA  UTERINE  DEVICES ( I UD’S) : 
? DEVICES   INSERTED BY DOCTORS OR NURSES IN UTERUS THRU VAGINA. 
EXAMPLES. CU T, CU7, MULTILOAD 375, LIPPES LOOP. 
? CU IONS RELEASED SUPPRESS SPERM MOTILITY & FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF SPERMS. 
? HORMONE RELEASING IUDS MAKES THE UTERUS UNSUITABLE FOR IMPLANTATION & CERVIX 
HOSTILE TO THE SPERM.  
 
4. ORAL PILLS: 
? PILLS ARE TAKEN DAILY FOR 21 DAYS. 
? THEY ARE VERY EFFECTIVE WITH LESS SIDE EFFECTS. 
? SAHELI - NEW ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE CONTAINS A NON-STEROIDAL PREPARATION. 
? IT IS A ‘ONCE A WEEK ‘PILL WITH HIGH CONTRACEPTIVE VALUE. 
? INJECTION OR IMPLANTATION OF PROGESTERONE /ESTROGEN UNDER THE SKIN. 
 
5. SURGICAL  METHOD: 
? THIS METHOD IS ALSO CALLED AS STERILISATION. 
? IT IS ADVISABLE FOR MALE/FEMALE PARTNER AS A TERMINAL METHOD TO PREVENT ANY 
MORE PREGNANCIES. 
? IN MALE, THEY ’RE CALLED VASECTOMY, WHERE THE VAS DEFERENS IS CUT OR TIED. 
Page 4


  
    
 
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION HAS DEFINED IT AS A TOTAL WELL-BEING IN ALL 
ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, I.E., PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL. 
 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGY: 
? INDIA WAS AMONG THE 1ST COUNTRIES TO INITIATE ACTIONS & PLANS TO ATTAIN TOTAL 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SOCIAL GOAL. 
? THESE PROGRAMMES ARE CALLED AS ‘ FAMILY P LA N N I N G’ 
? IMPROVED PROGRAMMES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION HAVE A POPULAR NAME 
‘REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES ’ (RCH). 
 
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? 
? THROUGH THE HELP OF AUDIO-VISUALS & PRINT MEDIA. 
? EVEN FAMILY MEMBERS, CLOSE RELATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE AWARENESS. 
? SEX EDUCATION WAS  INTRODUCED  IN SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE AWARENESS 
? PROPER INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, ADOLESCENCE  & RELATED CHANGES 
, SAFE & HYGIENIC  SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, AIDS ETC.  
 
AMNIOCENTESIS 
IT IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND OUT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO BY 
USING AMNIOTIC FLUID. 
? IT IS ALSO MISUSED TO CHECK FOETAL SEX DETERMINATION BASED ON THE CHROMOSOMAL 
PATTERN IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID SURROUNDING THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO. 
 
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL: 
? THE WORLD ’S POPULATION BEING 2 BILLION IN 1900 WAS RELOCATED TO 6 BILLION IN 
2000… 
? INDIA ’S POPULATION WAS ABOUT 350 MILLION DURING INDEPENDENCE & ALMOST REACHED 
BILLION . 
  
? A RAPID DECLINE IN DEATH RATE, MMR & IMR AS AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN 
REPRODUCIBLE AGE  ARE THE REASON FOR THIS . 
 
WHY SUCH  POPULATION EXPLOSION? 
o MOST OF THE URBAN PEOPLE ARE UNEDUCATED.  
o GIRLS WERE GIVEN INTO EARLY MARRIAGES AT 18 YRS OF AGE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE  METHODS: 
? THROUGH MEDIA – HUM DO HAMARE DO!!!!! (WE 2 , OUR 2) 
? SAHELI - IT IS A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD DEVELOPED BY SCIENTISTS IN CDRI - 
CENTRAL  DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: 
? NATURAL  METHODS 
? BARRIERS 
?  I U D 
? ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES 
? INJECTABLE  IMPLANTS 
? SURGICAL METHODS 
 
1. NATURAL METHODS: 
AVOIDS  MEETING OF SPERM & OVUM. 
? PERIODIC  ABSTINENCE - AVOID COITUS FROM DAY  10 – 17 OF  MENSTRUAL CYCLE WHEN 
OVULATION IS EXPECTED. BECAUSE CHANCES OF FERTILITY IS VERY HIGH DURING THIS PERIOD, 
HENCE KNOWN AS FERTILE PERIOD. 
? WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERUPTUS  - MALE PARTNER WITHDRAWS HIS PENIS FROM 
VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION AVOIDING INSEMINATION OF SPERMS 
? LACTATIONAL  AMENORRHEA-ABSENCE OF MENSTRUAL  CYCLE DURING FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 
INTENSE LACTATIONAL PERIOD. 
  
  
2.BARRIER METHODS: 
? CONDOMS - THIN RUBBER USED TO COVER PENIS IN MALE OR VAGINA & CERVIX IN FEMALES. 
? DIAPHRAGMS, CERVICAL CAPS & VALUTS ARE ALL BARRIERS FOR FEMALES TO COVER CERVIX 
DURING COITUS. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER METHODS: 
1.       THEY ARE DISPOSABLE. 
2.       THEY CAN BE SELF –INSERTED. 
3.       THEY ARE REUSABLE. 
4.       PREVENTS CONCEPTION BY BLOCKING ENTRY OF SPERM THRU CERVIX. 
3. INTRA  UTERINE  DEVICES ( I UD’S) : 
? DEVICES   INSERTED BY DOCTORS OR NURSES IN UTERUS THRU VAGINA. 
EXAMPLES. CU T, CU7, MULTILOAD 375, LIPPES LOOP. 
? CU IONS RELEASED SUPPRESS SPERM MOTILITY & FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF SPERMS. 
? HORMONE RELEASING IUDS MAKES THE UTERUS UNSUITABLE FOR IMPLANTATION & CERVIX 
HOSTILE TO THE SPERM.  
 
4. ORAL PILLS: 
? PILLS ARE TAKEN DAILY FOR 21 DAYS. 
? THEY ARE VERY EFFECTIVE WITH LESS SIDE EFFECTS. 
? SAHELI - NEW ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE CONTAINS A NON-STEROIDAL PREPARATION. 
? IT IS A ‘ONCE A WEEK ‘PILL WITH HIGH CONTRACEPTIVE VALUE. 
? INJECTION OR IMPLANTATION OF PROGESTERONE /ESTROGEN UNDER THE SKIN. 
 
5. SURGICAL  METHOD: 
? THIS METHOD IS ALSO CALLED AS STERILISATION. 
? IT IS ADVISABLE FOR MALE/FEMALE PARTNER AS A TERMINAL METHOD TO PREVENT ANY 
MORE PREGNANCIES. 
? IN MALE, THEY ’RE CALLED VASECTOMY, WHERE THE VAS DEFERENS IS CUT OR TIED. 
  
? IN FEMALE, IT IS CALLED TUBECTOMY, WHERE A SMALL PART OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE IS CUT 
OR TIED UP. 
? THIS METHOD IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE BUT THEIR REVERSIBILITY IS VERY POOR. 
 
SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD: 
•       IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE SELECTION OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SHOULD BE TAKEN 
UNDER THE CONSULTATION OF THE DOCTORS. 
•       HOWEVER, THEIR POSSIBLE ILL-EFFECTS LIKE NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, BREAKTHROUGH 
BLEEDING, IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL BLEEDING OR EVEN BREAST CANCER. 
•       THESE SYMPTOMS SHOULD NOT BE TOTALLY IGNORED. 
 
WHAT IS MTP? 
INTENTIONAL OR VOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY BEFORE FULL TERM IS CALLED MEDICAL 
TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) OR INDUCED ABORTION. 
 
WHY MTP? 
? MTP IS DONE TO GET RID OF UNWANTED PREGNANCIES DUE TO CASUAL UNPROTECTED 
INTERCOURSE OR FAILURE OF THE CONTRACEPTIVE USED DURING COITUS OR RAPE. 
? MTPS ARE ALSO ESSENTIAL IN CERTAIN CASES WHERE CONTINUATION IN PREGNANCY COULD 
BE HARMFUL OR EVEN FATAL TO THE MOTHER OR TO THE FOETUS OR BOTH. 
 
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ( STDS) 
DISEASES OR INFECTIONS WHICH ARE TRANSMITTED SEXUALLY THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE ARE 
CALLED AS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) OR VENEREAL DISEASES (VDS) OR 
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS. STDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PROTOZOAN, 
FUNGAL, ETC. 
 
HOW ARE STDS CAUSED? 
DEPENDING ON THE DISEASE, STDS CAN BE SPREAD WITH ANY TYPE OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY. STDS ARE 
MOST OFTEN CAUSED BY VIRUSES AND BACTERIA.  
 
VARIOUS TYPES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES: 
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES INCLUDE GONORRHOEA, SYPHILIS, GENITAL 
HERPS, CHANCROID AND OF COURSE THE MOST COMMON HIV LEADING TO AIDS. 
Page 5


  
    
 
WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION HAS DEFINED IT AS A TOTAL WELL-BEING IN ALL 
ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, I.E., PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL. 
 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGY: 
? INDIA WAS AMONG THE 1ST COUNTRIES TO INITIATE ACTIONS & PLANS TO ATTAIN TOTAL 
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AS SOCIAL GOAL. 
? THESE PROGRAMMES ARE CALLED AS ‘ FAMILY P LA N N I N G’ 
? IMPROVED PROGRAMMES CURRENTLY IN OPERATION HAVE A POPULAR NAME 
‘REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES ’ (RCH). 
 
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT TAKEN MEASURES? 
? THROUGH THE HELP OF AUDIO-VISUALS & PRINT MEDIA. 
? EVEN FAMILY MEMBERS, CLOSE RELATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE AWARENESS. 
? SEX EDUCATION WAS  INTRODUCED  IN SCHOOLS TO PROVIDE AWARENESS 
? PROPER INFORMATION ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, ADOLESCENCE  & RELATED CHANGES 
, SAFE & HYGIENIC  SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, AIDS ETC.  
 
AMNIOCENTESIS 
IT IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO FIND OUT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN DEVELOPING EMBRYO BY 
USING AMNIOTIC FLUID. 
? IT IS ALSO MISUSED TO CHECK FOETAL SEX DETERMINATION BASED ON THE CHROMOSOMAL 
PATTERN IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID SURROUNDING THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO. 
 
POPULATION EXPLOSION & BIRTH CONTROL: 
? THE WORLD ’S POPULATION BEING 2 BILLION IN 1900 WAS RELOCATED TO 6 BILLION IN 
2000… 
? INDIA ’S POPULATION WAS ABOUT 350 MILLION DURING INDEPENDENCE & ALMOST REACHED 
BILLION . 
  
? A RAPID DECLINE IN DEATH RATE, MMR & IMR AS AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN 
REPRODUCIBLE AGE  ARE THE REASON FOR THIS . 
 
WHY SUCH  POPULATION EXPLOSION? 
o MOST OF THE URBAN PEOPLE ARE UNEDUCATED.  
o GIRLS WERE GIVEN INTO EARLY MARRIAGES AT 18 YRS OF AGE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE  METHODS: 
? THROUGH MEDIA – HUM DO HAMARE DO!!!!! (WE 2 , OUR 2) 
? SAHELI - IT IS A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD DEVELOPED BY SCIENTISTS IN CDRI - 
CENTRAL  DRUG RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 
 
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: 
? NATURAL  METHODS 
? BARRIERS 
?  I U D 
? ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES 
? INJECTABLE  IMPLANTS 
? SURGICAL METHODS 
 
1. NATURAL METHODS: 
AVOIDS  MEETING OF SPERM & OVUM. 
? PERIODIC  ABSTINENCE - AVOID COITUS FROM DAY  10 – 17 OF  MENSTRUAL CYCLE WHEN 
OVULATION IS EXPECTED. BECAUSE CHANCES OF FERTILITY IS VERY HIGH DURING THIS PERIOD, 
HENCE KNOWN AS FERTILE PERIOD. 
? WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERUPTUS  - MALE PARTNER WITHDRAWS HIS PENIS FROM 
VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION AVOIDING INSEMINATION OF SPERMS 
? LACTATIONAL  AMENORRHEA-ABSENCE OF MENSTRUAL  CYCLE DURING FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 
INTENSE LACTATIONAL PERIOD. 
  
  
2.BARRIER METHODS: 
? CONDOMS - THIN RUBBER USED TO COVER PENIS IN MALE OR VAGINA & CERVIX IN FEMALES. 
? DIAPHRAGMS, CERVICAL CAPS & VALUTS ARE ALL BARRIERS FOR FEMALES TO COVER CERVIX 
DURING COITUS. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF BARRIER METHODS: 
1.       THEY ARE DISPOSABLE. 
2.       THEY CAN BE SELF –INSERTED. 
3.       THEY ARE REUSABLE. 
4.       PREVENTS CONCEPTION BY BLOCKING ENTRY OF SPERM THRU CERVIX. 
3. INTRA  UTERINE  DEVICES ( I UD’S) : 
? DEVICES   INSERTED BY DOCTORS OR NURSES IN UTERUS THRU VAGINA. 
EXAMPLES. CU T, CU7, MULTILOAD 375, LIPPES LOOP. 
? CU IONS RELEASED SUPPRESS SPERM MOTILITY & FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF SPERMS. 
? HORMONE RELEASING IUDS MAKES THE UTERUS UNSUITABLE FOR IMPLANTATION & CERVIX 
HOSTILE TO THE SPERM.  
 
4. ORAL PILLS: 
? PILLS ARE TAKEN DAILY FOR 21 DAYS. 
? THEY ARE VERY EFFECTIVE WITH LESS SIDE EFFECTS. 
? SAHELI - NEW ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE CONTAINS A NON-STEROIDAL PREPARATION. 
? IT IS A ‘ONCE A WEEK ‘PILL WITH HIGH CONTRACEPTIVE VALUE. 
? INJECTION OR IMPLANTATION OF PROGESTERONE /ESTROGEN UNDER THE SKIN. 
 
5. SURGICAL  METHOD: 
? THIS METHOD IS ALSO CALLED AS STERILISATION. 
? IT IS ADVISABLE FOR MALE/FEMALE PARTNER AS A TERMINAL METHOD TO PREVENT ANY 
MORE PREGNANCIES. 
? IN MALE, THEY ’RE CALLED VASECTOMY, WHERE THE VAS DEFERENS IS CUT OR TIED. 
  
? IN FEMALE, IT IS CALLED TUBECTOMY, WHERE A SMALL PART OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE IS CUT 
OR TIED UP. 
? THIS METHOD IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE BUT THEIR REVERSIBILITY IS VERY POOR. 
 
SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD: 
•       IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE SELECTION OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SHOULD BE TAKEN 
UNDER THE CONSULTATION OF THE DOCTORS. 
•       HOWEVER, THEIR POSSIBLE ILL-EFFECTS LIKE NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, BREAKTHROUGH 
BLEEDING, IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL BLEEDING OR EVEN BREAST CANCER. 
•       THESE SYMPTOMS SHOULD NOT BE TOTALLY IGNORED. 
 
WHAT IS MTP? 
INTENTIONAL OR VOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY BEFORE FULL TERM IS CALLED MEDICAL 
TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) OR INDUCED ABORTION. 
 
WHY MTP? 
? MTP IS DONE TO GET RID OF UNWANTED PREGNANCIES DUE TO CASUAL UNPROTECTED 
INTERCOURSE OR FAILURE OF THE CONTRACEPTIVE USED DURING COITUS OR RAPE. 
? MTPS ARE ALSO ESSENTIAL IN CERTAIN CASES WHERE CONTINUATION IN PREGNANCY COULD 
BE HARMFUL OR EVEN FATAL TO THE MOTHER OR TO THE FOETUS OR BOTH. 
 
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ( STDS) 
DISEASES OR INFECTIONS WHICH ARE TRANSMITTED SEXUALLY THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE ARE 
CALLED AS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) OR VENEREAL DISEASES (VDS) OR 
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS. STDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PROTOZOAN, 
FUNGAL, ETC. 
 
HOW ARE STDS CAUSED? 
DEPENDING ON THE DISEASE, STDS CAN BE SPREAD WITH ANY TYPE OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY. STDS ARE 
MOST OFTEN CAUSED BY VIRUSES AND BACTERIA.  
 
VARIOUS TYPES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES: 
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES INCLUDE GONORRHOEA, SYPHILIS, GENITAL 
HERPS, CHANCROID AND OF COURSE THE MOST COMMON HIV LEADING TO AIDS. 
  
 
CHLAMYDIASIS 
? CHLAMYDIASIS IS A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE IN HUMANS CAUSED BY THE BACTERIUM 
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. CHLAMYDIASIS IS A MAJOR INFECTIOUS CAUSE OF HUMAN 
GENETIAL AND EYE DISEASES. 
? CHLAMYDIASIS WAS ONCE THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF BLINDNESS. THE INFECTION CAN 
SPREAD FROM EYE TO EYE BY FINGERS, SHARED TOWELS, EYE SEEKING FLIES, AND CLOTHS ETC. 
 
PREVENTION 
STDS ARE A MAJOR THREAT TO A HEALTHY SOCIETY. THEREFORE EARLY DETECTION OR PREVENTION 
AND CURE OF THESE DISEASES ARE GIVEN PRIME CONSIDERATION UNDER REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-
CARE PROGRAMMES THOUGH ALL PERSON ARE VULNERABLE TO THESE INFECTIONS, THEIR INCIDENCES 
ARE REPORTED TO BE VERY HIGH AMONG THE AGE GROUP OF 15-24YEARS.THESE INFECTIONS CAN BE 
PREVENTED BY FOLLOWING A FEW SIMPLE RULES WHICH INCLUDE: 
? AVOID SEX WITH UNKNOWN PARTNERS OR MULTIPLE PARTNERS 
? ALWAYS USE CONDOMS DURING COITUS 
? IN CASE OF DOUBT, GO TO A QUALIFIED DOCTOR FOR EARLY DETECTION AND GET COMPLETE 
TREATMENT IF DIAGNOSED WITH DISEASE. 
 
INFERTILITY 
A LARGE NO OF COUPLES ALL OVER INDIA ARE INFERTILE, I.E., THEY ARE UNABLE TO PRODUCE 
CHILDREN IN SPITE OF UNPROTECTED SEXUAL CO-HABITATION. THE REASONS FOR THIS COULD BE 
MANY-PHYSICAL, CONGENITAL, DISEASES, DRUGS, IMMUNOLOGICAL OR EVEN PSYCHOLOGICAL. 
 
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) ARE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES THAT ASSIST COUPLES TO 
HAVE CHILDREN. 
VARIOUS TYPES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ( ART)INCLUDE: 
·         IN-VITRO FERTILISATION (IVF) 
·         ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT) 
·         INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION(ICSI) 
·         GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRANSFER(GIFT) 
·         ARTIFICAL INSEMINATION (AI) 
 
1) IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)