Page 1
? Biodiversity occurs not only in the species level, but also in the
macromolecular levels.
? Biodiversity as described by Edward Wilson is the combined diversity
at all levels of biological organisation.
? The most important forms of biodiversity are:
? Genetic diversity ? (diversity at the genetic level)
? Species diversity ? (diversity at the species level)
? Ecological diversity ? (diversity at the ecosystem level)
? There are close to 1.5 million plants and animals that have to be
discovered and described. More species have been discovered in
temperate regions as compared to tropics.
? According to an estimate made by Robert May, global species
biodiversity is about 7 million.
? Of the total species discovered so far, 70% are animals and 22% are
plants. Of the animals, 70% are insects.
? India has 2.4% of the world’s land and 8.1% of the total species
diversity. According to May’s estimate, 78% of the biodiversity is still
to be discovered.
? Applying this to India’s biodiversity figures, there still is a scope for
discovery of over 1 lakh species of plants and 3 lakh species of
animals.
Patterns of Biodiversity
? Latitudinal gradients ? - The plants and animals are not distributed
evenly worldwide. The diversity of living forms decreases as we go
from the equator towards the poles. A huge amount of plants and
animals are concentrated in the tropical region because of the
following reasons.
? Tropical environment is less seasonal and almost constant and
predictable as compared to temperate environment.
Page 2
? Biodiversity occurs not only in the species level, but also in the
macromolecular levels.
? Biodiversity as described by Edward Wilson is the combined diversity
at all levels of biological organisation.
? The most important forms of biodiversity are:
? Genetic diversity ? (diversity at the genetic level)
? Species diversity ? (diversity at the species level)
? Ecological diversity ? (diversity at the ecosystem level)
? There are close to 1.5 million plants and animals that have to be
discovered and described. More species have been discovered in
temperate regions as compared to tropics.
? According to an estimate made by Robert May, global species
biodiversity is about 7 million.
? Of the total species discovered so far, 70% are animals and 22% are
plants. Of the animals, 70% are insects.
? India has 2.4% of the world’s land and 8.1% of the total species
diversity. According to May’s estimate, 78% of the biodiversity is still
to be discovered.
? Applying this to India’s biodiversity figures, there still is a scope for
discovery of over 1 lakh species of plants and 3 lakh species of
animals.
Patterns of Biodiversity
? Latitudinal gradients ? - The plants and animals are not distributed
evenly worldwide. The diversity of living forms decreases as we go
from the equator towards the poles. A huge amount of plants and
animals are concentrated in the tropical region because of the
following reasons.
? Tropical environment is less seasonal and almost constant and
predictable as compared to temperate environment.
? Tropics receive the major part of the solar energy, which contributes
to great productivity.
? Speciation is dependent upon time. Tropical areas have remained
undisturbed for millions of years unlike temperate regions, which have
experienced frequent glaciations in the past.
? SpeciesArea relationships ? - Alexander von Humboldt observed
that biodiversity increases with increase in explored area. This
relationship can be given by,
log S = log C + Z log A
Where,
S = Species richness
A = Area
Z = Slope of the line (regression coefficient)
C = Yintercept
Value of Z is found to lie in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for comparatively
smaller areas such as countries while for very large areas such as entire
continents, the slope of the line is much steeper with Z value lying from
0.6 to 1.2.
Importance of biodiversity & Loss of
Biodiversity
What is the importance of biodiversity on the Earth?
? There is no exact answer to this question, but experiments conducted
by many ecologists have demonstrated that a system with greater
biodiversity is more stable and has greater productivity.
? In the long run, biodiversity is related with overall health of our
ecosystem and survival of human race on the earth.
? Characteristics of a stable community:
? It should not show much variation in productivity from year to
year.
? It must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
Page 3
? Biodiversity occurs not only in the species level, but also in the
macromolecular levels.
? Biodiversity as described by Edward Wilson is the combined diversity
at all levels of biological organisation.
? The most important forms of biodiversity are:
? Genetic diversity ? (diversity at the genetic level)
? Species diversity ? (diversity at the species level)
? Ecological diversity ? (diversity at the ecosystem level)
? There are close to 1.5 million plants and animals that have to be
discovered and described. More species have been discovered in
temperate regions as compared to tropics.
? According to an estimate made by Robert May, global species
biodiversity is about 7 million.
? Of the total species discovered so far, 70% are animals and 22% are
plants. Of the animals, 70% are insects.
? India has 2.4% of the world’s land and 8.1% of the total species
diversity. According to May’s estimate, 78% of the biodiversity is still
to be discovered.
? Applying this to India’s biodiversity figures, there still is a scope for
discovery of over 1 lakh species of plants and 3 lakh species of
animals.
Patterns of Biodiversity
? Latitudinal gradients ? - The plants and animals are not distributed
evenly worldwide. The diversity of living forms decreases as we go
from the equator towards the poles. A huge amount of plants and
animals are concentrated in the tropical region because of the
following reasons.
? Tropical environment is less seasonal and almost constant and
predictable as compared to temperate environment.
? Tropics receive the major part of the solar energy, which contributes
to great productivity.
? Speciation is dependent upon time. Tropical areas have remained
undisturbed for millions of years unlike temperate regions, which have
experienced frequent glaciations in the past.
? SpeciesArea relationships ? - Alexander von Humboldt observed
that biodiversity increases with increase in explored area. This
relationship can be given by,
log S = log C + Z log A
Where,
S = Species richness
A = Area
Z = Slope of the line (regression coefficient)
C = Yintercept
Value of Z is found to lie in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for comparatively
smaller areas such as countries while for very large areas such as entire
continents, the slope of the line is much steeper with Z value lying from
0.6 to 1.2.
Importance of biodiversity & Loss of
Biodiversity
What is the importance of biodiversity on the Earth?
? There is no exact answer to this question, but experiments conducted
by many ecologists have demonstrated that a system with greater
biodiversity is more stable and has greater productivity.
? In the long run, biodiversity is related with overall health of our
ecosystem and survival of human race on the earth.
? Characteristics of a stable community:
? It should not show much variation in productivity from year to
year.
? It must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
? It must be resistant to invasion by alien species.
Loss of Biodiversity
? Due to human activities, the natural wealth is getting lost rapidly.
? The last 20 years have seen the loss of 27 species.
? Some of the causes of this loss are:
? Habitat loss and fragmentation ? - This is the major cause for
loss of biodiversity. Habitat destruction is caused by human
activities such as deforestation and increasing pollution, leading
to the loss of many plants and animals.
? Overexploitation ? - Humans due to their greed and increased
exploitation of natural resources have contributed to the
endangerment of commercially important species of plants and
animals. Example - Species such as Steller’s sea cow and
passenger pigeon have been extinct due to over exploitation by
humans.
? Alienspecies invasion ? - The unintentional or deliberate
introduction of alien species causes the declination of the
indigenous species. Example - Nile perch introduced in Lake
Victoria led to the extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid
fish in the lake.
? Coextinction ? - When a plant or animal becomes extinct,
another plant or animal which is dependent on it in an obligatory
way also becomes extinct. Example - In case of plantpollinator
mutualism, the extinction of one partner will eventually lead to
the extinction of other also.
Biodiversity Conservation
? Biodiversity conservation is necessary because of the following
reasons:
? Many commercially important products are obtained by nature
such as food, fibre, wood, and countless industrial products.
? Certain activities and products cannot be accomplished without
the help of nature such as production of oxygen and pollination.
Page 4
? Biodiversity occurs not only in the species level, but also in the
macromolecular levels.
? Biodiversity as described by Edward Wilson is the combined diversity
at all levels of biological organisation.
? The most important forms of biodiversity are:
? Genetic diversity ? (diversity at the genetic level)
? Species diversity ? (diversity at the species level)
? Ecological diversity ? (diversity at the ecosystem level)
? There are close to 1.5 million plants and animals that have to be
discovered and described. More species have been discovered in
temperate regions as compared to tropics.
? According to an estimate made by Robert May, global species
biodiversity is about 7 million.
? Of the total species discovered so far, 70% are animals and 22% are
plants. Of the animals, 70% are insects.
? India has 2.4% of the world’s land and 8.1% of the total species
diversity. According to May’s estimate, 78% of the biodiversity is still
to be discovered.
? Applying this to India’s biodiversity figures, there still is a scope for
discovery of over 1 lakh species of plants and 3 lakh species of
animals.
Patterns of Biodiversity
? Latitudinal gradients ? - The plants and animals are not distributed
evenly worldwide. The diversity of living forms decreases as we go
from the equator towards the poles. A huge amount of plants and
animals are concentrated in the tropical region because of the
following reasons.
? Tropical environment is less seasonal and almost constant and
predictable as compared to temperate environment.
? Tropics receive the major part of the solar energy, which contributes
to great productivity.
? Speciation is dependent upon time. Tropical areas have remained
undisturbed for millions of years unlike temperate regions, which have
experienced frequent glaciations in the past.
? SpeciesArea relationships ? - Alexander von Humboldt observed
that biodiversity increases with increase in explored area. This
relationship can be given by,
log S = log C + Z log A
Where,
S = Species richness
A = Area
Z = Slope of the line (regression coefficient)
C = Yintercept
Value of Z is found to lie in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for comparatively
smaller areas such as countries while for very large areas such as entire
continents, the slope of the line is much steeper with Z value lying from
0.6 to 1.2.
Importance of biodiversity & Loss of
Biodiversity
What is the importance of biodiversity on the Earth?
? There is no exact answer to this question, but experiments conducted
by many ecologists have demonstrated that a system with greater
biodiversity is more stable and has greater productivity.
? In the long run, biodiversity is related with overall health of our
ecosystem and survival of human race on the earth.
? Characteristics of a stable community:
? It should not show much variation in productivity from year to
year.
? It must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
? It must be resistant to invasion by alien species.
Loss of Biodiversity
? Due to human activities, the natural wealth is getting lost rapidly.
? The last 20 years have seen the loss of 27 species.
? Some of the causes of this loss are:
? Habitat loss and fragmentation ? - This is the major cause for
loss of biodiversity. Habitat destruction is caused by human
activities such as deforestation and increasing pollution, leading
to the loss of many plants and animals.
? Overexploitation ? - Humans due to their greed and increased
exploitation of natural resources have contributed to the
endangerment of commercially important species of plants and
animals. Example - Species such as Steller’s sea cow and
passenger pigeon have been extinct due to over exploitation by
humans.
? Alienspecies invasion ? - The unintentional or deliberate
introduction of alien species causes the declination of the
indigenous species. Example - Nile perch introduced in Lake
Victoria led to the extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid
fish in the lake.
? Coextinction ? - When a plant or animal becomes extinct,
another plant or animal which is dependent on it in an obligatory
way also becomes extinct. Example - In case of plantpollinator
mutualism, the extinction of one partner will eventually lead to
the extinction of other also.
Biodiversity Conservation
? Biodiversity conservation is necessary because of the following
reasons:
? Many commercially important products are obtained by nature
such as food, fibre, wood, and countless industrial products.
? Certain activities and products cannot be accomplished without
the help of nature such as production of oxygen and pollination.
? Intangible benefits such as aesthetic pleasure are derived from
nature.
? Conserving the species we share our planet with and passing the
rich legacy of biodiversity to our future generations is our ethical
duty.
? Biodiversity can be conserved by:
? Insitu conservation ? In order to conserve biodiversity better,
some of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (with high degree of
biodiversity and endemism) have been identified and are
protected. In India, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and
national parks are built for this purpose.
? Exsitu conservation ? The threatened species of plants and
animals are taken out of their habitats and are kept in special
settings as in zoological parks, botanical gardens, and wildlife
parks.
Nowadays, the gametes of endangered species can be preserved
viable by methods such as cryopreservation and can be fertilized
invitro followed by propagation through tissue culture methods.
Similarly, seeds can be preserved in seed banks.
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