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S u p r e m e  C o u r t
F o r m a t i o n  o f  S u p r e m e  C o u r t
P o w e r s  a n d  F u n c t i o n s
W r i t s  I s s u e d  b y  S u p r e m e  C o u r t
I m p o r t a n t  J u d g e m e n t s
O t h e r  A s p e c t s
C o n s t i t u t i o n a l  P r o v i s i o n :  A r t i c l e  1 2 4
E s t a b l i s h m e n t :  2 8 t h  J a n u a r y  1 9 5 0
H e a d :  C h i e f  J u s t i c e  o f  I n d i a  ( C J I )
J u d g e s :  A p p o i n t e d  b y  t h e  P r e s i d e n t  b a s e d  o n  C J I ' s
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n
A p p o i n t m e n t  o f  J u d g e s
I n d e p e n d e n c e  o f  J u d i c i a r y
S u p r e m e  C o u r t  R u l e s
P u b l i c  I n t e r e s t  L i t i g a t i o n  ( P I L )
M i n i m u m  3 0  j u d g e s  i n c l u d i n g  C J I  ( c u r r e n t l y  3 4 )
A l l o w s  i n d i v i d u a l s  a n d  N G O s  t o  f i l e  p e t i t i o n s  i n  p u b l i c
i n t e r e s t
P r o v i d e s  a c c e s s  t o  j u s t i c e  f o r  m a r g i n a l i z e d  s e c t i o n s
o f  s o c i e t y
P r o c e d u r a l  r u l e s  f o r  c o n d u c t i n g  c o u r t  p r o c e e d i n g s
S a f e g u a r d e d  b y  v a r i o u s  p r o v i s i o n s  i n  t h e  C o n s t i t u t i o n
E n s u r e s  s e p a r a t i o n  o f  p o w e r s  a n d  c h e c k s  a n d
b a l a n c e s
C o l l e g i u m  S y s t e m :  C o m m i t t e e  o f  t o p  j u d g e s  f o r
r e c o m m e n d i n g  a p p o i n t m e n t s
N J A C  ( N a t i o n a l  J u d i c i a l  A p p o i n t m e n t s  C o m m i s s i o n ) :
P r o p o s e d  i n  2 0 1 4 ,  b u t  s t r u c k  d o w n  i n  2 0 1 5
H a b e a s  C o r p u s :  P r o t e c t s  i n d i v i d u a l ' s  r i g h t  t o
p e r s o n a l  l i b e r t y
M a n d a m u s :  O r d e r s  p u b l i c  o f f i c i a l s  t o  p e r f o r m  t h e i r
d u t i e s
P r o h i b i t i o n :  P r e v e n t s  l o w e r  c o u r t s  f r o m  e x c e e d i n g
t h e i r  j u r i s d i c t i o n
C e r t i o r a r i :  O r d e r s  l o w e r  c o u r t s  t o  t r a n s f e r  a  c a s e  t o
h i g h e r  c o u r t  f o r  r e v i e w
Q u o  W a r r a n t o :  C h e c k s  q u a l i f i c a t i o n s  o f  a  p e r s o n
h o l d i n g  p u b l i c  o f f i c e
K e s a v a n a n d a  B h a r a t i  C a s e  ( 1 9 7 3 )
M a n e k a  G a n d h i  C a s e  ( 1 9 7 8 )
S h a h  B a n o  C a s e  ( 1 9 8 5 )
K .  M .  N a n a v a t i  v s .  S t a t e  o f  M a h a r a s h t r a  ( 1 9 6 2 )
V i s h a k a  a n d  O t h e r s  v s .  S t a t e  o f  R a j a s t h a n  ( 1 9 9 7 )
J u d i c i a l  r e v i e w  p o w e r  o f  t h e  S u p r e m e  C o u r t
r e a f f i r m e d
E s t a b l i s h e d  " B a s i c  S t r u c t u r e  D o c t r i n e "
S i g n i f i c a n t  f o r  j u r y  t r i a l s  i n  I n d i a
L a t e r  a b o l i s h e d  i n  m o s t  c a s e s
L a i d  d o w n  g u i d e l i n e s  t o  p r e v e n t  s e x u a l  h a r a s s m e n t
a t  w o r k p l a c e
F o r m e d  t h e  b a s i s  f o r  s u b s e q u e n t  l e g i s l a t i o n  ( S e x u a l
H a r a s s m e n t  o f  W o m e n  a t  W o r k p l a c e  A c t ,  2 0 1 3 )
M a i n t e n a n c e  r i g h t s  f o r  d i v o r c e d  M u s l i m  w o m e n
L e d  t o  d e b a t e  o n  p e r s o n a l  l a w s  v s .  u n i f o r m  c i v i l  c o d e
E x p a n d e d  t h e  s c o p e  o f  A r t i c l e  2 1  ( R i g h t  t o  L i f e  a n d
P e r s o n a l  L i b e r t y )
I n t r o d u c e d  c o n c e p t  o f  " P r o c e d u r e  E s t a b l i s h e d  b y
L a w "  v s .  " D u e  P r o c e s s  o f  L a w "
J u d i c i a l  F u n c t i o n s
G u a r d i a n  o f  t h e  C o n s t i t u t i o n
A d v i s o r y  J u r i s d i c t i o n :  P r o v i d e s  o p i n i o n s  t o  t h e
P r e s i d e n t
C o n t e m p t  o f  C o u r t :  E n s u r e s  r e s p e c t  f o r  c o u r t  a n d  i t s
d e c i s i o n s
O r i g i n a l  J u r i s d i c t i o n :  R e s o l v e s  d i s p u t e s  b e t w e e n
s t a t e s  a n d  s t a t e  v s .  c e n t r a l  g o v e r n m e n t
A p p e l l a t e  J u r i s d i c t i o n :  H e a r s  a p p e a l s  f r o m  H i g h
C o u r t s  a n d  t r i b u n a l s
C i v i l ,  C r i m i n a l ,  C o n s t i t u t i o n a l ,  S p e c i a l  L e a v e  P e t i t i o n ,
e t c .
J u d i c i a l  R e v i e w :  E n s u r e s  l a w s  a r e  i n  a c c o r d a n c e  w i t h
t h e  C o n s t i t u t i o n
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FAQs on Mindmap: Supreme Court - Indian Polity for UPSC CSE

1. What is the role of the Supreme Court?
Ans. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in a country that has the power to interpret and apply the law, ensuring its constitutionality and resolving disputes. It acts as the final authority in legal matters and has the power to overturn decisions made by lower courts.
2. How are Supreme Court justices appointed?
Ans. Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the country, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The President nominates a candidate, who then goes through a confirmation process in the Senate. If confirmed, the justice serves for life or until retirement.
3. Can Supreme Court decisions be appealed?
Ans. Supreme Court decisions are final and cannot be appealed to any higher court. However, the Court can reconsider its own decisions in certain circumstances, and its rulings can be overturned through the process of constitutional amendment or legislative action.
4. How many justices are there in the Supreme Court?
Ans. The number of justices in the Supreme Court can vary depending on the country's legal system. In the United States, there are nine justices, while other countries may have a different number. The composition and size of the Supreme Court are typically determined by legislation.
5. What is the significance of landmark Supreme Court cases?
Ans. Landmark Supreme Court cases refer to those that have a significant impact on the interpretation of the law or the rights of individuals. These cases often establish important legal precedents that shape future decisions and have a lasting impact on society. They serve as guiding principles for lower courts and influence the development of the legal system as a whole.
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