Page 1
Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note
book you use for writing has come to you after a long
process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a
tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted
into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals
and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper
found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals
was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were
then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to
the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands.
Secondary activities or manufacturing change
raw materials into products of more value to people. As
you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper
into a note book. These represent the two stages of the
manufacturing process.
The paper made from pulp and cloth made from
cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the
manufacturing process. In this way the finished product
has more value and utility than the raw material that it
is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron
and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry
(service provider).
Classifi Cation of i ndustries Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,
size and ownership.
Activity
Trace the journey
of your shirt from
a cotton field to
your wardrobe.
Industries
Journey begins...
...paper made...
...recycle...
4
Industries
2024-25
Page 2
Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note
book you use for writing has come to you after a long
process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a
tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted
into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals
and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper
found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals
was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were
then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to
the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands.
Secondary activities or manufacturing change
raw materials into products of more value to people. As
you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper
into a note book. These represent the two stages of the
manufacturing process.
The paper made from pulp and cloth made from
cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the
manufacturing process. In this way the finished product
has more value and utility than the raw material that it
is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron
and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry
(service provider).
Classifi Cation of i ndustries Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,
size and ownership.
Activity
Trace the journey
of your shirt from
a cotton field to
your wardrobe.
Industries
Journey begins...
...paper made...
...recycle...
4
Industries
2024-25
Raw Materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral
based, marine based and forest based depending on the
type of raw materials they use. Agro based industries
use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile,
dairy products and leather industries are examples of
agro-based industries. Mineral based industries are
primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw
materials. The products of these industries feed other
industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for
the manufacture of a number of other products, such
as heavy machinery, building materials and railway
coaches. Marine based industries use products from the
sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing
sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw
materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp
and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested,
number of people employed and the volume of
production. Based on size, industries can be classified
into small scale and large scale industries.
Cottage or household industries are a type
of small scale industry where the products
are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.
Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts
are examples of cottage industry. Small
scale industries use lesser amount of capital
and technology as compared to large scale
industries that produce large volumes of
products. Investment of capital is higher and
the technology used is superior in large scale
industries. Silk weaving and food processing
industries are small scale industries
(Fig 4.1). Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
Ownership: Industries can be classified into private
sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned
and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
The public sector industries are owned and operated by
the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Activity
Give some
examples of agro
based industries.
Fig 4.1: Stages in food processing of
Gorgon nut (makhana)
33 Industr Ies 2024-25
Page 3
Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note
book you use for writing has come to you after a long
process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a
tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted
into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals
and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper
found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals
was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were
then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to
the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands.
Secondary activities or manufacturing change
raw materials into products of more value to people. As
you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper
into a note book. These represent the two stages of the
manufacturing process.
The paper made from pulp and cloth made from
cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the
manufacturing process. In this way the finished product
has more value and utility than the raw material that it
is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron
and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry
(service provider).
Classifi Cation of i ndustries Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,
size and ownership.
Activity
Trace the journey
of your shirt from
a cotton field to
your wardrobe.
Industries
Journey begins...
...paper made...
...recycle...
4
Industries
2024-25
Raw Materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral
based, marine based and forest based depending on the
type of raw materials they use. Agro based industries
use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile,
dairy products and leather industries are examples of
agro-based industries. Mineral based industries are
primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw
materials. The products of these industries feed other
industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for
the manufacture of a number of other products, such
as heavy machinery, building materials and railway
coaches. Marine based industries use products from the
sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing
sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw
materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp
and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested,
number of people employed and the volume of
production. Based on size, industries can be classified
into small scale and large scale industries.
Cottage or household industries are a type
of small scale industry where the products
are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.
Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts
are examples of cottage industry. Small
scale industries use lesser amount of capital
and technology as compared to large scale
industries that produce large volumes of
products. Investment of capital is higher and
the technology used is superior in large scale
industries. Silk weaving and food processing
industries are small scale industries
(Fig 4.1). Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
Ownership: Industries can be classified into private
sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned
and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
The public sector industries are owned and operated by
the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Activity
Give some
examples of agro
based industries.
Fig 4.1: Stages in food processing of
Gorgon nut (makhana)
33 Industr Ies 2024-25
34 r esources and d evelopment and Steel Authority of India Limited. Joint sector
industries are owned and operated by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti
Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector
industry. Co-operative sector industries are
owned and operated by the producers or suppliers
of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk
Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success
stories of a co-operative venture.
f a Ctors a ffe Cting l o Cation of i ndustries The factors affecting the location
of industries are the availability of
raw material, land, water, labour,
power, capital, transport and market.
Industries are situate d where some or
all of these factors are easily available.
Sometimes, the government provides
incentives like subsidised power, lower
transport cost and other infrastructure
so that industries may be located in
backward areas. Industrialisation
often leads to development and growth
of towns and cities.
i ndustrial s ystem An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and
outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and
costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
The processes include a wide range of activities that
convert the raw material into finished products. The
outputs are the end product and the income earned
from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be
cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The
processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing
and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
i ndustrial r egions Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries
locate close to each other and share the benefits of their
closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are
eastern North America, western and central Europe,
eastern Europe and eastern Asia (Fig 4.4). Major
Fig 4.3: Locational factors for industries
Activity
Find out the
inputs, outputs
and processes
involved in the
manufacture of a
leather shoe.
Fig 4.2: Sudha dairy in
Co-operative sector
2024-25
Page 4
Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note
book you use for writing has come to you after a long
process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a
tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted
into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals
and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper
found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals
was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were
then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to
the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands.
Secondary activities or manufacturing change
raw materials into products of more value to people. As
you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper
into a note book. These represent the two stages of the
manufacturing process.
The paper made from pulp and cloth made from
cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the
manufacturing process. In this way the finished product
has more value and utility than the raw material that it
is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron
and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry
(service provider).
Classifi Cation of i ndustries Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,
size and ownership.
Activity
Trace the journey
of your shirt from
a cotton field to
your wardrobe.
Industries
Journey begins...
...paper made...
...recycle...
4
Industries
2024-25
Raw Materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral
based, marine based and forest based depending on the
type of raw materials they use. Agro based industries
use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile,
dairy products and leather industries are examples of
agro-based industries. Mineral based industries are
primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw
materials. The products of these industries feed other
industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for
the manufacture of a number of other products, such
as heavy machinery, building materials and railway
coaches. Marine based industries use products from the
sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing
sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw
materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp
and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested,
number of people employed and the volume of
production. Based on size, industries can be classified
into small scale and large scale industries.
Cottage or household industries are a type
of small scale industry where the products
are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.
Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts
are examples of cottage industry. Small
scale industries use lesser amount of capital
and technology as compared to large scale
industries that produce large volumes of
products. Investment of capital is higher and
the technology used is superior in large scale
industries. Silk weaving and food processing
industries are small scale industries
(Fig 4.1). Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
Ownership: Industries can be classified into private
sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned
and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
The public sector industries are owned and operated by
the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Activity
Give some
examples of agro
based industries.
Fig 4.1: Stages in food processing of
Gorgon nut (makhana)
33 Industr Ies 2024-25
34 r esources and d evelopment and Steel Authority of India Limited. Joint sector
industries are owned and operated by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti
Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector
industry. Co-operative sector industries are
owned and operated by the producers or suppliers
of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk
Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success
stories of a co-operative venture.
f a Ctors a ffe Cting l o Cation of i ndustries The factors affecting the location
of industries are the availability of
raw material, land, water, labour,
power, capital, transport and market.
Industries are situate d where some or
all of these factors are easily available.
Sometimes, the government provides
incentives like subsidised power, lower
transport cost and other infrastructure
so that industries may be located in
backward areas. Industrialisation
often leads to development and growth
of towns and cities.
i ndustrial s ystem An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and
outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and
costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
The processes include a wide range of activities that
convert the raw material into finished products. The
outputs are the end product and the income earned
from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be
cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The
processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing
and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
i ndustrial r egions Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries
locate close to each other and share the benefits of their
closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are
eastern North America, western and central Europe,
eastern Europe and eastern Asia (Fig 4.4). Major
Fig 4.3: Locational factors for industries
Activity
Find out the
inputs, outputs
and processes
involved in the
manufacture of a
leather shoe.
Fig 4.2: Sudha dairy in
Co-operative sector
2024-25
35 Industr Ies Fig 4.4: World’s Industrial Regions
industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate
areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields.
India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-
Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region,
Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt,
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut
region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial
cluster.
Industrial Disaster
In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical
failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material.
One of the worst industrial disasters of all time occurred
in Bhopal on 3 December 1984 around 00:30 a.m. It was
a technological accident in which highly poisonous Methyl
Isocynate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other
reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union
Carbide. The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Thousands,
who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness,
impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. Union Carbide Factory
2024-25
Page 5
Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note
book you use for writing has come to you after a long
process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a
tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted
into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals
and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper
found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals
was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were
then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to
the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands.
Secondary activities or manufacturing change
raw materials into products of more value to people. As
you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper
into a note book. These represent the two stages of the
manufacturing process.
The paper made from pulp and cloth made from
cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the
manufacturing process. In this way the finished product
has more value and utility than the raw material that it
is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is
concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron
and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry
(service provider).
Classifi Cation of i ndustries Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,
size and ownership.
Activity
Trace the journey
of your shirt from
a cotton field to
your wardrobe.
Industries
Journey begins...
...paper made...
...recycle...
4
Industries
2024-25
Raw Materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral
based, marine based and forest based depending on the
type of raw materials they use. Agro based industries
use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile,
dairy products and leather industries are examples of
agro-based industries. Mineral based industries are
primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw
materials. The products of these industries feed other
industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for
the manufacture of a number of other products, such
as heavy machinery, building materials and railway
coaches. Marine based industries use products from the
sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing
sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw
materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp
and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested,
number of people employed and the volume of
production. Based on size, industries can be classified
into small scale and large scale industries.
Cottage or household industries are a type
of small scale industry where the products
are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.
Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts
are examples of cottage industry. Small
scale industries use lesser amount of capital
and technology as compared to large scale
industries that produce large volumes of
products. Investment of capital is higher and
the technology used is superior in large scale
industries. Silk weaving and food processing
industries are small scale industries
(Fig 4.1). Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
Ownership: Industries can be classified into private
sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned
and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
The public sector industries are owned and operated by
the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Activity
Give some
examples of agro
based industries.
Fig 4.1: Stages in food processing of
Gorgon nut (makhana)
33 Industr Ies 2024-25
34 r esources and d evelopment and Steel Authority of India Limited. Joint sector
industries are owned and operated by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti
Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector
industry. Co-operative sector industries are
owned and operated by the producers or suppliers
of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk
Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success
stories of a co-operative venture.
f a Ctors a ffe Cting l o Cation of i ndustries The factors affecting the location
of industries are the availability of
raw material, land, water, labour,
power, capital, transport and market.
Industries are situate d where some or
all of these factors are easily available.
Sometimes, the government provides
incentives like subsidised power, lower
transport cost and other infrastructure
so that industries may be located in
backward areas. Industrialisation
often leads to development and growth
of towns and cities.
i ndustrial s ystem An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and
outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and
costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
The processes include a wide range of activities that
convert the raw material into finished products. The
outputs are the end product and the income earned
from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be
cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The
processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing
and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
i ndustrial r egions Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries
locate close to each other and share the benefits of their
closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are
eastern North America, western and central Europe,
eastern Europe and eastern Asia (Fig 4.4). Major
Fig 4.3: Locational factors for industries
Activity
Find out the
inputs, outputs
and processes
involved in the
manufacture of a
leather shoe.
Fig 4.2: Sudha dairy in
Co-operative sector
2024-25
35 Industr Ies Fig 4.4: World’s Industrial Regions
industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate
areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields.
India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-
Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region,
Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt,
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut
region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial
cluster.
Industrial Disaster
In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical
failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material.
One of the worst industrial disasters of all time occurred
in Bhopal on 3 December 1984 around 00:30 a.m. It was
a technological accident in which highly poisonous Methyl
Isocynate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other
reaction products leaked out of the pesticide factory of Union
Carbide. The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Thousands,
who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness,
impaired immune system, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. Union Carbide Factory
2024-25
36 r esources and d evelopment In another incident, on 23 December 2005, due to gas well
blowout in Gao Qiao, Chongging, China, 243 people died, 9,000 were
injured and 64,000 were evacuated. Many people died because they
were unable to run after the explosion. Those who could not escape
in time suffered burns to their eyes, skin and lungs from the gas.
Risk Reduction Measures
1. Densely populated residential areas should be separated far
away from the industrial areas.
2. People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of
the storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible
effects in case if an accident occurs.
3. Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
4. Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
5. Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be
improved.
d istribution of m ajor i ndustries The world’s major industries are the iron and steel
industry, the textile industry and the information
technology industry. The iron and steel and textile
industry are the older industries while information
technology is an emerging industry.
The countries in which iron and steel industry is
located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong,
South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The major hubs of
Information technology industry are the Silicon valley
of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.
Iron and Steel Industry
Like other industries iron and steel industry too
comprises various inputs, processes and outputs. This
is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw
material for other industries.
The inputs for the industry include raw materials
such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour,
capital, site and other infrastructure. The process of
converting iron ore into steel involves many stages.
The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it
undergoes smelting (Fig 4.6). It is then refined. The
output obtained is steel which may be used by other
industries as raw material.
Do you know?
Emerging
industries are also
known as ‘Sunrise
Industries’.These
include Information
technology,
Wellness,
Hospitality and
Knowledge.
Glossary
Smelting
It is the process
in which metals
are extracted
from their ores by
heating beyond
the melting point
Rescue operation
in Gao Qiao
2024-25
Read More