Yojana Magazine November 2022 - 1 | Monthly Yojana & Kurukshetra Magazine (English) - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Lead aRTICLe
Paradigm of Coastal Security 
B Ranjan
FoCuS
International Maritime T ransport 
Dr Rajoo Balaji
SPeCIaL aRTICLeS 
Coastal erosion 
Sharad Chandra
Blue economy 
Mahabir Singh
NoveMBeR  2022 a deveL oPMeNT MoNThL y
Page 2


Lead aRTICLe
Paradigm of Coastal Security 
B Ranjan
FoCuS
International Maritime T ransport 
Dr Rajoo Balaji
SPeCIaL aRTICLeS 
Coastal erosion 
Sharad Chandra
Blue economy 
Mahabir Singh
NoveMBeR  2022 a deveL oPMeNT MoNThL y
November 2022
YOJANA
Volume-66
No. 11
A DEVELOPMENT MONTHLY
Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.
Rig Veda
Website: www.publicationsdivision.nic.in
@DPD_India
@publicationsdivision
@dpd_india
In ThIs Issue
number of pages: 56
uPCOMInG Issue : Ar ChITe CTure
Details of the Sales Outlets of the Publications Division on Page 33
YOJANA is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, 
Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
Since 1957
LeAd Ar TICLe
PArAdiGM Of C OAsTAl sECUriTy 
B ranjan ..........................................7
FOCus
inTErnATiOnAl MAriTiME 
TrAns POr T 
dr rajoo Balaji ...............................11
sPeCIAL Ar TICLes
COAsTAl Er OsiOn 
sharad Chandra, r P s Verma, 
Ashish Kumar .................................17
Bl UE ECOn OMy 
Mahabir singh ................................29
MArin E PlAs TiCs POll UTiOn 
r Venkatesan, y azhini sivaram ...... 23
sAilinG THr OUGH THE HisTOry ... 39
POr T-lEd dEVEl OPMEnT .......... 45
indiAn C OAsTAl C OMMUniTy 
And CliMATE CHAnGE 
Asir ramesh. d ,  
Amali infantina. J, Priya. P ............. 49
Chief eDitoR 
rAkeshrenu
eDitoR 
shuChITA ChATurvedI
ouR RePReSeNTaTIveS 
Ahmedabad: sumanben A Machhar , Bengaluru: 
BK Kiranmai, Bhubaneswar: itishree singh rathaur , 
Chennai: sanjay Ghosh, Guwahati: Maruf Alam, 
Hyderabad: Krishna Vandana P , Jalandhar: Gagandeep 
Kaur devgan, Kolkata: Khurshid Mallick, Mumbai: 
Umesh Ujgare: Thiruvananthapuram: roy Chacko.
Joint DiReC toR , PRoDuC tion 
d k C hrudhAInATh CoveR DeSign
BIndu verMA
Yojana (English): r oom no. 647, soochna Bhawan, 
CGO Complex, lodhi r oad, new delhi-110 003.  
E-mail (Editorial): sec-yojanaeng-moib@gov.in
YOJANA, a development monthly published since 
1957, is a theme-based journal providing in-depth 
analyses and views on socio-economic issues in 
the broader framework of government policies. 
Although published by the Ministry of information 
and Broadcasting, YOJANA is not restricted to 
expressing the official point of view.
dIsCLAIMer
l 	 The 	 vie ws 	 e xpre sse d 	 in 	 various 	 articles 	 are	
those 	 of 	 the 	 authors 	 and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 ne c essarily	
re flect 	 the 	 vie ws 	 of 	 the 	 Go vernme n t 	 or 	 the	
organisation/ s 	 the y 	 work 	 f or .
l Map s/flags 	 use d 	 in 	 the 	 article s 	 are 	 only 	 indic ative 	
and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 re flect 	 the 	 politic al 	 map 	 or 	 le gal	
re presen t ation 	 of 	 the 	 flag 	 of 	 India/an y 	 othe r	
c oun try .
l The 	 inf ographics/figure s 	 are 	 pro vide d 	 b y 	 the	
authors 	 through 	 the ir 	 re liable 	 sourc e s 	 and	
YOJANA 	 claims 	 no 	 re sponsibility 	 f or 	 the 	 same.
l Image s, 	 graphics 	 and 	 illus trations, 	 whe re ve r	
use d, 	 are 	 mos tly 	 sourc ed 	 from 	 go vernme n t	
channels 	 and 	 are 	 indic ative 	 in 	 nature .
l YOJANA 	does 	not 	o wn 	re sponsibility 	re garding	
the 	 c on t e n ts 	 of 	 the 	 adve rtise men ts. 	 The 	 re aders	
are 	 re que s t e d 	 t o 	 ve rify 	 the 	 claims 	 made 	 in 	 the	
adve rtise men ts 	 re garding 	 c ourse s, 	 c are e r -
guidanc e 	 book s 	 or 	 ins titutions.
l YOJANA doesn't 	 e ndorse 	 or 	 promot e 	 an y 	 brands	
or 	 privat e 	 e n titie s 	 prese n t ed 	 as 	 c ase 	 s tudie s 	 in 	 an y	 
of 	 the 	 article s.
suBsCrIPTIOn/GrIev AnCes
Email: pdjucir@gmail.com 
Phone: 011-24367453  
(Monday-Friday, 9:30 am- 6:00 pm)
Postal Address: Abhishek Chaturvedi, Editor, 
Journals Unit, Publications division, r oom n o. 
779, soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, lodhi 
r oad, new delhi-110 003.
Please	 not e	 that	 it	 will	 t ak e	 atleas t	 eigh t	
week s	 t o	 s t art	 your	 sub scrip tion.	 Kindly	 raise	 
your	 queries/grie vanc es	 about	 non	 rec eip t	 of	 the	
journals	only	aft er	this	period.
SUBSCRIPTION-RELATED DETAILS : Page 48
re GuLArs
deveLOPMenT rOAdMAP 
Ins Vikrant: India’s First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier .............................................. 36
dO YOu knO w? New Ensign of Indian Navy ......................................................... 43
Page 3


Lead aRTICLe
Paradigm of Coastal Security 
B Ranjan
FoCuS
International Maritime T ransport 
Dr Rajoo Balaji
SPeCIaL aRTICLeS 
Coastal erosion 
Sharad Chandra
Blue economy 
Mahabir Singh
NoveMBeR  2022 a deveL oPMeNT MoNThL y
November 2022
YOJANA
Volume-66
No. 11
A DEVELOPMENT MONTHLY
Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.
Rig Veda
Website: www.publicationsdivision.nic.in
@DPD_India
@publicationsdivision
@dpd_india
In ThIs Issue
number of pages: 56
uPCOMInG Issue : Ar ChITe CTure
Details of the Sales Outlets of the Publications Division on Page 33
YOJANA is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, 
Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
Since 1957
LeAd Ar TICLe
PArAdiGM Of C OAsTAl sECUriTy 
B ranjan ..........................................7
FOCus
inTErnATiOnAl MAriTiME 
TrAns POr T 
dr rajoo Balaji ...............................11
sPeCIAL Ar TICLes
COAsTAl Er OsiOn 
sharad Chandra, r P s Verma, 
Ashish Kumar .................................17
Bl UE ECOn OMy 
Mahabir singh ................................29
MArin E PlAs TiCs POll UTiOn 
r Venkatesan, y azhini sivaram ...... 23
sAilinG THr OUGH THE HisTOry ... 39
POr T-lEd dEVEl OPMEnT .......... 45
indiAn C OAsTAl C OMMUniTy 
And CliMATE CHAnGE 
Asir ramesh. d ,  
Amali infantina. J, Priya. P ............. 49
Chief eDitoR 
rAkeshrenu
eDitoR 
shuChITA ChATurvedI
ouR RePReSeNTaTIveS 
Ahmedabad: sumanben A Machhar , Bengaluru: 
BK Kiranmai, Bhubaneswar: itishree singh rathaur , 
Chennai: sanjay Ghosh, Guwahati: Maruf Alam, 
Hyderabad: Krishna Vandana P , Jalandhar: Gagandeep 
Kaur devgan, Kolkata: Khurshid Mallick, Mumbai: 
Umesh Ujgare: Thiruvananthapuram: roy Chacko.
Joint DiReC toR , PRoDuC tion 
d k C hrudhAInATh CoveR DeSign
BIndu verMA
Yojana (English): r oom no. 647, soochna Bhawan, 
CGO Complex, lodhi r oad, new delhi-110 003.  
E-mail (Editorial): sec-yojanaeng-moib@gov.in
YOJANA, a development monthly published since 
1957, is a theme-based journal providing in-depth 
analyses and views on socio-economic issues in 
the broader framework of government policies. 
Although published by the Ministry of information 
and Broadcasting, YOJANA is not restricted to 
expressing the official point of view.
dIsCLAIMer
l 	 The 	 vie ws 	 e xpre sse d 	 in 	 various 	 articles 	 are	
those 	 of 	 the 	 authors 	 and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 ne c essarily	
re flect 	 the 	 vie ws 	 of 	 the 	 Go vernme n t 	 or 	 the	
organisation/ s 	 the y 	 work 	 f or .
l Map s/flags 	 use d 	 in 	 the 	 article s 	 are 	 only 	 indic ative 	
and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 re flect 	 the 	 politic al 	 map 	 or 	 le gal	
re presen t ation 	 of 	 the 	 flag 	 of 	 India/an y 	 othe r	
c oun try .
l The 	 inf ographics/figure s 	 are 	 pro vide d 	 b y 	 the	
authors 	 through 	 the ir 	 re liable 	 sourc e s 	 and	
YOJANA 	 claims 	 no 	 re sponsibility 	 f or 	 the 	 same.
l Image s, 	 graphics 	 and 	 illus trations, 	 whe re ve r	
use d, 	 are 	 mos tly 	 sourc ed 	 from 	 go vernme n t	
channels 	 and 	 are 	 indic ative 	 in 	 nature .
l YOJANA 	does 	not 	o wn 	re sponsibility 	re garding	
the 	 c on t e n ts 	 of 	 the 	 adve rtise men ts. 	 The 	 re aders	
are 	 re que s t e d 	 t o 	 ve rify 	 the 	 claims 	 made 	 in 	 the	
adve rtise men ts 	 re garding 	 c ourse s, 	 c are e r -
guidanc e 	 book s 	 or 	 ins titutions.
l YOJANA doesn't 	 e ndorse 	 or 	 promot e 	 an y 	 brands	
or 	 privat e 	 e n titie s 	 prese n t ed 	 as 	 c ase 	 s tudie s 	 in 	 an y	 
of 	 the 	 article s.
suBsCrIPTIOn/GrIev AnCes
Email: pdjucir@gmail.com 
Phone: 011-24367453  
(Monday-Friday, 9:30 am- 6:00 pm)
Postal Address: Abhishek Chaturvedi, Editor, 
Journals Unit, Publications division, r oom n o. 
779, soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, lodhi 
r oad, new delhi-110 003.
Please	 not e	 that	 it	 will	 t ak e	 atleas t	 eigh t	
week s	 t o	 s t art	 your	 sub scrip tion.	 Kindly	 raise	 
your	 queries/grie vanc es	 about	 non	 rec eip t	 of	 the	
journals	only	aft er	this	period.
SUBSCRIPTION-RELATED DETAILS : Page 48
re GuLArs
deveLOPMenT rOAdMAP 
Ins Vikrant: India’s First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier .............................................. 36
dO YOu knO w? New Ensign of Indian Navy ......................................................... 43
YOJANA   November 2022 5
Editorial
YOJANA
Looking Seaward
I
ndia has a vast coastline stretched over 7000 
kilometres having over 1000 offshore islands 
that bring bountiful resources and opportunities. 
It provides long stretch of shores that has been 
a habitat of varied coastal communities as 
well as vegetation. It also opens contours of 
communication and businesses with the outside 
world. Safeguarding these waters from external 
threats and protecting India’s maritime interests 
is of great importance, particularly in the 
geopolitical and security situation that prevails 
in the Indian Ocean region. The country’s 
maritime interests encompass the maintenance of 
the territorial integrity of India against seaward 
challenges and threats as well as the protection of its maritime trade and people engaged 
with it. The safety and unhindered continuity of maritime trade, through a wide network 
of ships is also a primary national concern as it directly impacts our economy. 
With the focus on promoting the blue economy, port-led development plans, growth 
in coastal shipping, trade protocol routes, cruise tourism, and the Sagarmala Project for 
port-led development, oceanic traffic is expected to increase further. The Sagarmala 
Project intends to achieve the broad objectives of enhancing the capacity of major and 
non-major ports and modernising them to make them efficient, thereby enabling them 
to become drivers of port-led economic development, optimising the use of existing 
and future transport assets and developing new linkages for transport, setting up of 
logistics hubs, and establishment of industries and manufacturing centres to be served 
by ports in Exim and domestic trade. In addition to strengthening port and evacuation 
infrastructure, it also aims at simplifying procedures used at ports for cargo movement 
and promotes the usage of electronic channels for information exchange leading to 
quick, efficient, hassle-free, and seamless cargo movement. These may translate into an 
increased likelihood of maritime challenges in the proximity of the Indian Coast. The 
country’s maritime sector plays a crucial role in its overall trade and growth, with 95% 
of the country’s trade volume and 65% of the trade value being undertaken through 
maritime transport.
With the objective of propelling India to the forefront of the Global Maritime 
Sector, Maritime India Vision 2030 was formulated as a blueprint to ensure coordinated 
and accelerated growth of India’s maritime sector in the next decade. Key themes which 
are identified to be essential for India to secure its place at the forefront of the Global 
Maritime Sector include developing best-in-class Port infrastructure, logistics efficiency 
and cost competitiveness, use of technology and innovation, enhancing global stature 
and maritime cooperation, leading the world in safe, sustainable, and green maritime 
sector, and enhancing cargo and passenger movement through inland waterways. This 
issue discusses how through these initiatives, India is exploring unchartered waters and 
aiming to realise the potential of its maritime sector to the fullest.                               ?
Page 4


Lead aRTICLe
Paradigm of Coastal Security 
B Ranjan
FoCuS
International Maritime T ransport 
Dr Rajoo Balaji
SPeCIaL aRTICLeS 
Coastal erosion 
Sharad Chandra
Blue economy 
Mahabir Singh
NoveMBeR  2022 a deveL oPMeNT MoNThL y
November 2022
YOJANA
Volume-66
No. 11
A DEVELOPMENT MONTHLY
Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.
Rig Veda
Website: www.publicationsdivision.nic.in
@DPD_India
@publicationsdivision
@dpd_india
In ThIs Issue
number of pages: 56
uPCOMInG Issue : Ar ChITe CTure
Details of the Sales Outlets of the Publications Division on Page 33
YOJANA is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, 
Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
Since 1957
LeAd Ar TICLe
PArAdiGM Of C OAsTAl sECUriTy 
B ranjan ..........................................7
FOCus
inTErnATiOnAl MAriTiME 
TrAns POr T 
dr rajoo Balaji ...............................11
sPeCIAL Ar TICLes
COAsTAl Er OsiOn 
sharad Chandra, r P s Verma, 
Ashish Kumar .................................17
Bl UE ECOn OMy 
Mahabir singh ................................29
MArin E PlAs TiCs POll UTiOn 
r Venkatesan, y azhini sivaram ...... 23
sAilinG THr OUGH THE HisTOry ... 39
POr T-lEd dEVEl OPMEnT .......... 45
indiAn C OAsTAl C OMMUniTy 
And CliMATE CHAnGE 
Asir ramesh. d ,  
Amali infantina. J, Priya. P ............. 49
Chief eDitoR 
rAkeshrenu
eDitoR 
shuChITA ChATurvedI
ouR RePReSeNTaTIveS 
Ahmedabad: sumanben A Machhar , Bengaluru: 
BK Kiranmai, Bhubaneswar: itishree singh rathaur , 
Chennai: sanjay Ghosh, Guwahati: Maruf Alam, 
Hyderabad: Krishna Vandana P , Jalandhar: Gagandeep 
Kaur devgan, Kolkata: Khurshid Mallick, Mumbai: 
Umesh Ujgare: Thiruvananthapuram: roy Chacko.
Joint DiReC toR , PRoDuC tion 
d k C hrudhAInATh CoveR DeSign
BIndu verMA
Yojana (English): r oom no. 647, soochna Bhawan, 
CGO Complex, lodhi r oad, new delhi-110 003.  
E-mail (Editorial): sec-yojanaeng-moib@gov.in
YOJANA, a development monthly published since 
1957, is a theme-based journal providing in-depth 
analyses and views on socio-economic issues in 
the broader framework of government policies. 
Although published by the Ministry of information 
and Broadcasting, YOJANA is not restricted to 
expressing the official point of view.
dIsCLAIMer
l 	 The 	 vie ws 	 e xpre sse d 	 in 	 various 	 articles 	 are	
those 	 of 	 the 	 authors 	 and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 ne c essarily	
re flect 	 the 	 vie ws 	 of 	 the 	 Go vernme n t 	 or 	 the	
organisation/ s 	 the y 	 work 	 f or .
l Map s/flags 	 use d 	 in 	 the 	 article s 	 are 	 only 	 indic ative 	
and 	 the y 	 do 	 not 	 re flect 	 the 	 politic al 	 map 	 or 	 le gal	
re presen t ation 	 of 	 the 	 flag 	 of 	 India/an y 	 othe r	
c oun try .
l The 	 inf ographics/figure s 	 are 	 pro vide d 	 b y 	 the	
authors 	 through 	 the ir 	 re liable 	 sourc e s 	 and	
YOJANA 	 claims 	 no 	 re sponsibility 	 f or 	 the 	 same.
l Image s, 	 graphics 	 and 	 illus trations, 	 whe re ve r	
use d, 	 are 	 mos tly 	 sourc ed 	 from 	 go vernme n t	
channels 	 and 	 are 	 indic ative 	 in 	 nature .
l YOJANA 	does 	not 	o wn 	re sponsibility 	re garding	
the 	 c on t e n ts 	 of 	 the 	 adve rtise men ts. 	 The 	 re aders	
are 	 re que s t e d 	 t o 	 ve rify 	 the 	 claims 	 made 	 in 	 the	
adve rtise men ts 	 re garding 	 c ourse s, 	 c are e r -
guidanc e 	 book s 	 or 	 ins titutions.
l YOJANA doesn't 	 e ndorse 	 or 	 promot e 	 an y 	 brands	
or 	 privat e 	 e n titie s 	 prese n t ed 	 as 	 c ase 	 s tudie s 	 in 	 an y	 
of 	 the 	 article s.
suBsCrIPTIOn/GrIev AnCes
Email: pdjucir@gmail.com 
Phone: 011-24367453  
(Monday-Friday, 9:30 am- 6:00 pm)
Postal Address: Abhishek Chaturvedi, Editor, 
Journals Unit, Publications division, r oom n o. 
779, soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, lodhi 
r oad, new delhi-110 003.
Please	 not e	 that	 it	 will	 t ak e	 atleas t	 eigh t	
week s	 t o	 s t art	 your	 sub scrip tion.	 Kindly	 raise	 
your	 queries/grie vanc es	 about	 non	 rec eip t	 of	 the	
journals	only	aft er	this	period.
SUBSCRIPTION-RELATED DETAILS : Page 48
re GuLArs
deveLOPMenT rOAdMAP 
Ins Vikrant: India’s First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier .............................................. 36
dO YOu knO w? New Ensign of Indian Navy ......................................................... 43
YOJANA   November 2022 5
Editorial
YOJANA
Looking Seaward
I
ndia has a vast coastline stretched over 7000 
kilometres having over 1000 offshore islands 
that bring bountiful resources and opportunities. 
It provides long stretch of shores that has been 
a habitat of varied coastal communities as 
well as vegetation. It also opens contours of 
communication and businesses with the outside 
world. Safeguarding these waters from external 
threats and protecting India’s maritime interests 
is of great importance, particularly in the 
geopolitical and security situation that prevails 
in the Indian Ocean region. The country’s 
maritime interests encompass the maintenance of 
the territorial integrity of India against seaward 
challenges and threats as well as the protection of its maritime trade and people engaged 
with it. The safety and unhindered continuity of maritime trade, through a wide network 
of ships is also a primary national concern as it directly impacts our economy. 
With the focus on promoting the blue economy, port-led development plans, growth 
in coastal shipping, trade protocol routes, cruise tourism, and the Sagarmala Project for 
port-led development, oceanic traffic is expected to increase further. The Sagarmala 
Project intends to achieve the broad objectives of enhancing the capacity of major and 
non-major ports and modernising them to make them efficient, thereby enabling them 
to become drivers of port-led economic development, optimising the use of existing 
and future transport assets and developing new linkages for transport, setting up of 
logistics hubs, and establishment of industries and manufacturing centres to be served 
by ports in Exim and domestic trade. In addition to strengthening port and evacuation 
infrastructure, it also aims at simplifying procedures used at ports for cargo movement 
and promotes the usage of electronic channels for information exchange leading to 
quick, efficient, hassle-free, and seamless cargo movement. These may translate into an 
increased likelihood of maritime challenges in the proximity of the Indian Coast. The 
country’s maritime sector plays a crucial role in its overall trade and growth, with 95% 
of the country’s trade volume and 65% of the trade value being undertaken through 
maritime transport.
With the objective of propelling India to the forefront of the Global Maritime 
Sector, Maritime India Vision 2030 was formulated as a blueprint to ensure coordinated 
and accelerated growth of India’s maritime sector in the next decade. Key themes which 
are identified to be essential for India to secure its place at the forefront of the Global 
Maritime Sector include developing best-in-class Port infrastructure, logistics efficiency 
and cost competitiveness, use of technology and innovation, enhancing global stature 
and maritime cooperation, leading the world in safe, sustainable, and green maritime 
sector, and enhancing cargo and passenger movement through inland waterways. This 
issue discusses how through these initiatives, India is exploring unchartered waters and 
aiming to realise the potential of its maritime sector to the fullest.                               ?
YOJANA   November 2022 7
ceans are vast, covering 363 million square kilometres, equivalent 
to approximately 72% of the Earth’s surface. More than 600 million 
people, equal to around 10% of the world’s population, live in 
coastal areas that are 10 meters above the sea level, and nearly 2.4 
billion people, about 40 % of the world’s population, the live within 100 km of 
the coast. In the Indian context, three out of four metro cities are located on the 
coast. About 14.2% of the population in India lives in coastal districts. Around 
95% of India’s trade by volume and 68% by value is conducted through these 
waters, with priority being accorded to port-led development plans in recent 
years. 
The offshore development areas are critical for securing India’s energy 
needs, and we have one of the largest fishing fleets globally. In sum, oceans are 
the lifeline of global prosperity and pertinent for our fortune too. India, with 
a coastline of 7516 km along the mainland and island territories, occupies a 
significant position in the maritime economics of the world trade overseeing the 
busiest of the international shipping lanes. There are nine Coastal States, four 
Union Territories and 1295 islands spread along the coast of India, including the 
Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the east and Lakshadweep Islands in the west. 
The coastal areas host major commercial cities, and significant strategic and 
vital installations of Defence, Atomic Energy, Petroleum, and private ventures 
besides 12 major ports and more than 239 non-major ports, thus increasing the 
coastline’s vulnerability. 
To gauge the enormity of Area of Responsibility (AoR) and the challenges 
therein, we need to have an antithetical view of the nation facing the Indian 
Ocean. The geostrategic location of the Indian peninsula poses typical oceanic 
challenges owing to proximity to major international shipping lanes, inimical 
Paradigm of Coastal Security
B Ranjan
B Ranjan, DIG, Indian Coast Guard is currently designated as Principal Director (Operations & Coastal Security) at Coast Guard 
Headquarters, New Delhi. Email: proicg@rediffmail.com
O
The security of the coastline 
in India was in existence in 
the rudimentary form before 
the 1993 Mumbai blasts, 
wherein, it was established 
that the explosives used 
were smuggled through 
the sea route. It was then 
that the need for a Coastal 
Security mechanism 
emerged. The impetus 
for an institutionalised 
framework was accorded 
by the Group of Ministers 
Recommendations after the 
Kargil War. However, the 
coastal security construct, 
framework and mechanism 
took a paradigm shift after 
the 26/11 Mumbai terror 
attacks. Almost after a 
decade of implementation 
of measures, have we 
transformed our coastal 
security system? The 
article will dwell upon the 
challenges and actions 
initiated by the Indian Coast 
Guard in coordination 
and cooperation with 
all stakeholders towards 
achieving the desired level of 
security. 
INDIAN COAST GUARD
LEAD ARTICLE
Page 5


Lead aRTICLe
Paradigm of Coastal Security 
B Ranjan
FoCuS
International Maritime T ransport 
Dr Rajoo Balaji
SPeCIaL aRTICLeS 
Coastal erosion 
Sharad Chandra
Blue economy 
Mahabir Singh
NoveMBeR  2022 a deveL oPMeNT MoNThL y
November 2022
YOJANA
Volume-66
No. 11
A DEVELOPMENT MONTHLY
Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.
Rig Veda
Website: www.publicationsdivision.nic.in
@DPD_India
@publicationsdivision
@dpd_india
In ThIs Issue
number of pages: 56
uPCOMInG Issue : Ar ChITe CTure
Details of the Sales Outlets of the Publications Division on Page 33
YOJANA is published in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, 
Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
Since 1957
LeAd Ar TICLe
PArAdiGM Of C OAsTAl sECUriTy 
B ranjan ..........................................7
FOCus
inTErnATiOnAl MAriTiME 
TrAns POr T 
dr rajoo Balaji ...............................11
sPeCIAL Ar TICLes
COAsTAl Er OsiOn 
sharad Chandra, r P s Verma, 
Ashish Kumar .................................17
Bl UE ECOn OMy 
Mahabir singh ................................29
MArin E PlAs TiCs POll UTiOn 
r Venkatesan, y azhini sivaram ...... 23
sAilinG THr OUGH THE HisTOry ... 39
POr T-lEd dEVEl OPMEnT .......... 45
indiAn C OAsTAl C OMMUniTy 
And CliMATE CHAnGE 
Asir ramesh. d ,  
Amali infantina. J, Priya. P ............. 49
Chief eDitoR 
rAkeshrenu
eDitoR 
shuChITA ChATurvedI
ouR RePReSeNTaTIveS 
Ahmedabad: sumanben A Machhar , Bengaluru: 
BK Kiranmai, Bhubaneswar: itishree singh rathaur , 
Chennai: sanjay Ghosh, Guwahati: Maruf Alam, 
Hyderabad: Krishna Vandana P , Jalandhar: Gagandeep 
Kaur devgan, Kolkata: Khurshid Mallick, Mumbai: 
Umesh Ujgare: Thiruvananthapuram: roy Chacko.
Joint DiReC toR , PRoDuC tion 
d k C hrudhAInATh CoveR DeSign
BIndu verMA
Yojana (English): r oom no. 647, soochna Bhawan, 
CGO Complex, lodhi r oad, new delhi-110 003.  
E-mail (Editorial): sec-yojanaeng-moib@gov.in
YOJANA, a development monthly published since 
1957, is a theme-based journal providing in-depth 
analyses and views on socio-economic issues in 
the broader framework of government policies. 
Although published by the Ministry of information 
and Broadcasting, YOJANA is not restricted to 
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YOJANA   November 2022 5
Editorial
YOJANA
Looking Seaward
I
ndia has a vast coastline stretched over 7000 
kilometres having over 1000 offshore islands 
that bring bountiful resources and opportunities. 
It provides long stretch of shores that has been 
a habitat of varied coastal communities as 
well as vegetation. It also opens contours of 
communication and businesses with the outside 
world. Safeguarding these waters from external 
threats and protecting India’s maritime interests 
is of great importance, particularly in the 
geopolitical and security situation that prevails 
in the Indian Ocean region. The country’s 
maritime interests encompass the maintenance of 
the territorial integrity of India against seaward 
challenges and threats as well as the protection of its maritime trade and people engaged 
with it. The safety and unhindered continuity of maritime trade, through a wide network 
of ships is also a primary national concern as it directly impacts our economy. 
With the focus on promoting the blue economy, port-led development plans, growth 
in coastal shipping, trade protocol routes, cruise tourism, and the Sagarmala Project for 
port-led development, oceanic traffic is expected to increase further. The Sagarmala 
Project intends to achieve the broad objectives of enhancing the capacity of major and 
non-major ports and modernising them to make them efficient, thereby enabling them 
to become drivers of port-led economic development, optimising the use of existing 
and future transport assets and developing new linkages for transport, setting up of 
logistics hubs, and establishment of industries and manufacturing centres to be served 
by ports in Exim and domestic trade. In addition to strengthening port and evacuation 
infrastructure, it also aims at simplifying procedures used at ports for cargo movement 
and promotes the usage of electronic channels for information exchange leading to 
quick, efficient, hassle-free, and seamless cargo movement. These may translate into an 
increased likelihood of maritime challenges in the proximity of the Indian Coast. The 
country’s maritime sector plays a crucial role in its overall trade and growth, with 95% 
of the country’s trade volume and 65% of the trade value being undertaken through 
maritime transport.
With the objective of propelling India to the forefront of the Global Maritime 
Sector, Maritime India Vision 2030 was formulated as a blueprint to ensure coordinated 
and accelerated growth of India’s maritime sector in the next decade. Key themes which 
are identified to be essential for India to secure its place at the forefront of the Global 
Maritime Sector include developing best-in-class Port infrastructure, logistics efficiency 
and cost competitiveness, use of technology and innovation, enhancing global stature 
and maritime cooperation, leading the world in safe, sustainable, and green maritime 
sector, and enhancing cargo and passenger movement through inland waterways. This 
issue discusses how through these initiatives, India is exploring unchartered waters and 
aiming to realise the potential of its maritime sector to the fullest.                               ?
YOJANA   November 2022 7
ceans are vast, covering 363 million square kilometres, equivalent 
to approximately 72% of the Earth’s surface. More than 600 million 
people, equal to around 10% of the world’s population, live in 
coastal areas that are 10 meters above the sea level, and nearly 2.4 
billion people, about 40 % of the world’s population, the live within 100 km of 
the coast. In the Indian context, three out of four metro cities are located on the 
coast. About 14.2% of the population in India lives in coastal districts. Around 
95% of India’s trade by volume and 68% by value is conducted through these 
waters, with priority being accorded to port-led development plans in recent 
years. 
The offshore development areas are critical for securing India’s energy 
needs, and we have one of the largest fishing fleets globally. In sum, oceans are 
the lifeline of global prosperity and pertinent for our fortune too. India, with 
a coastline of 7516 km along the mainland and island territories, occupies a 
significant position in the maritime economics of the world trade overseeing the 
busiest of the international shipping lanes. There are nine Coastal States, four 
Union Territories and 1295 islands spread along the coast of India, including the 
Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the east and Lakshadweep Islands in the west. 
The coastal areas host major commercial cities, and significant strategic and 
vital installations of Defence, Atomic Energy, Petroleum, and private ventures 
besides 12 major ports and more than 239 non-major ports, thus increasing the 
coastline’s vulnerability. 
To gauge the enormity of Area of Responsibility (AoR) and the challenges 
therein, we need to have an antithetical view of the nation facing the Indian 
Ocean. The geostrategic location of the Indian peninsula poses typical oceanic 
challenges owing to proximity to major international shipping lanes, inimical 
Paradigm of Coastal Security
B Ranjan
B Ranjan, DIG, Indian Coast Guard is currently designated as Principal Director (Operations & Coastal Security) at Coast Guard 
Headquarters, New Delhi. Email: proicg@rediffmail.com
O
The security of the coastline 
in India was in existence in 
the rudimentary form before 
the 1993 Mumbai blasts, 
wherein, it was established 
that the explosives used 
were smuggled through 
the sea route. It was then 
that the need for a Coastal 
Security mechanism 
emerged. The impetus 
for an institutionalised 
framework was accorded 
by the Group of Ministers 
Recommendations after the 
Kargil War. However, the 
coastal security construct, 
framework and mechanism 
took a paradigm shift after 
the 26/11 Mumbai terror 
attacks. Almost after a 
decade of implementation 
of measures, have we 
transformed our coastal 
security system? The 
article will dwell upon the 
challenges and actions 
initiated by the Indian Coast 
Guard in coordination 
and cooperation with 
all stakeholders towards 
achieving the desired level of 
security. 
INDIAN COAST GUARD
LEAD ARTICLE
8 YOJANA   November 2022
neighborhood-sponsored cross-border 
terrorism, transnational maritime 
crimes like narcotics and weapon 
trafficking, human trafficking etc., 
and dense fishing traffic around the 
Indian cape. More than 1,00,000 ships 
are estimated to transit close to our 
shores annually. With the focus on 
promoting the blue economy, port-led 
development plans, growth in coastal 
shipping, trade protocol routes, cruise 
tourism, and the Sagarmala project, 
oceanic traffic is expected to increase further. These may 
translate into an increased likelihood of maritime incidents 
and challenges in the proximity of the Indian Coast. 
The use of sea route by terrorists during the attacks 
of 26/11 highlighted the vulnerabilities of our coastline 
and its security. As the ocean itself is a bounty of nature, 
the sphere of activities in the nautical environment is vast. 
Thus, several agencies, which include Indian Coast Guard, 
Indian Navy, Coastal Security Police, Customs, Fisheries, 
Port Authorities, Intelligence Agencies, and other Central 
and State Departments, are the stakeholders in ocean 
governance. 
The multi-agency concept mandates cooperation, 
coordination, and institutionalised domain control of 
the respective agency to achieve foolproof security by 
optimum utilisation of limited resources. Thus, came the 
concept of a tiered mechanism for surveillance in-depth, 
wherein the Indian Coast Guard is additionally responsible 
for coastal security in territorial waters, including areas to 
be patrolled by Coastal Police, and the Director General 
Indian Coast Guard is designated as Commander Coastal 
Command with responsibility for overall coordination 
between Central and State agencies in all matters relating 
to Coastal Security. 
For effective coordination amongst all stakeholders 
involved in coastal security, Standard Operating Procedures 
(SOPs) for Coastal Security were promulgated by the 
Indian Coast Guard in consultation with all stakeholders. 
To ensure a high degree of preparedness for responding 
to an immediate threat and to streamline the response 
to more significant threat perception, Coastal Security 
Exercise ‘Sagar Kavach’ is conducted bi-annually for 
each coastal state. Additionally, the Government of India 
initiated a focus on the infrastructure and assets of the 
Indian Coast Guard and all concerned agencies to enhance 
their capabilities for surveillance and patrol at sea. More 
than 200 Coastal Police Stations along with patrol boats 
have been established in the coastal States, including 
Island territories, for surveillance of shallow waters. 
Further, measures such as coastal mapping, strengthening 
of security at non-major ports, setting up of State Maritime 
Boards by coastal States, and biometric 
identity cards for fishermen have also 
been implemented. These initiatives 
have been coordinated by ICG for 
over a decade and have given desirable 
results. 
The integration of technology 
with surveillance methodology has 
been achieved by establishing Coastal 
Surveillance Network (CSN) for 
seaward electronic surveillance up to 
25 NM from the coast under which 46 
remote radar stations have been established, and 38 Radar 
Stations, 04 Mobile Surveillance Systems and 13 Radar 
Stations under VTMS connectivity are being established 
for providing near gap-free surveillance. 
Joint Coastal Patrol (JCP) by Indian Coast Guard and 
Coastal Police has been instituted across all coastal States 
and Union Territories wherein the Coastal Police Personnel 
are embarked onboard Coast Guard ships, and deployment 
is undertaken in coordination with electronic surveillance 
measures for optimum exploitation of resources. The 
surveillance of 1382 islands is maintained during routine 
sorties by Indian Coast Guard ships and aircraft. 
The apex level monitoring and review of the 
implementation of measures for enhancing the effectiveness 
of the Coastal Security Framework are done by the National 
Committee on Strengthening of Maritime and Coastal 
Security against threats from the sea (NCSMCS), Multi-
The geostrategic location of the 
Indian peninsula poses typical 
oceanic challenges owing to 
proximity to major international 
shipping lanes, inimical 
neighborhood-sponsored cross-
border terrorism, transnational 
maritime crimes and dense fishing 
traffic around the Indian cape.