Biology Booster Dose for NEET: Biological Classification | Biology Class 11 PDF Download

 Page 1


 
 
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Biological Classification 
 
Biological classification - process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities. 
Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification - Animalia and Plantae 
RH Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification.  
Five kingdoms are as follows: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.  
 
Monera 
Bacteria – Sole member 
Habitat – Desert, Snow, Deep ocean (everywhere) 
Shape – Coccus, Bacillus, (Most common) Vibrio, Spirillum  
Structure 
 
Glycocalyx 
(mucopolysaccharide) 
Slime layer – Loose 
Capsule – thick, tough 
Cell wall  Peptidoglycan (NAG + NAN + chain of amino acid 
Cell membrane Lipid by layer (Similar to eukaryotes) 
Mesosomes Infolding of cell membrane, tubule, vesicle, lamellae, 
Cell wall formation secretion process, respiration, DNA 
replication 
Chromatophore  Chl a present, infolding only in cyanobacteria 
Flagella  present in motile cell – Hook, basal body, filament, 
Absent in – cyanobacteria, and coccus 
Pilli Less numerous, tubular shape 
Fimbriae Bristle shape, Attachment  
Plasmid  Circular, double stranded, self-replicating, extra chromosomal 
(non-essential 
features- ex- Ti plasmid – Agrobacterium, 
R – plasmid – Antibiotics resistance 
Nucleoid  Genomic DNA, essential genes present, single chromosome, 
circular, histone absent  
Page 2


 
 
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Biological Classification 
 
Biological classification - process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities. 
Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification - Animalia and Plantae 
RH Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification.  
Five kingdoms are as follows: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.  
 
Monera 
Bacteria – Sole member 
Habitat – Desert, Snow, Deep ocean (everywhere) 
Shape – Coccus, Bacillus, (Most common) Vibrio, Spirillum  
Structure 
 
Glycocalyx 
(mucopolysaccharide) 
Slime layer – Loose 
Capsule – thick, tough 
Cell wall  Peptidoglycan (NAG + NAN + chain of amino acid 
Cell membrane Lipid by layer (Similar to eukaryotes) 
Mesosomes Infolding of cell membrane, tubule, vesicle, lamellae, 
Cell wall formation secretion process, respiration, DNA 
replication 
Chromatophore  Chl a present, infolding only in cyanobacteria 
Flagella  present in motile cell – Hook, basal body, filament, 
Absent in – cyanobacteria, and coccus 
Pilli Less numerous, tubular shape 
Fimbriae Bristle shape, Attachment  
Plasmid  Circular, double stranded, self-replicating, extra chromosomal 
(non-essential 
features- ex- Ti plasmid – Agrobacterium, 
R – plasmid – Antibiotics resistance 
Nucleoid  Genomic DNA, essential genes present, single chromosome, 
circular, histone absent  
 
 
 
Ribosome  70S type, associate with plasma membrane form polyribosome 
Inclusion bodies Role Storage, without membrane, insoluble form, 
• Glycogen granule, sulfur granule, 
• Phosphorus granule, gas vacuole (Cyanobacteria green sulfur 
bacteria) 
• Cyanophycean granule 
 
Nutrition - Autotrophic 
Chemoautotrophic  Oxidation of inorganic compound, Recycling of Fe, S, N, P 
Exp. Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas 
Photoautotrophic Chl a and PS II present, Breaking of  H2O, Oxygen By product – 
oxygenic 
Example -Cyanobacteria 
Anoxygenic – not use H2, Chlorophyll absent, green sulfur bacteria, 
purple sulfur bacteria , Green non-Sulphur bacteria ,purple non-Sulphur 
bacteria  
 
Heterotrophic 
Saprophytic  Example- Lactobacillus (most abundant bacteria) 
Symbiotic  Example - Rhizobium, Frankia 
Parasitic  Citrus canker, typhoid, cholera, tetanus (Disease) 
 
Reproduction  
Asexual Favorable – Fission, Unfavorable – Spore formation 
Sexual -three type Some primitive mode of DNA transfer 
Transformation DNA enter from medium 
Transduction Transfer from one bacterium to other by virus 
Conjugation Bacteria to bacteria plasmid (F-plasmid) transfer by conjugation tube 
 
 
 
Page 3


 
 
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Biological Classification 
 
Biological classification - process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities. 
Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification - Animalia and Plantae 
RH Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification.  
Five kingdoms are as follows: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.  
 
Monera 
Bacteria – Sole member 
Habitat – Desert, Snow, Deep ocean (everywhere) 
Shape – Coccus, Bacillus, (Most common) Vibrio, Spirillum  
Structure 
 
Glycocalyx 
(mucopolysaccharide) 
Slime layer – Loose 
Capsule – thick, tough 
Cell wall  Peptidoglycan (NAG + NAN + chain of amino acid 
Cell membrane Lipid by layer (Similar to eukaryotes) 
Mesosomes Infolding of cell membrane, tubule, vesicle, lamellae, 
Cell wall formation secretion process, respiration, DNA 
replication 
Chromatophore  Chl a present, infolding only in cyanobacteria 
Flagella  present in motile cell – Hook, basal body, filament, 
Absent in – cyanobacteria, and coccus 
Pilli Less numerous, tubular shape 
Fimbriae Bristle shape, Attachment  
Plasmid  Circular, double stranded, self-replicating, extra chromosomal 
(non-essential 
features- ex- Ti plasmid – Agrobacterium, 
R – plasmid – Antibiotics resistance 
Nucleoid  Genomic DNA, essential genes present, single chromosome, 
circular, histone absent  
 
 
 
Ribosome  70S type, associate with plasma membrane form polyribosome 
Inclusion bodies Role Storage, without membrane, insoluble form, 
• Glycogen granule, sulfur granule, 
• Phosphorus granule, gas vacuole (Cyanobacteria green sulfur 
bacteria) 
• Cyanophycean granule 
 
Nutrition - Autotrophic 
Chemoautotrophic  Oxidation of inorganic compound, Recycling of Fe, S, N, P 
Exp. Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas 
Photoautotrophic Chl a and PS II present, Breaking of  H2O, Oxygen By product – 
oxygenic 
Example -Cyanobacteria 
Anoxygenic – not use H2, Chlorophyll absent, green sulfur bacteria, 
purple sulfur bacteria , Green non-Sulphur bacteria ,purple non-Sulphur 
bacteria  
 
Heterotrophic 
Saprophytic  Example- Lactobacillus (most abundant bacteria) 
Symbiotic  Example - Rhizobium, Frankia 
Parasitic  Citrus canker, typhoid, cholera, tetanus (Disease) 
 
Reproduction  
Asexual Favorable – Fission, Unfavorable – Spore formation 
Sexual -three type Some primitive mode of DNA transfer 
Transformation DNA enter from medium 
Transduction Transfer from one bacterium to other by virus 
Conjugation Bacteria to bacteria plasmid (F-plasmid) transfer by conjugation tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Type of Bacteria 
Archaebacteria  Differ in cell wall, 16s rRNA and cell membrane from eubacteria 
Methanogen Anaerobic, produce methane 
Halophile High salt conc 
Thermoacidophile 
(Thermus 
aquaticus) 
Living acid (H2SO4) 
High temp. 80°C 
Cyanobacteria  Fresh water, marine, moist soil, Unicellular, Filamentous, colonial 
Chl a on Chromatophore, Cyanophycean Granule, Flagella absent, 
Blooms in 
polluted water 
Example-. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Spirulina 
Mycoplasma  No cell wall, smallest size, Parasitic on plant or animal 
 
Protista 
Feature – Unicellular, eukaryotes, well defined nucleus, autotrophic (oxygenic) and 
Heterotrophic 
Flagella – 9 + (2) type, Membrane bound organelle, fusion to form zygote, meiosis present  
 
 
Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Eugleinoids 
Habitat  Diatoms and desmid (golden algae) 
Marine water and freshwater 
Marine water 
 
Flagella Float passively – no flagella Two flagella, 
longitudinal 
and transverse 
 
Cell 
wall  
Cellulose cell wall + silica 
(overlapping) shell like soap 
case 
Stiff cellulose plate 
 
Pigment  Chl a mainly Chl a and 
phycoerythrin 
Chl a and Chl b – like 
higher plant 
Nutrition Oxygenic 
Diatomaceous earth 
(indestructible cell wall) Chief 
producer – ocean ,filtration, 
polishing 
Oxygenic 
Rapid multiplication 
Form red tide (sea 
appear 
rod), Toxins release 
Photosynthetic 
(oxygenic) + 
Predator (in absence 
of light) 
Page 4


 
 
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Biological Classification 
 
Biological classification - process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities. 
Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification - Animalia and Plantae 
RH Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification.  
Five kingdoms are as follows: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.  
 
Monera 
Bacteria – Sole member 
Habitat – Desert, Snow, Deep ocean (everywhere) 
Shape – Coccus, Bacillus, (Most common) Vibrio, Spirillum  
Structure 
 
Glycocalyx 
(mucopolysaccharide) 
Slime layer – Loose 
Capsule – thick, tough 
Cell wall  Peptidoglycan (NAG + NAN + chain of amino acid 
Cell membrane Lipid by layer (Similar to eukaryotes) 
Mesosomes Infolding of cell membrane, tubule, vesicle, lamellae, 
Cell wall formation secretion process, respiration, DNA 
replication 
Chromatophore  Chl a present, infolding only in cyanobacteria 
Flagella  present in motile cell – Hook, basal body, filament, 
Absent in – cyanobacteria, and coccus 
Pilli Less numerous, tubular shape 
Fimbriae Bristle shape, Attachment  
Plasmid  Circular, double stranded, self-replicating, extra chromosomal 
(non-essential 
features- ex- Ti plasmid – Agrobacterium, 
R – plasmid – Antibiotics resistance 
Nucleoid  Genomic DNA, essential genes present, single chromosome, 
circular, histone absent  
 
 
 
Ribosome  70S type, associate with plasma membrane form polyribosome 
Inclusion bodies Role Storage, without membrane, insoluble form, 
• Glycogen granule, sulfur granule, 
• Phosphorus granule, gas vacuole (Cyanobacteria green sulfur 
bacteria) 
• Cyanophycean granule 
 
Nutrition - Autotrophic 
Chemoautotrophic  Oxidation of inorganic compound, Recycling of Fe, S, N, P 
Exp. Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas 
Photoautotrophic Chl a and PS II present, Breaking of  H2O, Oxygen By product – 
oxygenic 
Example -Cyanobacteria 
Anoxygenic – not use H2, Chlorophyll absent, green sulfur bacteria, 
purple sulfur bacteria , Green non-Sulphur bacteria ,purple non-Sulphur 
bacteria  
 
Heterotrophic 
Saprophytic  Example- Lactobacillus (most abundant bacteria) 
Symbiotic  Example - Rhizobium, Frankia 
Parasitic  Citrus canker, typhoid, cholera, tetanus (Disease) 
 
Reproduction  
Asexual Favorable – Fission, Unfavorable – Spore formation 
Sexual -three type Some primitive mode of DNA transfer 
Transformation DNA enter from medium 
Transduction Transfer from one bacterium to other by virus 
Conjugation Bacteria to bacteria plasmid (F-plasmid) transfer by conjugation tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Type of Bacteria 
Archaebacteria  Differ in cell wall, 16s rRNA and cell membrane from eubacteria 
Methanogen Anaerobic, produce methane 
Halophile High salt conc 
Thermoacidophile 
(Thermus 
aquaticus) 
Living acid (H2SO4) 
High temp. 80°C 
Cyanobacteria  Fresh water, marine, moist soil, Unicellular, Filamentous, colonial 
Chl a on Chromatophore, Cyanophycean Granule, Flagella absent, 
Blooms in 
polluted water 
Example-. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Spirulina 
Mycoplasma  No cell wall, smallest size, Parasitic on plant or animal 
 
Protista 
Feature – Unicellular, eukaryotes, well defined nucleus, autotrophic (oxygenic) and 
Heterotrophic 
Flagella – 9 + (2) type, Membrane bound organelle, fusion to form zygote, meiosis present  
 
 
Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Eugleinoids 
Habitat  Diatoms and desmid (golden algae) 
Marine water and freshwater 
Marine water 
 
Flagella Float passively – no flagella Two flagella, 
longitudinal 
and transverse 
 
Cell 
wall  
Cellulose cell wall + silica 
(overlapping) shell like soap 
case 
Stiff cellulose plate 
 
Pigment  Chl a mainly Chl a and 
phycoerythrin 
Chl a and Chl b – like 
higher plant 
Nutrition Oxygenic 
Diatomaceous earth 
(indestructible cell wall) Chief 
producer – ocean ,filtration, 
polishing 
Oxygenic 
Rapid multiplication 
Form red tide (sea 
appear 
rod), Toxins release 
Photosynthetic 
(oxygenic) + 
Predator (in absence 
of light) 
 
 
 
 
Saprophytic protist 
Slime mould – Saprophytic, main stage – plasmodium, grow on decaying twig 
 
Zygote? Grow in several feet ? Fruiting body develop ? Spore produces ? Disperse by Air current 
 
Protozoan – Predator and Parasitic  
Amoeboid  Flagellated Ciliated Sporozoans 
Fresh water + 
Marine 
water Pseudopodia 
(to 
capture prey and 
movement) 
Marine form have 
silica shells 
Free living or parasitic 
Have flagella 
Disease – sleeping 
sickness(Trypanosoma) 
 
Aquatic Thousands of cilia 
Gullet – open 
outside cell surface 
Exp. Paramaecium 
 
Spore stage 
present 
Exp. 
Plasmodium  
 
 
Fungi 
Moist humid place, mainly filamentous (except yeast), network of hyphae is mycelium, 
Hyphae (Two type) – Aseptate, multinucleated coenocytic or septate and branched 
Cell wall – Chitin (mainly) and polysaccharide Nutrition-Saprophytic – main nutrition, Parasitic 
Symbiotic – mycorrhizae (root of higher plant), Lichen – Fungi + Algae 
Reproduction – Vegetative – Fission, budding, Fragmentation  
                            Asexual – By spore, (Conidia and sporangiospore) 
Sexual steps – Plasmogamy – (Dikaryon form) Karyogamy (Zygote form), Meiosis – (spore 
form) 
Basis of classification- fruiting body, spore(sexual) , fruiting body(sexual) 
 
Algae Phycomycetes Ascomycetes  Basidiomycetes  Deuteromycetes 
Habitat  Some aquatic 
and parasitic 
Decomposer Decomposer Found in soil on 
decaying organic 
matter 
Hyphae Aseptate  Septate branched Septate branched septate and 
branched 
Vegetative  Fragmentation Fragmentation 
fission budding 
Fragmentation  Fragmentation 
Page 5


 
 
 
 
Biology Booster Dose for NEET 
 
Chapter- Biological Classification 
 
Biological classification - process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities. 
Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification - Animalia and Plantae 
RH Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification.  
Five kingdoms are as follows: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.  
 
Monera 
Bacteria – Sole member 
Habitat – Desert, Snow, Deep ocean (everywhere) 
Shape – Coccus, Bacillus, (Most common) Vibrio, Spirillum  
Structure 
 
Glycocalyx 
(mucopolysaccharide) 
Slime layer – Loose 
Capsule – thick, tough 
Cell wall  Peptidoglycan (NAG + NAN + chain of amino acid 
Cell membrane Lipid by layer (Similar to eukaryotes) 
Mesosomes Infolding of cell membrane, tubule, vesicle, lamellae, 
Cell wall formation secretion process, respiration, DNA 
replication 
Chromatophore  Chl a present, infolding only in cyanobacteria 
Flagella  present in motile cell – Hook, basal body, filament, 
Absent in – cyanobacteria, and coccus 
Pilli Less numerous, tubular shape 
Fimbriae Bristle shape, Attachment  
Plasmid  Circular, double stranded, self-replicating, extra chromosomal 
(non-essential 
features- ex- Ti plasmid – Agrobacterium, 
R – plasmid – Antibiotics resistance 
Nucleoid  Genomic DNA, essential genes present, single chromosome, 
circular, histone absent  
 
 
 
Ribosome  70S type, associate with plasma membrane form polyribosome 
Inclusion bodies Role Storage, without membrane, insoluble form, 
• Glycogen granule, sulfur granule, 
• Phosphorus granule, gas vacuole (Cyanobacteria green sulfur 
bacteria) 
• Cyanophycean granule 
 
Nutrition - Autotrophic 
Chemoautotrophic  Oxidation of inorganic compound, Recycling of Fe, S, N, P 
Exp. Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas 
Photoautotrophic Chl a and PS II present, Breaking of  H2O, Oxygen By product – 
oxygenic 
Example -Cyanobacteria 
Anoxygenic – not use H2, Chlorophyll absent, green sulfur bacteria, 
purple sulfur bacteria , Green non-Sulphur bacteria ,purple non-Sulphur 
bacteria  
 
Heterotrophic 
Saprophytic  Example- Lactobacillus (most abundant bacteria) 
Symbiotic  Example - Rhizobium, Frankia 
Parasitic  Citrus canker, typhoid, cholera, tetanus (Disease) 
 
Reproduction  
Asexual Favorable – Fission, Unfavorable – Spore formation 
Sexual -three type Some primitive mode of DNA transfer 
Transformation DNA enter from medium 
Transduction Transfer from one bacterium to other by virus 
Conjugation Bacteria to bacteria plasmid (F-plasmid) transfer by conjugation tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Type of Bacteria 
Archaebacteria  Differ in cell wall, 16s rRNA and cell membrane from eubacteria 
Methanogen Anaerobic, produce methane 
Halophile High salt conc 
Thermoacidophile 
(Thermus 
aquaticus) 
Living acid (H2SO4) 
High temp. 80°C 
Cyanobacteria  Fresh water, marine, moist soil, Unicellular, Filamentous, colonial 
Chl a on Chromatophore, Cyanophycean Granule, Flagella absent, 
Blooms in 
polluted water 
Example-. Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Spirulina 
Mycoplasma  No cell wall, smallest size, Parasitic on plant or animal 
 
Protista 
Feature – Unicellular, eukaryotes, well defined nucleus, autotrophic (oxygenic) and 
Heterotrophic 
Flagella – 9 + (2) type, Membrane bound organelle, fusion to form zygote, meiosis present  
 
 
Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Eugleinoids 
Habitat  Diatoms and desmid (golden algae) 
Marine water and freshwater 
Marine water 
 
Flagella Float passively – no flagella Two flagella, 
longitudinal 
and transverse 
 
Cell 
wall  
Cellulose cell wall + silica 
(overlapping) shell like soap 
case 
Stiff cellulose plate 
 
Pigment  Chl a mainly Chl a and 
phycoerythrin 
Chl a and Chl b – like 
higher plant 
Nutrition Oxygenic 
Diatomaceous earth 
(indestructible cell wall) Chief 
producer – ocean ,filtration, 
polishing 
Oxygenic 
Rapid multiplication 
Form red tide (sea 
appear 
rod), Toxins release 
Photosynthetic 
(oxygenic) + 
Predator (in absence 
of light) 
 
 
 
 
Saprophytic protist 
Slime mould – Saprophytic, main stage – plasmodium, grow on decaying twig 
 
Zygote? Grow in several feet ? Fruiting body develop ? Spore produces ? Disperse by Air current 
 
Protozoan – Predator and Parasitic  
Amoeboid  Flagellated Ciliated Sporozoans 
Fresh water + 
Marine 
water Pseudopodia 
(to 
capture prey and 
movement) 
Marine form have 
silica shells 
Free living or parasitic 
Have flagella 
Disease – sleeping 
sickness(Trypanosoma) 
 
Aquatic Thousands of cilia 
Gullet – open 
outside cell surface 
Exp. Paramaecium 
 
Spore stage 
present 
Exp. 
Plasmodium  
 
 
Fungi 
Moist humid place, mainly filamentous (except yeast), network of hyphae is mycelium, 
Hyphae (Two type) – Aseptate, multinucleated coenocytic or septate and branched 
Cell wall – Chitin (mainly) and polysaccharide Nutrition-Saprophytic – main nutrition, Parasitic 
Symbiotic – mycorrhizae (root of higher plant), Lichen – Fungi + Algae 
Reproduction – Vegetative – Fission, budding, Fragmentation  
                            Asexual – By spore, (Conidia and sporangiospore) 
Sexual steps – Plasmogamy – (Dikaryon form) Karyogamy (Zygote form), Meiosis – (spore 
form) 
Basis of classification- fruiting body, spore(sexual) , fruiting body(sexual) 
 
Algae Phycomycetes Ascomycetes  Basidiomycetes  Deuteromycetes 
Habitat  Some aquatic 
and parasitic 
Decomposer Decomposer Found in soil on 
decaying organic 
matter 
Hyphae Aseptate  Septate branched Septate branched septate and 
branched 
Vegetative  Fragmentation Fragmentation 
fission budding 
Fragmentation  Fragmentation 
 
 
 
Asexual 
spore 
Endogenous 
(motile and 
nonmotile)  
Exogenous – 
conidia (on 
conidiophore) 
Absent conidia present 
Sexual 
spore  
Endogamous 
(dikaryon not 
visible) 
zygospore show 
meiosis 
Dikaryon visible 
Endogenous 
inside Ascus 
develop on 
ascocarp (Spore 
ascospore) 
 
Delayed karyogamy, 
Basidiocarp have 
basidium 
develop 
basidiospore by 
karyogamy and 
meiosis(exogenous) 
Perfect (sexual) 
stage absent 
Example  Albugo(white 
rust 
crucifer) 
Rhizopus, mucor 
 
Yeast(non-
filamentous) 
Claviceps (LSD) 
Aspergillus 
(Aflatoxin, citric 
acid)Penicillium 
(Morels and 
truffles (edible) 
Neurospora 
(Biochemical and 
genetic studies 
Toadstool, puff ball 
Agaricus-edible 
ustilago, smut, 
Puccinia - Rust 
 
Trichoderma, 
Colletotrichum, 
Alternaria 
 
Virus 
Acellular and non-cellular, not find place in classification, obligate parasite, intracellular parasite, 
enzyme present but no pathway  
First discover virus – TMV 
 
Pasture Gave Term virus 
Ivanowsky (1892 Mosaic disease to tobacco, virus pass through bacterial proof filter 
Beijerinek (1898) Structure of infected plant, cause fresh infection, contagium, vivum fluidum 
Stanley (1935) Crystallize virus 
 
 
Virus Protein coat + Genetic material 
Protein coat Unit capsomere, Helical or polyhedral  
Genetic material Bacteriophage – ds DNA