NCERT Textbook: Bhartiya Kalaye | Hindi Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  59
ykvksa dh viuh Hkk"kk
gksrh gS tSls& ge vius
vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k]
çÑfr ;k Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Hkk"kk
es O;Dr djrs gSaA oSls gh fp=kdkjh]
laxhr ;k u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ge
vius vkl&ikl vkSj çÑfr dks
vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ge tks dqN
ns•rs&lqurs gSa mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa vkSj u,&u, rjhosQ ls dguk
;k vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSaA leqæ
esa mBrh fxjrh ygjksa dks ns•dj
fp=kdkj mls jaxksa ls ltkrk gSA fpfM+;k¡
dh pgpgkgV dks xk;d Lojksa esa
ltkrk gS rks urZd eu osQ Hkkoksa dks
fofHkUu eqækvksa esa ltkrk gSA dHkh
HkhecsVdk dh xqiQk osQ fp=k
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡
Reprint 2025-26
Page 2


Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  59
ykvksa dh viuh Hkk"kk
gksrh gS tSls& ge vius
vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k]
çÑfr ;k Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Hkk"kk
es O;Dr djrs gSaA oSls gh fp=kdkjh]
laxhr ;k u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ge
vius vkl&ikl vkSj çÑfr dks
vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ge tks dqN
ns•rs&lqurs gSa mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa vkSj u,&u, rjhosQ ls dguk
;k vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSaA leqæ
esa mBrh fxjrh ygjksa dks ns•dj
fp=kdkj mls jaxksa ls ltkrk gSA fpfM+;k¡
dh pgpgkgV dks xk;d Lojksa esa
ltkrk gS rks urZd eu osQ Hkkoksa dks
fofHkUu eqækvksa esa ltkrk gSA dHkh
HkhecsVdk dh xqiQk osQ fp=k
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡
Reprint 2025-26
60   forku
fp=kksa esa] rks dHkh xhrksa esa] dHkh u`R; esa] rks dHkh laxhr esa ;g dgus&lquus dh
ijaijk lfn;ksa ls py jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh u,&u, rjhdkssa esa yxkrkj - tkjh gSA
gekjk ns'k Hkkjr mRlo/ehZ gSA fofo/rk gekjh igpku gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa
vkSj fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fofo/ dyk,¡ Hkh gekjh vuwBh igpku gSaA
vkius ns•k gksxk fd Hkkjr osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dh viuh&viuh fof'k"V
dyk,¡ gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns•k gksxk fd gekjh dykvksa dks R;ksgkjksa] mRloksa ls
vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s dyk,¡ tUeksRlo ls ysdj] 'kknh&C;kg] iwtk rFkk
•srh&ckM+h ls Hkh tqM+h gSaA euq"; osQ thou ls tqM+h gksus osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr dh
;s fof'k"V dyk,¡ fojklr osQ çfr gesa mRlkg vkSj fo'okl ls Hkj nsrh gSaA D;k
vkidks ;g ugha yxrk fd ioks±&R;ksgkjksa ;k fiQj iQlyksa ls dykvksa dk tqM+ko
gh ,d vksj bls osQoy euksjatu ;k vyadj.k gksus ls cpkrk gS] rks nwljh vksj
;gh igyw] çkphu ijaijkvksa dh lrr fujarjrk dks cuk, j•rk gSA okLro esa ;gh
vrhr vkSj orZeku osQ chp tqM+ko dh dM+h Hkh gSA
vxj ge vkt ihNs eqM+dj ns•sa rks ik,¡xs fd tutkrh; vkSj yksddyk
'kSfy;ksa osQ lHkh :iksa esa ,d O;oLFkk Hkh fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] tks vkxs pydj
'kkL=kh; dykvksa dk vk/kj cuhaA ,d ckr è;ku nsus dh gS fd 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa
lHkh dykvksa dk laca/ yksd ;k lewg ls gh FkkA ckn esa pydj tc budk
laca/ O;olk; ls tqM+k rks O;fDr osaQfær gksrh pyh xb±A eè;dky rd
vkrs&vkrs lkfgR;] fp=k] laxhr] u`R; dyk,¡ jktkvksa vkSj fofHkUu 'kkldksa osQ
laj{k.k esa pyh xbZa vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kkL=kh; fu;eksa esa c¡/haA os dykdkjksa dks
viuh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ vuq:i dykvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ifj"Ñr djus osQ
fy, çksRlkfgr Hkh djrs jgrs FksA
bl rjg eafnjksa vkSj egyksa esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ ;s dyk,¡ 'kkL=kh; Lo:i
xzg.k djrh xb±A xqIr lkezkT; esa rks ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p xb±A Hkjr eqfu osQ
ukV~;'kkL=k esa budk 'kkL=kh; Lo:i cuk] tks dyk osQ fy, vc rd dk çkIr
lcls egRoiw.kZ 'kkL=k gSA
Reprint 2025-26
Page 3


Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  59
ykvksa dh viuh Hkk"kk
gksrh gS tSls& ge vius
vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k]
çÑfr ;k Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Hkk"kk
es O;Dr djrs gSaA oSls gh fp=kdkjh]
laxhr ;k u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ge
vius vkl&ikl vkSj çÑfr dks
vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ge tks dqN
ns•rs&lqurs gSa mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa vkSj u,&u, rjhosQ ls dguk
;k vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSaA leqæ
esa mBrh fxjrh ygjksa dks ns•dj
fp=kdkj mls jaxksa ls ltkrk gSA fpfM+;k¡
dh pgpgkgV dks xk;d Lojksa esa
ltkrk gS rks urZd eu osQ Hkkoksa dks
fofHkUu eqækvksa esa ltkrk gSA dHkh
HkhecsVdk dh xqiQk osQ fp=k
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡
Reprint 2025-26
60   forku
fp=kksa esa] rks dHkh xhrksa esa] dHkh u`R; esa] rks dHkh laxhr esa ;g dgus&lquus dh
ijaijk lfn;ksa ls py jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh u,&u, rjhdkssa esa yxkrkj - tkjh gSA
gekjk ns'k Hkkjr mRlo/ehZ gSA fofo/rk gekjh igpku gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa
vkSj fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fofo/ dyk,¡ Hkh gekjh vuwBh igpku gSaA
vkius ns•k gksxk fd Hkkjr osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dh viuh&viuh fof'k"V
dyk,¡ gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns•k gksxk fd gekjh dykvksa dks R;ksgkjksa] mRloksa ls
vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s dyk,¡ tUeksRlo ls ysdj] 'kknh&C;kg] iwtk rFkk
•srh&ckM+h ls Hkh tqM+h gSaA euq"; osQ thou ls tqM+h gksus osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr dh
;s fof'k"V dyk,¡ fojklr osQ çfr gesa mRlkg vkSj fo'okl ls Hkj nsrh gSaA D;k
vkidks ;g ugha yxrk fd ioks±&R;ksgkjksa ;k fiQj iQlyksa ls dykvksa dk tqM+ko
gh ,d vksj bls osQoy euksjatu ;k vyadj.k gksus ls cpkrk gS] rks nwljh vksj
;gh igyw] çkphu ijaijkvksa dh lrr fujarjrk dks cuk, j•rk gSA okLro esa ;gh
vrhr vkSj orZeku osQ chp tqM+ko dh dM+h Hkh gSA
vxj ge vkt ihNs eqM+dj ns•sa rks ik,¡xs fd tutkrh; vkSj yksddyk
'kSfy;ksa osQ lHkh :iksa esa ,d O;oLFkk Hkh fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] tks vkxs pydj
'kkL=kh; dykvksa dk vk/kj cuhaA ,d ckr è;ku nsus dh gS fd 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa
lHkh dykvksa dk laca/ yksd ;k lewg ls gh FkkA ckn esa pydj tc budk
laca/ O;olk; ls tqM+k rks O;fDr osaQfær gksrh pyh xb±A eè;dky rd
vkrs&vkrs lkfgR;] fp=k] laxhr] u`R; dyk,¡ jktkvksa vkSj fofHkUu 'kkldksa osQ
laj{k.k esa pyh xbZa vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kkL=kh; fu;eksa esa c¡/haA os dykdkjksa dks
viuh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ vuq:i dykvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ifj"Ñr djus osQ
fy, çksRlkfgr Hkh djrs jgrs FksA
bl rjg eafnjksa vkSj egyksa esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ ;s dyk,¡ 'kkL=kh; Lo:i
xzg.k djrh xb±A xqIr lkezkT; esa rks ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p xb±A Hkjr eqfu osQ
ukV~;'kkL=k esa budk 'kkL=kh; Lo:i cuk] tks dyk osQ fy, vc rd dk çkIr
lcls egRoiw.kZ 'kkL=k gSA
Reprint 2025-26
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  61
'kkL=k us laxhr] u`R;&vfHku; dykvksa dks ,d 'kkL=kh; dyk dk Lo:i
fn;kA fiQj Hkh yksd dyk,¡ viuh tM+ksa ls iwjh rjg tqM+h jghaA vkt dh dykvksa
dh tM+sa yksd esa gh gSa] pkgs fp=kdyk gks] laxhrdyk gks ;k fiQj u`R; dykA
'kkL=kh; vkSj yksddykvksa osQ chp dHkh u •Re gksus okyk laokn gh budh
rkdr gSA
fp=kdyk
fp=kdkjh çkphu dky ls gh gekjs thou dk
vfHkUu vax jgk gSA tc gekjs ikl Hkk"kk ugha
Fkh rc Hkh fp=kdkjh Fkh vkSj ;gh vfHkO;fDr
dk ekè;e FkhA çkxSfrgkfld le; es vius
okrkoj.k] jgu&lgu] Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks
euq"; us fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls gh O;Dr fd;kA
lcls çkphu fp=kksa osQ uewus 'kSy fp=kksa dks
gh ekuk tkrk gSA ;s pêðkuksa ij çkÑfrd jaxksa
ls cus gq, fp=k gSaA ;s xq- iQkvksa esa feyrs gSaA
eè; çns'k esa Hkhe csVdk dh xq- iQk,¡ 'kSy fp=kksa osQ
fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA bu fp=kksa esa thou dh jks
-
tejkZ
dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'kdkj] u`R;] laxhr] tkuoj] ;q¼]
lkt&lTtk lHkh oqQN fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA xq- iQkvksa esa
dyk l`tu dh vfr çkphu ijaijk jgh gSA ,yksjk
vkSj vtark dh xq-iQk,¡ dyk Ñfr;ksa osQ fy,
fo[;kr gSaA
pkSFkh ls NBh lnh osQ chp xqIr lkezkT;
dykvksa osQ fy, Lo.kZ ;qx dgykrk gSA vtark dh
xq-iQk,¡ mUgha fnuksa •ksnh x;haA mudh nhokjksa ij
fp=k cuk, x,A ckx vkSj cknkeh dh xq- iQk,¡ Hkh
,yksjk dh xq - iQkvksa esa
oSQyk'k eafnj dk fp=k
egkjk"Vª dh ojyh 'kSyh esa
cus fp=k
Reprint 2025-26
Page 4


Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  59
ykvksa dh viuh Hkk"kk
gksrh gS tSls& ge vius
vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k]
çÑfr ;k Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Hkk"kk
es O;Dr djrs gSaA oSls gh fp=kdkjh]
laxhr ;k u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ge
vius vkl&ikl vkSj çÑfr dks
vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ge tks dqN
ns•rs&lqurs gSa mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa vkSj u,&u, rjhosQ ls dguk
;k vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSaA leqæ
esa mBrh fxjrh ygjksa dks ns•dj
fp=kdkj mls jaxksa ls ltkrk gSA fpfM+;k¡
dh pgpgkgV dks xk;d Lojksa esa
ltkrk gS rks urZd eu osQ Hkkoksa dks
fofHkUu eqækvksa esa ltkrk gSA dHkh
HkhecsVdk dh xqiQk osQ fp=k
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡
Reprint 2025-26
60   forku
fp=kksa esa] rks dHkh xhrksa esa] dHkh u`R; esa] rks dHkh laxhr esa ;g dgus&lquus dh
ijaijk lfn;ksa ls py jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh u,&u, rjhdkssa esa yxkrkj - tkjh gSA
gekjk ns'k Hkkjr mRlo/ehZ gSA fofo/rk gekjh igpku gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa
vkSj fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fofo/ dyk,¡ Hkh gekjh vuwBh igpku gSaA
vkius ns•k gksxk fd Hkkjr osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dh viuh&viuh fof'k"V
dyk,¡ gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns•k gksxk fd gekjh dykvksa dks R;ksgkjksa] mRloksa ls
vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s dyk,¡ tUeksRlo ls ysdj] 'kknh&C;kg] iwtk rFkk
•srh&ckM+h ls Hkh tqM+h gSaA euq"; osQ thou ls tqM+h gksus osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr dh
;s fof'k"V dyk,¡ fojklr osQ çfr gesa mRlkg vkSj fo'okl ls Hkj nsrh gSaA D;k
vkidks ;g ugha yxrk fd ioks±&R;ksgkjksa ;k fiQj iQlyksa ls dykvksa dk tqM+ko
gh ,d vksj bls osQoy euksjatu ;k vyadj.k gksus ls cpkrk gS] rks nwljh vksj
;gh igyw] çkphu ijaijkvksa dh lrr fujarjrk dks cuk, j•rk gSA okLro esa ;gh
vrhr vkSj orZeku osQ chp tqM+ko dh dM+h Hkh gSA
vxj ge vkt ihNs eqM+dj ns•sa rks ik,¡xs fd tutkrh; vkSj yksddyk
'kSfy;ksa osQ lHkh :iksa esa ,d O;oLFkk Hkh fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] tks vkxs pydj
'kkL=kh; dykvksa dk vk/kj cuhaA ,d ckr è;ku nsus dh gS fd 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa
lHkh dykvksa dk laca/ yksd ;k lewg ls gh FkkA ckn esa pydj tc budk
laca/ O;olk; ls tqM+k rks O;fDr osaQfær gksrh pyh xb±A eè;dky rd
vkrs&vkrs lkfgR;] fp=k] laxhr] u`R; dyk,¡ jktkvksa vkSj fofHkUu 'kkldksa osQ
laj{k.k esa pyh xbZa vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kkL=kh; fu;eksa esa c¡/haA os dykdkjksa dks
viuh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ vuq:i dykvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ifj"Ñr djus osQ
fy, çksRlkfgr Hkh djrs jgrs FksA
bl rjg eafnjksa vkSj egyksa esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ ;s dyk,¡ 'kkL=kh; Lo:i
xzg.k djrh xb±A xqIr lkezkT; esa rks ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p xb±A Hkjr eqfu osQ
ukV~;'kkL=k esa budk 'kkL=kh; Lo:i cuk] tks dyk osQ fy, vc rd dk çkIr
lcls egRoiw.kZ 'kkL=k gSA
Reprint 2025-26
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  61
'kkL=k us laxhr] u`R;&vfHku; dykvksa dks ,d 'kkL=kh; dyk dk Lo:i
fn;kA fiQj Hkh yksd dyk,¡ viuh tM+ksa ls iwjh rjg tqM+h jghaA vkt dh dykvksa
dh tM+sa yksd esa gh gSa] pkgs fp=kdyk gks] laxhrdyk gks ;k fiQj u`R; dykA
'kkL=kh; vkSj yksddykvksa osQ chp dHkh u •Re gksus okyk laokn gh budh
rkdr gSA
fp=kdyk
fp=kdkjh çkphu dky ls gh gekjs thou dk
vfHkUu vax jgk gSA tc gekjs ikl Hkk"kk ugha
Fkh rc Hkh fp=kdkjh Fkh vkSj ;gh vfHkO;fDr
dk ekè;e FkhA çkxSfrgkfld le; es vius
okrkoj.k] jgu&lgu] Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks
euq"; us fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls gh O;Dr fd;kA
lcls çkphu fp=kksa osQ uewus 'kSy fp=kksa dks
gh ekuk tkrk gSA ;s pêðkuksa ij çkÑfrd jaxksa
ls cus gq, fp=k gSaA ;s xq- iQkvksa esa feyrs gSaA
eè; çns'k esa Hkhe csVdk dh xq- iQk,¡ 'kSy fp=kksa osQ
fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA bu fp=kksa esa thou dh jks
-
tejkZ
dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'kdkj] u`R;] laxhr] tkuoj] ;q¼]
lkt&lTtk lHkh oqQN fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA xq- iQkvksa esa
dyk l`tu dh vfr çkphu ijaijk jgh gSA ,yksjk
vkSj vtark dh xq-iQk,¡ dyk Ñfr;ksa osQ fy,
fo[;kr gSaA
pkSFkh ls NBh lnh osQ chp xqIr lkezkT;
dykvksa osQ fy, Lo.kZ ;qx dgykrk gSA vtark dh
xq-iQk,¡ mUgha fnuksa •ksnh x;haA mudh nhokjksa ij
fp=k cuk, x,A ckx vkSj cknkeh dh xq- iQk,¡ Hkh
,yksjk dh xq - iQkvksa esa
oSQyk'k eafnj dk fp=k
egkjk"Vª dh ojyh 'kSyh esa
cus fp=k
Reprint 2025-26
62   forku
blh T+kekus dh gSaA vtark dh xq- iQkvksa osQ fp=k brus vkd"kZd gSa fd os vkt rd
osQ dykdkjksa ij xgjk vlj Mkyrs gSaA ,slk ekuuk gS fd vtark osQ nhokjksa ij
cus fp=kksa dks ckS¼ fHkD•qvksa us cuk;k gSA
lkroha&vkBoha lnh esa pêðkukssa dks dkVdj ,yksjk dh xq- iQk,¡ rS;kj dh xb±A
bldh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS fd bUgha osQ chp oSQyk'k dk cgqr fo'kky eafnj
gSA bu ekuq"kh dyk l`tu dks ns•dj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA mu fnuksa euq"; us bldh
dYiuk oSQls dh gksxh vkSj fiQj ml dYiuk dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, fdruk
ifjJe fd;k gksxk! yxHkx blh le; fufeZr ,yhiSaQVk dh xq- iQk,¡ Hkh feyrh gaSA
;gk¡ f=kewfrZ dh
 - tcjnLr ewfrZ gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ egkcfyiqje dh fo'kky ewfrZ
dyk vkSj ratkSj dh fp=kdyk] dyk dkS'ky osQ vn~~Hkqr mnkgj.k gaSA
ge ftls y?kqfp=k osQ
uke ls tkurs gSa] os nks
çdkj osQ gSaA ,d&LFkk;h
tks diM+ksa] fdrkcksa] ydM+h
;k dkxT+k ij fd;k tkrk
gSA buesa vka/zçns'k vkSj
NÙkhlx<+ dh dyedkjh]
iatkc dh iqQydkjh] egkjk"Vª dh ojyh bR;kfn cgqr çfl¼ jgs gSaA buesa ç;ksx
gksus okyh lHkh lkexzh çkÑfrd gh gksrh gSaA
bu fp=kksa dh fo'ks"krk gS budh
fofHkUu çdkj dh 'kSfy;k¡A ouksa&xk¡oksa
osQ yksx viuh&viuh ikjaifjd
'kSfy;ksa esa fp=kdkjh djrs gSaA
jktLFkku osQ fpÙkkS<+x<+ esa dykdkj
ydM+h osQ eafnjksa ij fp=kdkjh
djrs FksA bls fdokM+ isafVax Hkh
fdokM+ fp=kdkjh] jktLFkku
iVfp=k] mM+hlk
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Page 5


Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  59
ykvksa dh viuh Hkk"kk
gksrh gS tSls& ge vius
vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k]
çÑfr ;k Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks Hkk"kk
es O;Dr djrs gSaA oSls gh fp=kdkjh]
laxhr ;k u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh ge
vius vkl&ikl vkSj çÑfr dks
vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ge tks dqN
ns•rs&lqurs gSa mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa vkSj u,&u, rjhosQ ls dguk
;k vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSaA leqæ
esa mBrh fxjrh ygjksa dks ns•dj
fp=kdkj mls jaxksa ls ltkrk gSA fpfM+;k¡
dh pgpgkgV dks xk;d Lojksa esa
ltkrk gS rks urZd eu osQ Hkkoksa dks
fofHkUu eqækvksa esa ltkrk gSA dHkh
HkhecsVdk dh xqiQk osQ fp=k
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡
Reprint 2025-26
60   forku
fp=kksa esa] rks dHkh xhrksa esa] dHkh u`R; esa] rks dHkh laxhr esa ;g dgus&lquus dh
ijaijk lfn;ksa ls py jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh u,&u, rjhdkssa esa yxkrkj - tkjh gSA
gekjk ns'k Hkkjr mRlo/ehZ gSA fofo/rk gekjh igpku gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa
vkSj fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fofo/ dyk,¡ Hkh gekjh vuwBh igpku gSaA
vkius ns•k gksxk fd Hkkjr osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dh viuh&viuh fof'k"V
dyk,¡ gSaA vkius ;g Hkh ns•k gksxk fd gekjh dykvksa dks R;ksgkjksa] mRloksa ls
vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s dyk,¡ tUeksRlo ls ysdj] 'kknh&C;kg] iwtk rFkk
•srh&ckM+h ls Hkh tqM+h gSaA euq"; osQ thou ls tqM+h gksus osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr dh
;s fof'k"V dyk,¡ fojklr osQ çfr gesa mRlkg vkSj fo'okl ls Hkj nsrh gSaA D;k
vkidks ;g ugha yxrk fd ioks±&R;ksgkjksa ;k fiQj iQlyksa ls dykvksa dk tqM+ko
gh ,d vksj bls osQoy euksjatu ;k vyadj.k gksus ls cpkrk gS] rks nwljh vksj
;gh igyw] çkphu ijaijkvksa dh lrr fujarjrk dks cuk, j•rk gSA okLro esa ;gh
vrhr vkSj orZeku osQ chp tqM+ko dh dM+h Hkh gSA
vxj ge vkt ihNs eqM+dj ns•sa rks ik,¡xs fd tutkrh; vkSj yksddyk
'kSfy;ksa osQ lHkh :iksa esa ,d O;oLFkk Hkh fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] tks vkxs pydj
'kkL=kh; dykvksa dk vk/kj cuhaA ,d ckr è;ku nsus dh gS fd 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa
lHkh dykvksa dk laca/ yksd ;k lewg ls gh FkkA ckn esa pydj tc budk
laca/ O;olk; ls tqM+k rks O;fDr osaQfær gksrh pyh xb±A eè;dky rd
vkrs&vkrs lkfgR;] fp=k] laxhr] u`R; dyk,¡ jktkvksa vkSj fofHkUu 'kkldksa osQ
laj{k.k esa pyh xbZa vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kkL=kh; fu;eksa esa c¡/haA os dykdkjksa dks
viuh vfHk#fp;ksa osQ vuq:i dykvksa dks lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ifj"Ñr djus osQ
fy, çksRlkfgr Hkh djrs jgrs FksA
bl rjg eafnjksa vkSj egyksa esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ ;s dyk,¡ 'kkL=kh; Lo:i
xzg.k djrh xb±A xqIr lkezkT; esa rks ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p xb±A Hkjr eqfu osQ
ukV~;'kkL=k esa budk 'kkL=kh; Lo:i cuk] tks dyk osQ fy, vc rd dk çkIr
lcls egRoiw.kZ 'kkL=k gSA
Reprint 2025-26
Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  61
'kkL=k us laxhr] u`R;&vfHku; dykvksa dks ,d 'kkL=kh; dyk dk Lo:i
fn;kA fiQj Hkh yksd dyk,¡ viuh tM+ksa ls iwjh rjg tqM+h jghaA vkt dh dykvksa
dh tM+sa yksd esa gh gSa] pkgs fp=kdyk gks] laxhrdyk gks ;k fiQj u`R; dykA
'kkL=kh; vkSj yksddykvksa osQ chp dHkh u •Re gksus okyk laokn gh budh
rkdr gSA
fp=kdyk
fp=kdkjh çkphu dky ls gh gekjs thou dk
vfHkUu vax jgk gSA tc gekjs ikl Hkk"kk ugha
Fkh rc Hkh fp=kdkjh Fkh vkSj ;gh vfHkO;fDr
dk ekè;e FkhA çkxSfrgkfld le; es vius
okrkoj.k] jgu&lgu] Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks
euq"; us fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls gh O;Dr fd;kA
lcls çkphu fp=kksa osQ uewus 'kSy fp=kksa dks
gh ekuk tkrk gSA ;s pêðkuksa ij çkÑfrd jaxksa
ls cus gq, fp=k gSaA ;s xq- iQkvksa esa feyrs gSaA
eè; çns'k esa Hkhe csVdk dh xq- iQk,¡ 'kSy fp=kksa osQ
fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA bu fp=kksa esa thou dh jks
-
tejkZ
dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'kdkj] u`R;] laxhr] tkuoj] ;q¼]
lkt&lTtk lHkh oqQN fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA xq- iQkvksa esa
dyk l`tu dh vfr çkphu ijaijk jgh gSA ,yksjk
vkSj vtark dh xq-iQk,¡ dyk Ñfr;ksa osQ fy,
fo[;kr gSaA
pkSFkh ls NBh lnh osQ chp xqIr lkezkT;
dykvksa osQ fy, Lo.kZ ;qx dgykrk gSA vtark dh
xq-iQk,¡ mUgha fnuksa •ksnh x;haA mudh nhokjksa ij
fp=k cuk, x,A ckx vkSj cknkeh dh xq- iQk,¡ Hkh
,yksjk dh xq - iQkvksa esa
oSQyk'k eafnj dk fp=k
egkjk"Vª dh ojyh 'kSyh esa
cus fp=k
Reprint 2025-26
62   forku
blh T+kekus dh gSaA vtark dh xq- iQkvksa osQ fp=k brus vkd"kZd gSa fd os vkt rd
osQ dykdkjksa ij xgjk vlj Mkyrs gSaA ,slk ekuuk gS fd vtark osQ nhokjksa ij
cus fp=kksa dks ckS¼ fHkD•qvksa us cuk;k gSA
lkroha&vkBoha lnh esa pêðkukssa dks dkVdj ,yksjk dh xq- iQk,¡ rS;kj dh xb±A
bldh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS fd bUgha osQ chp oSQyk'k dk cgqr fo'kky eafnj
gSA bu ekuq"kh dyk l`tu dks ns•dj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA mu fnuksa euq"; us bldh
dYiuk oSQls dh gksxh vkSj fiQj ml dYiuk dks lkdkj djus osQ fy, fdruk
ifjJe fd;k gksxk! yxHkx blh le; fufeZr ,yhiSaQVk dh xq- iQk,¡ Hkh feyrh gaSA
;gk¡ f=kewfrZ dh
 - tcjnLr ewfrZ gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ egkcfyiqje dh fo'kky ewfrZ
dyk vkSj ratkSj dh fp=kdyk] dyk dkS'ky osQ vn~~Hkqr mnkgj.k gaSA
ge ftls y?kqfp=k osQ
uke ls tkurs gSa] os nks
çdkj osQ gSaA ,d&LFkk;h
tks diM+ksa] fdrkcksa] ydM+h
;k dkxT+k ij fd;k tkrk
gSA buesa vka/zçns'k vkSj
NÙkhlx<+ dh dyedkjh]
iatkc dh iqQydkjh] egkjk"Vª dh ojyh bR;kfn cgqr çfl¼ jgs gSaA buesa ç;ksx
gksus okyh lHkh lkexzh çkÑfrd gh gksrh gSaA
bu fp=kksa dh fo'ks"krk gS budh
fofHkUu çdkj dh 'kSfy;k¡A ouksa&xk¡oksa
osQ yksx viuh&viuh ikjaifjd
'kSfy;ksa esa fp=kdkjh djrs gSaA
jktLFkku osQ fpÙkkS<+x<+ esa dykdkj
ydM+h osQ eafnjksa ij fp=kdkjh
djrs FksA bls fdokM+ isafVax Hkh
fdokM+ fp=kdkjh] jktLFkku
iVfp=k] mM+hlk
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Hkkjrh; dyk,¡  63
dgrs gSaA bl fp=kdkjh esa fp=k osQ ekè;e ls lkaLÑfrd vkSj ,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa
dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
mM+hlk osQ iVfp=k dFkk esa dfo t;nso osQ xhrxksfoan dks Hkh mosQjk x;k gSA
bls dkxT+k ;k iÙkksa ij xgjs yky] dkys] uhys jaxksa ls mosQjrs gSaA ns•us dh ckr
gS fd xhrxksfoan osQ inksa dks urZd vksfM+'kh u`R; osQ ekè;e ls Hkh vfHkO;Dr
djrs gSaA lHkh dyk,¡ ,d nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ gaSA
fefFkyk dh fp=kdkjh esa e/qcuh fp=kdyk Hkh cgqr çfl¼ gSA vkt Hkh
dykdkj viuh bl dyk dks f - tank j•s gq, gSaA vkt osQ jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ckT+kkj
esa Hkh bu y?kq yksd dykvksa dh cgqr ekax gSA
vLFkk;h dykvksa esa dksgcj] ,si.k] vYiuk]
jaxksyh tSlh dyk,¡ dk- iQh çpfyr gSaA bu dykvksa
dk laca/ 'kknh&R;ksgkj vkSj mRloksa ls gSA
bUgsa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vyx&vyx uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
okLro esa mÙkjk•aM esa ftls ,si.k dgrs
gSa mls gh jktLFkku esa eaMok] xqtjkr esa
lfÙk;k] egkjk"Vª esa jaxksyh] fcgkj esa vfjiu]
eè;çns'k vkSj mÙkjçns'k esa pkSdiwjuk] nf{k.k
Hkkjr esa dksye ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s
lHkh fdlh fo'ks"k ekaxfyd voljksa ij cuk, tkrs gSaA dykvksa dk ;g vn~~Hkqr
lalkj gekjh laLÑfr dh igpku gS] ij ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd fganqLrkuh
dyk ftruh fganqLrku esa fn•kbZ iM+rh gS] blls dgha vf/d mlosQ ckgj Hkh
gSA ;g è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ;gk¡ dh dyk vU; ns'kksa esa fdl çdkj
fodflr vkSj lqjf{kr gSA okLro esa ¶fganqLrku osQ vanj dh gh fganqLrkuh dyk
dks tkuuk mldh vk/h gh dgkuh tkuus osQ cjkcj gSA mls iwjh rkSj ij
le>us osQ fy, gesa ckS¼&/eZ osQ lkFk&lkFk eè;&,f'k;k] phu vkSj tkiku
jaxksyh fp=kdyk
Reprint 2025-26