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FAQs on 2020 Anthropology Paper - 1 - Anthropology Optional for UPSC

1. What is anthropology?
Ans. Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and present. It examines various aspects of human life, such as culture, language, social structures, and biological diversity. Anthropologists use a holistic approach to understand the complexities of human existence by combining insights from social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities.
2. What are the sub-disciplines of anthropology?
Ans. Anthropology is divided into four main sub-disciplines: cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and biological anthropology. Cultural anthropology focuses on the study of human cultures, social structures, and behaviors. Archaeology explores human history and prehistory through the analysis of material remains. Linguistic anthropology investigates the role of language in social life and cultural expression. Biological anthropology examines human biology, evolution, and variation.
3. How does anthropology contribute to our understanding of human societies?
Ans. Anthropology provides valuable insights into human societies by studying the diversity of cultures, social systems, and historical contexts across different regions and time periods. It helps us understand how societies function, how they have changed over time, and how they are impacted by various factors such as globalization, migration, and environmental changes. Anthropologists also contribute to addressing contemporary social issues by applying their knowledge to promote cultural understanding, social justice, and sustainable development.
4. What are some research methods used in anthropology?
Ans. Anthropologists employ a range of research methods to study human societies. These include participant observation, interviews, surveys, ethnographic research, archaeological excavations, linguistic analysis, and biological sampling. Participant observation involves immersing oneself in a community or culture to observe and understand their practices and perspectives. Interviews and surveys are used to gather information directly from individuals or groups. Ethnographic research involves long-term fieldwork to document and analyze cultural practices. Archaeologists excavate and analyze material remains, while linguistic anthropologists analyze language data. Biological anthropologists use methods such as DNA analysis and skeletal examination to study human biology.
5. How does anthropology contribute to cross-cultural understanding?
Ans. Anthropology plays a crucial role in promoting cross-cultural understanding by studying and documenting the diversity of human cultures and practices. Through comparative analysis, anthropologists identify commonalities and differences between societies, helping us appreciate the richness of human experience. Anthropologists also challenge stereotypes and ethnocentrism by highlighting the cultural relativity of behaviors and beliefs. By understanding and respecting cultural differences, anthropology fosters empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for the complexity of human societies.
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