Important Structure Isomerism Formulas for JEE and NEET

 Page 1


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
Page 2


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
  Observation
Coloured ppt.
(violet, blue, green buff)
Yellow orange ppt.
Red ppt.
Black ppt. or silver mirror
Pink colour resume
Yellow ppt of CHI
3
(iodoform)
Litmus change to red.
Effervescence evolve.
Pink colour
? ? ? ? ?
disappear on heating.
Smell of NH
3
Reaction
 + H
2
N·NH
N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.)
RCHO + Cu
+2
  ? RCOOH + Cu
2
O ? + 2H
2
O
Fehling sol
n
.       Red
RCHO + Ag
+
 ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror)
H
2
O + CO
2
?
RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein
                             (pink)
RCOOH  + R’ OH  (Colourless solution)
RCONH
2
 + NaOH  RCOONa + NH
3
?
Remarks
Test of
enols/phenols
DNP-test
Fehling’s test
Tollen’s test
Iodoform
reaction
Litmus test.
Sodium
bicarbonate test
 Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO
2
 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO.
Functional
Groups
Ar–OH
Enols
   
   R–CHO
 R–COCH
3
or ArCOCH
3
or CH
3
CHO
  Ester
Amides
Reagent
FeCl
3
 (Neutral)
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
(2, 4-DNP) solution
Fehling solution
 A & B
Tollen’s reagent
Schiff’s Reagent *
 I
2
 / NaOH
 Blue litmus
Conc. NaHCO
3
solution
NaOH,
phenophthalein
Conc. NaOH, ?
Page 3


Functional
Groups
C–C
(Alkane)
C=C / C ?C
C=C / C ?C
C ?C
C ?C
R–C ?CH
(Terminal
alkyne)
(R–OH)
ROH
3°
 2°
 1°
Reagent
conc. H
2
SO
4
conc. NaOH
KMnO
4
LiAlH
4
[Bayer’s reagent]
alk. dil. cold KMNO
4
Br
2
 / H
2
O
O
3
(ozone)
        O
3
(a) Cuprous
chloride+NH
4
OH
(b) AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH
Na
Lucas Reagent
[Conc. HCl +
anhyd. ZnCl
2
]
  Observation
NR
NR
NR
NR
Pink colour disappears
Red colour decolourises
=O Compounds
Acid formed.
Red ppt.
White ppt.
Bubbles of H
2 
come out
(3)° Cloudiness appears
immidiately
(2°) Cloudiness appears
within 5 min.
(1°) Cloudiness appear
after 30 min.
Reaction
--------------
CH
2
=CH
2
+H
2
O+O
Br
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
white ppt
H
2
C=CH
2
 + O
3
  2HCHO
R–C ?C–R ? RCOOH + R ?COOH
R–C ?CH + CuCl R–C ?C Cu ? (red)
R–C ?CH + Ag
+
R–C ?C Ag ? (white)
2ROH + Na ? 2RONa + H
2
?
R–OH + HCl  + H
2
O
       cloudiness
Remarks
Inert paraffins
Hydroxylation
Bromination
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis
Presence
of active ‘H’
Lucas Test
I.  ter.alcohol
II. sec. alcohol
III. pri.alcohol
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
  Observation
Coloured ppt.
(violet, blue, green buff)
Yellow orange ppt.
Red ppt.
Black ppt. or silver mirror
Pink colour resume
Yellow ppt of CHI
3
(iodoform)
Litmus change to red.
Effervescence evolve.
Pink colour
? ? ? ? ?
disappear on heating.
Smell of NH
3
Reaction
 + H
2
N·NH
N·NH ?(yellow orange ppt.)
RCHO + Cu
+2
  ? RCOOH + Cu
2
O ? + 2H
2
O
Fehling sol
n
.       Red
RCHO + Ag
+
 ? RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror)
H
2
O + CO
2
?
RCOOR’ + NaOH + Phenophthalein
                             (pink)
RCOOH  + R’ OH  (Colourless solution)
RCONH
2
 + NaOH  RCOONa + NH
3
?
Remarks
Test of
enols/phenols
DNP-test
Fehling’s test
Tollen’s test
Iodoform
reaction
Litmus test.
Sodium
bicarbonate test
 Schiff’s reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with SO
2
 so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO.
Functional
Groups
Ar–OH
Enols
   
   R–CHO
 R–COCH
3
or ArCOCH
3
or CH
3
CHO
  Ester
Amides
Reagent
FeCl
3
 (Neutral)
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine
(2, 4-DNP) solution
Fehling solution
 A & B
Tollen’s reagent
Schiff’s Reagent *
 I
2
 / NaOH
 Blue litmus
Conc. NaHCO
3
solution
NaOH,
phenophthalein
Conc. NaOH, ?
Remarks
Carbylamine
Reaction
Azo dye test
Ninhydrin test
 Functional
 Groups
Nitro
Compounds
(RCH
2
NO
2
)
or ArNO
2
Amines(pri.)
RNH
2
Ar. amines.
ArNH
2
R
2
NH
Sec. Amines
Carbohydrate
Amino acids
Reagent
Mulliken’s test
CHCl
3
, KOH
HNO
2
 (NaNO
2
+HCl)
HNO
2
 (NaNO
2
+HCl)
+ ?-Naphthol
(i) NaNO
2
 + H
2
SO
4
(ii) Phenol
Molisch’s reagent
(10% ?-naphthol
in alcohol).
Ninhydrin reagent
(0.2 % sol.
n
)
Reaction
ArNHOH Ag ?
RNH
2 
+ CHCl
3
 + 3KOH ? RNC + 3KCl + 3H
2
O
RNH
2
 + HONO ? ROH + N
2
 + H
2
O
NaNO
2
 + HCl ? NaCl + HNO
2
+ HNO
2
             + 2H
2
O
NH
2
.HCl N
2
Cl
N=N-Cl +
OH OH
N=N
orange-red dye
Benzenediazonium
chloride
?–Naphthol
+ H
2
N.CHR.COOH
(Amino acid)
CO
CO
C
OH
OH
(Ninhydrin)
CO
CO
(Blue colour)
CO
C=N – C
C
OH
+ RCHO + H
2
O + CO
2
  Observation
black ppt
Nauseating odour
(Offensive smell)
(Carbylamine)
Effervescence of N
2
Orange red dye
is formed
red colouration
Liebermann test
Violet colour
Blue colour