Kurukshetra Magazine August 2023 - 2 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


25 Kurukshetra       August  2023
Rajiv Theodore
ypically, nutritional deficiency is 
considered a problem plaguing the 
poor, who cannot afford a balanced 
meal. Thus, poverty remains the biggest cause of 
nutritional problems in India. However, lately, research 
has shown prevalent malnutrition even in urban, and 
wealthy individuals. The urban rich have enough to 
eat, but poor food choices have caused nutritional 
deficiencies among them. The influence of the Western 
diet has led to people consuming more fats, refined 
carbohydrates, and sugars that only provide empty 
calories without any substantial nutrition.
Although, the situation is easing because of the 
Government policies and concerted efforts, however, 
more efforts are required to deal with the issue. 
T
Economic inequality and low economic status all hit 
the diets of a large section of the population, which 
often lack both quality and quantity. Many times, it is 
a vicious circle, women who suffer from malnutrition 
are less likely to have healthy babies and inflict 
long-term damage to both individuals and society. 
Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-
deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious 
diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, which 
lead to a higher mortality rate and are less productive 
at work. Under-nutrition also brings inefficiency to 
society, especially in India, where labour is a major 
input factor for economic production. On the other 
hand, overnutrition also has severe consequences and 
causes several non-communicable diseases, such as 
The author is a Delhi based journalist. Email: rajivtheodore@gmail.com
Foods that Address Nutritional Deficiencies
Over the last few years, India has been implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its associated risks. These include the 
provision of food supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, 
breastfeeding promotion, access to clean water, sanitation, etc.
Page 2


25 Kurukshetra       August  2023
Rajiv Theodore
ypically, nutritional deficiency is 
considered a problem plaguing the 
poor, who cannot afford a balanced 
meal. Thus, poverty remains the biggest cause of 
nutritional problems in India. However, lately, research 
has shown prevalent malnutrition even in urban, and 
wealthy individuals. The urban rich have enough to 
eat, but poor food choices have caused nutritional 
deficiencies among them. The influence of the Western 
diet has led to people consuming more fats, refined 
carbohydrates, and sugars that only provide empty 
calories without any substantial nutrition.
Although, the situation is easing because of the 
Government policies and concerted efforts, however, 
more efforts are required to deal with the issue. 
T
Economic inequality and low economic status all hit 
the diets of a large section of the population, which 
often lack both quality and quantity. Many times, it is 
a vicious circle, women who suffer from malnutrition 
are less likely to have healthy babies and inflict 
long-term damage to both individuals and society. 
Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-
deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious 
diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, which 
lead to a higher mortality rate and are less productive 
at work. Under-nutrition also brings inefficiency to 
society, especially in India, where labour is a major 
input factor for economic production. On the other 
hand, overnutrition also has severe consequences and 
causes several non-communicable diseases, such as 
The author is a Delhi based journalist. Email: rajivtheodore@gmail.com
Foods that Address Nutritional Deficiencies
Over the last few years, India has been implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its associated risks. These include the 
provision of food supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, 
breastfeeding promotion, access to clean water, sanitation, etc.
Kurukshetra       August  2023 26
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic 
respiratory issues.
September is celebrated as Nutrition Month, or 
Poshan Maah, which is marked by creative and diverse 
efforts such as better use of technology and  public 
participation across the country against malnutrition. 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi  launched this campaign 
(Poshan Abhiyaan) in March 2018, which today 
continues to address nutritional deficiencies among 
adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers, 
and children from 0-6 years of age. It seeks to reduce 
the level of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low 
birth weight in children through the use of technology 
and community involvement. This campaign has been 
taken forward ever since by Krishi Vigyan Kendras 
(Farm Science Centre) by organising several nutrition 
sensitisation programmes across the country.
Over the last few years, India has been 
implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its 
associated risks. These include the provision of food 
supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation 
during pregnancy, breastfeeding promotion, access to 
clean water, sanitation, etc.
The existing systems in both urban and rural 
areas are strategically placed to decentralise the 
efforts under POSHAN and move towards last-mile 
convergence for better nutrition service delivery. 
Elected bodies at the grassroots, SHGs consisting 
of community members, youth groups, Integrated 
Child Development Services (ICDS), and Anganwadi 
Centres, can be effectively leveraged for community 
mobilisation. To generate demand for nutrition services 
and develop an understanding of nutrient-rich foods, 
this could also be achieved by using a 360-degree 
communication approach along with an enabling 
environment. Interventions that stress on Information, 
Education and Communication (ICE) and Social and 
Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) can prove 
indispensable. They can go a long way in creating 
awareness among beneficiaries about programmes 
like the supplementary feeding programme, Public 
Distribution Scheme (PDS) fortification, mid-day meal 
scheme (MDM), and provisions for tribal groups. These 
could be effectively used for targeted behaviour change 
in the community on nutrition-related practices. For 
example, in Rajasthan, the government has taken the 
lead in developing a State-specific SBCC strategy to 
support nutrition programmes.
To keep the message about nutrition intake 
targeted, effective messaging customised to the 
requirements of communities and easy to comprehend 
is needed. The idea of eating right based on locally 
available and accessible nutrient-rich food,  and 
educating the community on food groups and simple 
ways of obtaining them are some of the points 
that could be driven home through this. Effective 
messaging, being true to local realities and finding 
simple solutions are the needs of the hour.
Most Common Nutritional Problems
Vitamin D Deficiency--An important nutrient for 
maintaining bone health, vitamin D is a fat-soluble 
vitamin that is also known for preventing certain types 
of cancer. It maintains normal calcium and phosphate 
levels and helps in muscle contraction, nerve signalling, 
and cell functions. A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to 
osteoporosis, repeated fractures, and bone and muscle 
weakness. It can also lead to severe medical conditions 
such as:
Vitamin A Deficiency--Vitamin A is essential for 
healthy vision, metabolism, and cell development. It 
also keeps the lining of your intestines and urinary 
tract in proper shape. A major cause of vision loss and 
blindness, vitamin A deficiency can lead to certain 
complications with the heart, lungs, skin, tissues, and 
immune system.
Vitamin C Deficiency--Important for the normal 
functioning of the blood vessels, vitamin C is essential 
for the absorption of iron in the body, which is used 
to make red blood cells. Vitamin C benefits the teeth, 
gums, skin, and tissue.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency--In order to maintain a 
healthy nervous system, prevent mutations in the DNA, 
and induce the formation of red blood cells, vitamin 
B12 is extremely important. A lack of this vitamin can 
lead to atrophic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, parasitic 
infections, celiac disease, or certain neurological 
symptoms. 
Protein Deficiency--Known as the building blocks 
of the body, proteins are essential to maintain muscle 
mass. Lack of protein can cause oedema of the legs, 
hands, and abdomen. It can also lead to mood changes, 
slow healing of wounds, preeclampsia, weakness, 
fatigue, etc.
Page 3


25 Kurukshetra       August  2023
Rajiv Theodore
ypically, nutritional deficiency is 
considered a problem plaguing the 
poor, who cannot afford a balanced 
meal. Thus, poverty remains the biggest cause of 
nutritional problems in India. However, lately, research 
has shown prevalent malnutrition even in urban, and 
wealthy individuals. The urban rich have enough to 
eat, but poor food choices have caused nutritional 
deficiencies among them. The influence of the Western 
diet has led to people consuming more fats, refined 
carbohydrates, and sugars that only provide empty 
calories without any substantial nutrition.
Although, the situation is easing because of the 
Government policies and concerted efforts, however, 
more efforts are required to deal with the issue. 
T
Economic inequality and low economic status all hit 
the diets of a large section of the population, which 
often lack both quality and quantity. Many times, it is 
a vicious circle, women who suffer from malnutrition 
are less likely to have healthy babies and inflict 
long-term damage to both individuals and society. 
Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-
deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious 
diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, which 
lead to a higher mortality rate and are less productive 
at work. Under-nutrition also brings inefficiency to 
society, especially in India, where labour is a major 
input factor for economic production. On the other 
hand, overnutrition also has severe consequences and 
causes several non-communicable diseases, such as 
The author is a Delhi based journalist. Email: rajivtheodore@gmail.com
Foods that Address Nutritional Deficiencies
Over the last few years, India has been implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its associated risks. These include the 
provision of food supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, 
breastfeeding promotion, access to clean water, sanitation, etc.
Kurukshetra       August  2023 26
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic 
respiratory issues.
September is celebrated as Nutrition Month, or 
Poshan Maah, which is marked by creative and diverse 
efforts such as better use of technology and  public 
participation across the country against malnutrition. 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi  launched this campaign 
(Poshan Abhiyaan) in March 2018, which today 
continues to address nutritional deficiencies among 
adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers, 
and children from 0-6 years of age. It seeks to reduce 
the level of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low 
birth weight in children through the use of technology 
and community involvement. This campaign has been 
taken forward ever since by Krishi Vigyan Kendras 
(Farm Science Centre) by organising several nutrition 
sensitisation programmes across the country.
Over the last few years, India has been 
implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its 
associated risks. These include the provision of food 
supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation 
during pregnancy, breastfeeding promotion, access to 
clean water, sanitation, etc.
The existing systems in both urban and rural 
areas are strategically placed to decentralise the 
efforts under POSHAN and move towards last-mile 
convergence for better nutrition service delivery. 
Elected bodies at the grassroots, SHGs consisting 
of community members, youth groups, Integrated 
Child Development Services (ICDS), and Anganwadi 
Centres, can be effectively leveraged for community 
mobilisation. To generate demand for nutrition services 
and develop an understanding of nutrient-rich foods, 
this could also be achieved by using a 360-degree 
communication approach along with an enabling 
environment. Interventions that stress on Information, 
Education and Communication (ICE) and Social and 
Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) can prove 
indispensable. They can go a long way in creating 
awareness among beneficiaries about programmes 
like the supplementary feeding programme, Public 
Distribution Scheme (PDS) fortification, mid-day meal 
scheme (MDM), and provisions for tribal groups. These 
could be effectively used for targeted behaviour change 
in the community on nutrition-related practices. For 
example, in Rajasthan, the government has taken the 
lead in developing a State-specific SBCC strategy to 
support nutrition programmes.
To keep the message about nutrition intake 
targeted, effective messaging customised to the 
requirements of communities and easy to comprehend 
is needed. The idea of eating right based on locally 
available and accessible nutrient-rich food,  and 
educating the community on food groups and simple 
ways of obtaining them are some of the points 
that could be driven home through this. Effective 
messaging, being true to local realities and finding 
simple solutions are the needs of the hour.
Most Common Nutritional Problems
Vitamin D Deficiency--An important nutrient for 
maintaining bone health, vitamin D is a fat-soluble 
vitamin that is also known for preventing certain types 
of cancer. It maintains normal calcium and phosphate 
levels and helps in muscle contraction, nerve signalling, 
and cell functions. A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to 
osteoporosis, repeated fractures, and bone and muscle 
weakness. It can also lead to severe medical conditions 
such as:
Vitamin A Deficiency--Vitamin A is essential for 
healthy vision, metabolism, and cell development. It 
also keeps the lining of your intestines and urinary 
tract in proper shape. A major cause of vision loss and 
blindness, vitamin A deficiency can lead to certain 
complications with the heart, lungs, skin, tissues, and 
immune system.
Vitamin C Deficiency--Important for the normal 
functioning of the blood vessels, vitamin C is essential 
for the absorption of iron in the body, which is used 
to make red blood cells. Vitamin C benefits the teeth, 
gums, skin, and tissue.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency--In order to maintain a 
healthy nervous system, prevent mutations in the DNA, 
and induce the formation of red blood cells, vitamin 
B12 is extremely important. A lack of this vitamin can 
lead to atrophic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, parasitic 
infections, celiac disease, or certain neurological 
symptoms. 
Protein Deficiency--Known as the building blocks 
of the body, proteins are essential to maintain muscle 
mass. Lack of protein can cause oedema of the legs, 
hands, and abdomen. It can also lead to mood changes, 
slow healing of wounds, preeclampsia, weakness, 
fatigue, etc.
27 Kurukshetra       August  2023
 Iron Deficiency--Iron deficiency is one of the most 
common nutritional problems in India. Its deficiency 
results in iron deficiency anaemia, fatigue, paleness, 
and shortness of breath. 
Folate Deficiency--Also known as vitamin B9, 
folate plays a vital role in DNA and RNA synthesis in the 
Iodine Deficiency--The deficiency of iodine is 
known to cause impaired thyroid functioning, leading 
to hypothyroidism symptoms, such as weight gain, 
fatigue, dry skin, weakness, etc.
Addressing Food Deficiencies
Protein Deficiency
Protein is an essential macronutrient for proper 
body functioning and is necessary for building and 
repairing muscle, producing hormones, and producing 
enzymes. A common concern in vegetarian diets is the 
lack of adequate protein intake. Including a variety 
of protein-rich plant-based foods such as lentils, 
chickpeas, beans, soy products, and dairy can help 
vegetarians meet their daily protein requirements. 
Consuming a mix of complementary protein sources 
can ensure the intake of all essential amino acids. 
Additionally, incorporating protein-rich foods such 
as tempeh, tofu, and seitan can help to meet protein 
needs.
Calcium: Finding Alternative Sources Beyond Dairy
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for building and 
maintaining strong bones and teeth, and it is often 
associated with dairy products. However, for those 
following a vegetarian Indian diet, finding alternative 
sources of calcium beyond dairy is essential. 
Fortunately, there are several plant-based sources 
of calcium that can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Leafy Green Vegetables
Spinach, kale, and collard greens, are excellent 
sources of calcium, as are other vegetables such as 
broccoli, okra, and bok choy. Additionally, some nuts 
and seeds, such as almonds and sesame seeds, are 
rich in calcium. Tofu, a popular vegetarian protein 
source, can also be an excellent source of calcium, 
particularly if it has been fortified. By incorporating 
these alternative sources of calcium into a vegetarian 
Indian diet, individuals can ensure they are meeting 
their calcium needs and supporting optimal bone 
health.
Iron Deficiencies
To increase iron intake, consume iron-rich plant 
foods like spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and fortified 
cereals. Pairing these foods with vitamin C-rich foods, 
such as tomatoes, citrus fruits, or bell peppers, can 
enhance iron absorption.
Zinc 
This can be found in whole grains, legumes, and 
nuts, while calcium is abundant in dairy products, 
green leafy vegetables, and fortified plant-based milk 
alternatives.
Essential Fatty Acids 
This is important for maintaining good health, as 
they provide the building blocks for many important 
hormones and help to reduce inflammation. A 
vegetarian Indian diet may be low in omega-3 fatty 
acids while high in omega-6 fatty acids. To balance the 
intake of these essential fats, incorporate omega-3 
rich foods like flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and 
algae-based supplements. Simultaneously, reduce the 
consumption of vegetable oils high in omega-6 fatty 
acids.
Fibre
A vegetarian Indian diet is typically low in whole 
grains and fibre, as these are found primarily in 
processed grains and refined carbohydrates. To ensure 
adequate intake of whole grains and fibre, we should 
focus on eating foods such as oats, barley, brown rice, 
quinoa, whole wheat bread, and legumes. Additionally, 
incorporating foods such as fruits and vegetables can 
help to meet fibre needs.
A fibre-rich diet promotes digestive health and 
helps prevent chronic diseases. Incorporate whole 
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for 
building and maintaining strong bones 
and teeth, and it is often associated 
with dairy products. There are several 
plant-based sources of calcium that 
can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Page 4


25 Kurukshetra       August  2023
Rajiv Theodore
ypically, nutritional deficiency is 
considered a problem plaguing the 
poor, who cannot afford a balanced 
meal. Thus, poverty remains the biggest cause of 
nutritional problems in India. However, lately, research 
has shown prevalent malnutrition even in urban, and 
wealthy individuals. The urban rich have enough to 
eat, but poor food choices have caused nutritional 
deficiencies among them. The influence of the Western 
diet has led to people consuming more fats, refined 
carbohydrates, and sugars that only provide empty 
calories without any substantial nutrition.
Although, the situation is easing because of the 
Government policies and concerted efforts, however, 
more efforts are required to deal with the issue. 
T
Economic inequality and low economic status all hit 
the diets of a large section of the population, which 
often lack both quality and quantity. Many times, it is 
a vicious circle, women who suffer from malnutrition 
are less likely to have healthy babies and inflict 
long-term damage to both individuals and society. 
Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-
deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious 
diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, which 
lead to a higher mortality rate and are less productive 
at work. Under-nutrition also brings inefficiency to 
society, especially in India, where labour is a major 
input factor for economic production. On the other 
hand, overnutrition also has severe consequences and 
causes several non-communicable diseases, such as 
The author is a Delhi based journalist. Email: rajivtheodore@gmail.com
Foods that Address Nutritional Deficiencies
Over the last few years, India has been implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its associated risks. These include the 
provision of food supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, 
breastfeeding promotion, access to clean water, sanitation, etc.
Kurukshetra       August  2023 26
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic 
respiratory issues.
September is celebrated as Nutrition Month, or 
Poshan Maah, which is marked by creative and diverse 
efforts such as better use of technology and  public 
participation across the country against malnutrition. 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi  launched this campaign 
(Poshan Abhiyaan) in March 2018, which today 
continues to address nutritional deficiencies among 
adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers, 
and children from 0-6 years of age. It seeks to reduce 
the level of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low 
birth weight in children through the use of technology 
and community involvement. This campaign has been 
taken forward ever since by Krishi Vigyan Kendras 
(Farm Science Centre) by organising several nutrition 
sensitisation programmes across the country.
Over the last few years, India has been 
implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its 
associated risks. These include the provision of food 
supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation 
during pregnancy, breastfeeding promotion, access to 
clean water, sanitation, etc.
The existing systems in both urban and rural 
areas are strategically placed to decentralise the 
efforts under POSHAN and move towards last-mile 
convergence for better nutrition service delivery. 
Elected bodies at the grassroots, SHGs consisting 
of community members, youth groups, Integrated 
Child Development Services (ICDS), and Anganwadi 
Centres, can be effectively leveraged for community 
mobilisation. To generate demand for nutrition services 
and develop an understanding of nutrient-rich foods, 
this could also be achieved by using a 360-degree 
communication approach along with an enabling 
environment. Interventions that stress on Information, 
Education and Communication (ICE) and Social and 
Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) can prove 
indispensable. They can go a long way in creating 
awareness among beneficiaries about programmes 
like the supplementary feeding programme, Public 
Distribution Scheme (PDS) fortification, mid-day meal 
scheme (MDM), and provisions for tribal groups. These 
could be effectively used for targeted behaviour change 
in the community on nutrition-related practices. For 
example, in Rajasthan, the government has taken the 
lead in developing a State-specific SBCC strategy to 
support nutrition programmes.
To keep the message about nutrition intake 
targeted, effective messaging customised to the 
requirements of communities and easy to comprehend 
is needed. The idea of eating right based on locally 
available and accessible nutrient-rich food,  and 
educating the community on food groups and simple 
ways of obtaining them are some of the points 
that could be driven home through this. Effective 
messaging, being true to local realities and finding 
simple solutions are the needs of the hour.
Most Common Nutritional Problems
Vitamin D Deficiency--An important nutrient for 
maintaining bone health, vitamin D is a fat-soluble 
vitamin that is also known for preventing certain types 
of cancer. It maintains normal calcium and phosphate 
levels and helps in muscle contraction, nerve signalling, 
and cell functions. A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to 
osteoporosis, repeated fractures, and bone and muscle 
weakness. It can also lead to severe medical conditions 
such as:
Vitamin A Deficiency--Vitamin A is essential for 
healthy vision, metabolism, and cell development. It 
also keeps the lining of your intestines and urinary 
tract in proper shape. A major cause of vision loss and 
blindness, vitamin A deficiency can lead to certain 
complications with the heart, lungs, skin, tissues, and 
immune system.
Vitamin C Deficiency--Important for the normal 
functioning of the blood vessels, vitamin C is essential 
for the absorption of iron in the body, which is used 
to make red blood cells. Vitamin C benefits the teeth, 
gums, skin, and tissue.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency--In order to maintain a 
healthy nervous system, prevent mutations in the DNA, 
and induce the formation of red blood cells, vitamin 
B12 is extremely important. A lack of this vitamin can 
lead to atrophic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, parasitic 
infections, celiac disease, or certain neurological 
symptoms. 
Protein Deficiency--Known as the building blocks 
of the body, proteins are essential to maintain muscle 
mass. Lack of protein can cause oedema of the legs, 
hands, and abdomen. It can also lead to mood changes, 
slow healing of wounds, preeclampsia, weakness, 
fatigue, etc.
27 Kurukshetra       August  2023
 Iron Deficiency--Iron deficiency is one of the most 
common nutritional problems in India. Its deficiency 
results in iron deficiency anaemia, fatigue, paleness, 
and shortness of breath. 
Folate Deficiency--Also known as vitamin B9, 
folate plays a vital role in DNA and RNA synthesis in the 
Iodine Deficiency--The deficiency of iodine is 
known to cause impaired thyroid functioning, leading 
to hypothyroidism symptoms, such as weight gain, 
fatigue, dry skin, weakness, etc.
Addressing Food Deficiencies
Protein Deficiency
Protein is an essential macronutrient for proper 
body functioning and is necessary for building and 
repairing muscle, producing hormones, and producing 
enzymes. A common concern in vegetarian diets is the 
lack of adequate protein intake. Including a variety 
of protein-rich plant-based foods such as lentils, 
chickpeas, beans, soy products, and dairy can help 
vegetarians meet their daily protein requirements. 
Consuming a mix of complementary protein sources 
can ensure the intake of all essential amino acids. 
Additionally, incorporating protein-rich foods such 
as tempeh, tofu, and seitan can help to meet protein 
needs.
Calcium: Finding Alternative Sources Beyond Dairy
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for building and 
maintaining strong bones and teeth, and it is often 
associated with dairy products. However, for those 
following a vegetarian Indian diet, finding alternative 
sources of calcium beyond dairy is essential. 
Fortunately, there are several plant-based sources 
of calcium that can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Leafy Green Vegetables
Spinach, kale, and collard greens, are excellent 
sources of calcium, as are other vegetables such as 
broccoli, okra, and bok choy. Additionally, some nuts 
and seeds, such as almonds and sesame seeds, are 
rich in calcium. Tofu, a popular vegetarian protein 
source, can also be an excellent source of calcium, 
particularly if it has been fortified. By incorporating 
these alternative sources of calcium into a vegetarian 
Indian diet, individuals can ensure they are meeting 
their calcium needs and supporting optimal bone 
health.
Iron Deficiencies
To increase iron intake, consume iron-rich plant 
foods like spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and fortified 
cereals. Pairing these foods with vitamin C-rich foods, 
such as tomatoes, citrus fruits, or bell peppers, can 
enhance iron absorption.
Zinc 
This can be found in whole grains, legumes, and 
nuts, while calcium is abundant in dairy products, 
green leafy vegetables, and fortified plant-based milk 
alternatives.
Essential Fatty Acids 
This is important for maintaining good health, as 
they provide the building blocks for many important 
hormones and help to reduce inflammation. A 
vegetarian Indian diet may be low in omega-3 fatty 
acids while high in omega-6 fatty acids. To balance the 
intake of these essential fats, incorporate omega-3 
rich foods like flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and 
algae-based supplements. Simultaneously, reduce the 
consumption of vegetable oils high in omega-6 fatty 
acids.
Fibre
A vegetarian Indian diet is typically low in whole 
grains and fibre, as these are found primarily in 
processed grains and refined carbohydrates. To ensure 
adequate intake of whole grains and fibre, we should 
focus on eating foods such as oats, barley, brown rice, 
quinoa, whole wheat bread, and legumes. Additionally, 
incorporating foods such as fruits and vegetables can 
help to meet fibre needs.
A fibre-rich diet promotes digestive health and 
helps prevent chronic diseases. Incorporate whole 
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for 
building and maintaining strong bones 
and teeth, and it is often associated 
with dairy products. There are several 
plant-based sources of calcium that 
can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Kurukshetra       August  2023 28
grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds 
into your meals to maximise fibre intake and support 
overall health. Whole grains like brown rice, whole 
wheat, and millets are packed with fibre, vitamins, 
and minerals. Including these in the diet can improve 
digestion, regulate blood sugar levels, and lower 
cholesterol.
Vitamin B12 
This is predominantly found in animal 
products, making it difficult for vegetarians 
to meet their daily requirements. Fortified 
foods, such as plant-based milk and breakfast 
cereals, or B12 supplements can help. 
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, 
and exposure to sunlight, fortified foods, or 
supplements can be beneficial. Riboflavin is 
present in dairy products, fortified cereals, 
and certain vegetables like spinach and 
mushrooms.
Micro-Nutrients
India is in a stage of nutrition transition. Being 
overweight and underweight are two common 
predicaments, but irrespective of them, micronutrient 
deficiency is another glaring reason for nutritional 
deficiencies. The Government of India has launched 
several schemes and programmes in the wake of 
micronutrient deficiency. Food fortification, dietary 
diversification, nutritional education, micronutrient 
supplementation, maintenance of environmental 
sanitation, and hygiene are the various available 
measures taken to tackle the problem of micronutrient 
malnutrition. 
Blue foods
Blue food, sourced from aquatic environments, 
can reduce nutritional deficiencies and contribute 
to employment and export revenue in India. Blue 
foods are important for the economies, livelihoods, 
nutritional security, and cultures of people in many 
countries. Compared to terrestrial meat, blue foods 
generate lower emissions. They can also contribute 
to the health, well-being, and livelihoods of rural 
communities. India can use aquatic foods to address 
B12 and omega-3 deficiencies, the data showed.
Government Initiatives
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research 
(ICAR)  developed 79 biofortified varieties of various 
crops that are nutritionally rich and also launched two 
programmes, Nutri-sensitive Agricultural Resources 
and Innovations (NARI) and Value Addition and 
Technology Incubation Centres in Agriculture (VATICA), 
for upscaling biofortified varieties of crops through 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
Today, there is a kind of  revolution occurring 
in the wonder cereal--Millets — often called 'nutri-
cereals' due to their high nutritional value. Millets  are 
a group of small-seeded grasses grown mainly in dry 
zones of Asia and Africa. These include sorghum (or 
great millet), pearl millet, finger millet, fonio, proso 
millet, foxtail millet, teff, and other smaller varietals. 
Millets are a good source of energy, carbohydrates, fats, 
proteins, soluble and insoluble fiber, antioxidants, iron, 
zinc and vitamins, and can help eliminate micronutrient 
deficiency in India and other developing nations. 
The resurgence of this cereal could be gauged 
from the fact that the United Nations has declared the 
year 2023 as “the International Year of Millets.” The 
Indian Government’s efforts to mark the International 
Year of Millets (2023) was endorsed by the members 
of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 
governing bodies, as well as by the 75
th 
Session of the 
United Nations General Assembly. India also launched 
the ‘Mainstreaming Millets for Nutrition Security’ 
programme in 2021. It provides a detailed framework 
for strengthening the entire value chain by addressing 
the gaps and calling for replicating scalable models 
across states for millet promotion in the country. The 
Indian Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has 
made elaborate plans to promote millets. 
Extensive use of millets could also help attain 
the sustainable developmental goals (SDGs) of the 
United Nations and could just be the crucial link in 
the sustainable food supply chain. Across rural India, 
the Indian government, through various grassroots 
institutions, is encouraging farmers to cultivate a mix 
of crops that improve their own food security and 
nutrition requirements. India’s agriculture and food 
security policies, thus, are now going beyond the 
calorie sufficiency approach towards ensuring access 
to a nutritionally balanced and diverse diet and help 
bring positive change in the nutrition profile of India’s 
undernourished millions. ?
Page 5


25 Kurukshetra       August  2023
Rajiv Theodore
ypically, nutritional deficiency is 
considered a problem plaguing the 
poor, who cannot afford a balanced 
meal. Thus, poverty remains the biggest cause of 
nutritional problems in India. However, lately, research 
has shown prevalent malnutrition even in urban, and 
wealthy individuals. The urban rich have enough to 
eat, but poor food choices have caused nutritional 
deficiencies among them. The influence of the Western 
diet has led to people consuming more fats, refined 
carbohydrates, and sugars that only provide empty 
calories without any substantial nutrition.
Although, the situation is easing because of the 
Government policies and concerted efforts, however, 
more efforts are required to deal with the issue. 
T
Economic inequality and low economic status all hit 
the diets of a large section of the population, which 
often lack both quality and quantity. Many times, it is 
a vicious circle, women who suffer from malnutrition 
are less likely to have healthy babies and inflict 
long-term damage to both individuals and society. 
Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-
deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious 
diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, which 
lead to a higher mortality rate and are less productive 
at work. Under-nutrition also brings inefficiency to 
society, especially in India, where labour is a major 
input factor for economic production. On the other 
hand, overnutrition also has severe consequences and 
causes several non-communicable diseases, such as 
The author is a Delhi based journalist. Email: rajivtheodore@gmail.com
Foods that Address Nutritional Deficiencies
Over the last few years, India has been implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its associated risks. These include the 
provision of food supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, 
breastfeeding promotion, access to clean water, sanitation, etc.
Kurukshetra       August  2023 26
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic 
respiratory issues.
September is celebrated as Nutrition Month, or 
Poshan Maah, which is marked by creative and diverse 
efforts such as better use of technology and  public 
participation across the country against malnutrition. 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi  launched this campaign 
(Poshan Abhiyaan) in March 2018, which today 
continues to address nutritional deficiencies among 
adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers, 
and children from 0-6 years of age. It seeks to reduce 
the level of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low 
birth weight in children through the use of technology 
and community involvement. This campaign has been 
taken forward ever since by Krishi Vigyan Kendras 
(Farm Science Centre) by organising several nutrition 
sensitisation programmes across the country.
Over the last few years, India has been 
implementing several nutrition interventions as part 
of its national strategy to address malnutrition and its 
associated risks. These include the provision of food 
supplements, Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation 
during pregnancy, breastfeeding promotion, access to 
clean water, sanitation, etc.
The existing systems in both urban and rural 
areas are strategically placed to decentralise the 
efforts under POSHAN and move towards last-mile 
convergence for better nutrition service delivery. 
Elected bodies at the grassroots, SHGs consisting 
of community members, youth groups, Integrated 
Child Development Services (ICDS), and Anganwadi 
Centres, can be effectively leveraged for community 
mobilisation. To generate demand for nutrition services 
and develop an understanding of nutrient-rich foods, 
this could also be achieved by using a 360-degree 
communication approach along with an enabling 
environment. Interventions that stress on Information, 
Education and Communication (ICE) and Social and 
Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) can prove 
indispensable. They can go a long way in creating 
awareness among beneficiaries about programmes 
like the supplementary feeding programme, Public 
Distribution Scheme (PDS) fortification, mid-day meal 
scheme (MDM), and provisions for tribal groups. These 
could be effectively used for targeted behaviour change 
in the community on nutrition-related practices. For 
example, in Rajasthan, the government has taken the 
lead in developing a State-specific SBCC strategy to 
support nutrition programmes.
To keep the message about nutrition intake 
targeted, effective messaging customised to the 
requirements of communities and easy to comprehend 
is needed. The idea of eating right based on locally 
available and accessible nutrient-rich food,  and 
educating the community on food groups and simple 
ways of obtaining them are some of the points 
that could be driven home through this. Effective 
messaging, being true to local realities and finding 
simple solutions are the needs of the hour.
Most Common Nutritional Problems
Vitamin D Deficiency--An important nutrient for 
maintaining bone health, vitamin D is a fat-soluble 
vitamin that is also known for preventing certain types 
of cancer. It maintains normal calcium and phosphate 
levels and helps in muscle contraction, nerve signalling, 
and cell functions. A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to 
osteoporosis, repeated fractures, and bone and muscle 
weakness. It can also lead to severe medical conditions 
such as:
Vitamin A Deficiency--Vitamin A is essential for 
healthy vision, metabolism, and cell development. It 
also keeps the lining of your intestines and urinary 
tract in proper shape. A major cause of vision loss and 
blindness, vitamin A deficiency can lead to certain 
complications with the heart, lungs, skin, tissues, and 
immune system.
Vitamin C Deficiency--Important for the normal 
functioning of the blood vessels, vitamin C is essential 
for the absorption of iron in the body, which is used 
to make red blood cells. Vitamin C benefits the teeth, 
gums, skin, and tissue.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency--In order to maintain a 
healthy nervous system, prevent mutations in the DNA, 
and induce the formation of red blood cells, vitamin 
B12 is extremely important. A lack of this vitamin can 
lead to atrophic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, parasitic 
infections, celiac disease, or certain neurological 
symptoms. 
Protein Deficiency--Known as the building blocks 
of the body, proteins are essential to maintain muscle 
mass. Lack of protein can cause oedema of the legs, 
hands, and abdomen. It can also lead to mood changes, 
slow healing of wounds, preeclampsia, weakness, 
fatigue, etc.
27 Kurukshetra       August  2023
 Iron Deficiency--Iron deficiency is one of the most 
common nutritional problems in India. Its deficiency 
results in iron deficiency anaemia, fatigue, paleness, 
and shortness of breath. 
Folate Deficiency--Also known as vitamin B9, 
folate plays a vital role in DNA and RNA synthesis in the 
Iodine Deficiency--The deficiency of iodine is 
known to cause impaired thyroid functioning, leading 
to hypothyroidism symptoms, such as weight gain, 
fatigue, dry skin, weakness, etc.
Addressing Food Deficiencies
Protein Deficiency
Protein is an essential macronutrient for proper 
body functioning and is necessary for building and 
repairing muscle, producing hormones, and producing 
enzymes. A common concern in vegetarian diets is the 
lack of adequate protein intake. Including a variety 
of protein-rich plant-based foods such as lentils, 
chickpeas, beans, soy products, and dairy can help 
vegetarians meet their daily protein requirements. 
Consuming a mix of complementary protein sources 
can ensure the intake of all essential amino acids. 
Additionally, incorporating protein-rich foods such 
as tempeh, tofu, and seitan can help to meet protein 
needs.
Calcium: Finding Alternative Sources Beyond Dairy
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for building and 
maintaining strong bones and teeth, and it is often 
associated with dairy products. However, for those 
following a vegetarian Indian diet, finding alternative 
sources of calcium beyond dairy is essential. 
Fortunately, there are several plant-based sources 
of calcium that can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Leafy Green Vegetables
Spinach, kale, and collard greens, are excellent 
sources of calcium, as are other vegetables such as 
broccoli, okra, and bok choy. Additionally, some nuts 
and seeds, such as almonds and sesame seeds, are 
rich in calcium. Tofu, a popular vegetarian protein 
source, can also be an excellent source of calcium, 
particularly if it has been fortified. By incorporating 
these alternative sources of calcium into a vegetarian 
Indian diet, individuals can ensure they are meeting 
their calcium needs and supporting optimal bone 
health.
Iron Deficiencies
To increase iron intake, consume iron-rich plant 
foods like spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and fortified 
cereals. Pairing these foods with vitamin C-rich foods, 
such as tomatoes, citrus fruits, or bell peppers, can 
enhance iron absorption.
Zinc 
This can be found in whole grains, legumes, and 
nuts, while calcium is abundant in dairy products, 
green leafy vegetables, and fortified plant-based milk 
alternatives.
Essential Fatty Acids 
This is important for maintaining good health, as 
they provide the building blocks for many important 
hormones and help to reduce inflammation. A 
vegetarian Indian diet may be low in omega-3 fatty 
acids while high in omega-6 fatty acids. To balance the 
intake of these essential fats, incorporate omega-3 
rich foods like flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and 
algae-based supplements. Simultaneously, reduce the 
consumption of vegetable oils high in omega-6 fatty 
acids.
Fibre
A vegetarian Indian diet is typically low in whole 
grains and fibre, as these are found primarily in 
processed grains and refined carbohydrates. To ensure 
adequate intake of whole grains and fibre, we should 
focus on eating foods such as oats, barley, brown rice, 
quinoa, whole wheat bread, and legumes. Additionally, 
incorporating foods such as fruits and vegetables can 
help to meet fibre needs.
A fibre-rich diet promotes digestive health and 
helps prevent chronic diseases. Incorporate whole 
Calcium is a crucial nutrient for 
building and maintaining strong bones 
and teeth, and it is often associated 
with dairy products. There are several 
plant-based sources of calcium that 
can be easily incorporated into a 
vegetarian Indian diet. 
Kurukshetra       August  2023 28
grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds 
into your meals to maximise fibre intake and support 
overall health. Whole grains like brown rice, whole 
wheat, and millets are packed with fibre, vitamins, 
and minerals. Including these in the diet can improve 
digestion, regulate blood sugar levels, and lower 
cholesterol.
Vitamin B12 
This is predominantly found in animal 
products, making it difficult for vegetarians 
to meet their daily requirements. Fortified 
foods, such as plant-based milk and breakfast 
cereals, or B12 supplements can help. 
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, 
and exposure to sunlight, fortified foods, or 
supplements can be beneficial. Riboflavin is 
present in dairy products, fortified cereals, 
and certain vegetables like spinach and 
mushrooms.
Micro-Nutrients
India is in a stage of nutrition transition. Being 
overweight and underweight are two common 
predicaments, but irrespective of them, micronutrient 
deficiency is another glaring reason for nutritional 
deficiencies. The Government of India has launched 
several schemes and programmes in the wake of 
micronutrient deficiency. Food fortification, dietary 
diversification, nutritional education, micronutrient 
supplementation, maintenance of environmental 
sanitation, and hygiene are the various available 
measures taken to tackle the problem of micronutrient 
malnutrition. 
Blue foods
Blue food, sourced from aquatic environments, 
can reduce nutritional deficiencies and contribute 
to employment and export revenue in India. Blue 
foods are important for the economies, livelihoods, 
nutritional security, and cultures of people in many 
countries. Compared to terrestrial meat, blue foods 
generate lower emissions. They can also contribute 
to the health, well-being, and livelihoods of rural 
communities. India can use aquatic foods to address 
B12 and omega-3 deficiencies, the data showed.
Government Initiatives
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research 
(ICAR)  developed 79 biofortified varieties of various 
crops that are nutritionally rich and also launched two 
programmes, Nutri-sensitive Agricultural Resources 
and Innovations (NARI) and Value Addition and 
Technology Incubation Centres in Agriculture (VATICA), 
for upscaling biofortified varieties of crops through 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
Today, there is a kind of  revolution occurring 
in the wonder cereal--Millets — often called 'nutri-
cereals' due to their high nutritional value. Millets  are 
a group of small-seeded grasses grown mainly in dry 
zones of Asia and Africa. These include sorghum (or 
great millet), pearl millet, finger millet, fonio, proso 
millet, foxtail millet, teff, and other smaller varietals. 
Millets are a good source of energy, carbohydrates, fats, 
proteins, soluble and insoluble fiber, antioxidants, iron, 
zinc and vitamins, and can help eliminate micronutrient 
deficiency in India and other developing nations. 
The resurgence of this cereal could be gauged 
from the fact that the United Nations has declared the 
year 2023 as “the International Year of Millets.” The 
Indian Government’s efforts to mark the International 
Year of Millets (2023) was endorsed by the members 
of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 
governing bodies, as well as by the 75
th 
Session of the 
United Nations General Assembly. India also launched 
the ‘Mainstreaming Millets for Nutrition Security’ 
programme in 2021. It provides a detailed framework 
for strengthening the entire value chain by addressing 
the gaps and calling for replicating scalable models 
across states for millet promotion in the country. The 
Indian Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has 
made elaborate plans to promote millets. 
Extensive use of millets could also help attain 
the sustainable developmental goals (SDGs) of the 
United Nations and could just be the crucial link in 
the sustainable food supply chain. Across rural India, 
the Indian government, through various grassroots 
institutions, is encouraging farmers to cultivate a mix 
of crops that improve their own food security and 
nutrition requirements. India’s agriculture and food 
security policies, thus, are now going beyond the 
calorie sufficiency approach towards ensuring access 
to a nutritionally balanced and diverse diet and help 
bring positive change in the nutrition profile of India’s 
undernourished millions. ?
Kurukshetra       August  2023 30
* The author is a Freelance Writer. 
** The author is Principal Scientist, Biochemistry ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research Rajendra Nagar Hyderabad. 
Email: ssujatha1512@gmail.com and ratnavathi@millets.res.in
Millets  
Future Food
illet is a cereal grain that belongs 
to the Poaceae family, commonly 
known as the grass family. It is 
widely consumed in developing countries throughout 
Africa and Asia. While it may look like a seed, millet's 
nutritional profile is similar to that of sorghum and 
other cereals.
Millet is no longer promoted as mota anaj; instead, 
it will be called shree anna, or nutri- cereal, a superfood 
high in iron and calcium. The resilient grain also fits 
in well with the current global climatic concerns – it 
consumes little water, has low carbon footprint, and 
grows in arid conditions.
They are smart foods- good for you, the planet, and  
the farmer. Rich in calcium, iron, zinc, protein, and fiber, 
and with a low-glycemic index, they are nutricereals. 
They allow multiple farm-revenue streams as they can 
be food, fodder, a source of sugar production, and even 
biofuels. They can be grown at  high temperatures, 
with less rainfall or water, in nutrient-poor and saline 
soils. They have a smaller environmental footprint. They 
can be eaten in many ways, including the ones we are 
accustomed to.
Efforts to bring Indian millets to the international 
forefront began in October 2017, during the Committee 
on Food Security event in Rome. A series of meetings 
involving the Government of India (GOI), the agricultural 
research body International Crops Research Institute for 
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and other stakeholders 
were organised at the Food and Agriculture Organization 
(FAO) of the UN to identify the process of promoting the 
idea with FAO departments and the Indian Embassy in 
Rome. Following this initial step, in November 2017, the 
M
* 
S. Sujatha
** 
Dr. CV Ratnavathi