Carbon and its Compounds : PPT, Class 10 Science PDF Download

 Page 1


* CHAPTER - 4 
CARBON AND ITS 
COMPOUNDS 
MADE BY-: 
 RAHAT 
Page 2


* CHAPTER - 4 
CARBON AND ITS 
COMPOUNDS 
MADE BY-: 
 RAHAT 
 i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in  
     all living organisms. 
 ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,  
     natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. 
iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates, 
     hydrogen carbonates etc. 
iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 
 
* 1) Occurrence of carbon :- 
Page 3


* CHAPTER - 4 
CARBON AND ITS 
COMPOUNDS 
MADE BY-: 
 RAHAT 
 i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in  
     all living organisms. 
 ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,  
     natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. 
iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates, 
     hydrogen carbonates etc. 
iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 
 
* 1) Occurrence of carbon :- 
  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms. 
    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons. 
    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of energy 
to lose 4 electrons. 
   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds. 
   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent. 
 
                                C               C 
* 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :- 
X 
X 
X 
X 
_ _ 
I 
I 
Page 4


* CHAPTER - 4 
CARBON AND ITS 
COMPOUNDS 
MADE BY-: 
 RAHAT 
 i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in  
     all living organisms. 
 ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,  
     natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. 
iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates, 
     hydrogen carbonates etc. 
iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 
 
* 1) Occurrence of carbon :- 
  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms. 
    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons. 
    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of energy 
to lose 4 electrons. 
   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds. 
   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent. 
 
                                C               C 
* 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :- 
X 
X 
X 
X 
_ _ 
I 
I 
  Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons  
between atoms.  
 The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single  
covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation  
of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results  
in the formation of triple covalent bond. 
Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen   
         molecule - H
2 
  
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it  
has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So  
two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation  
of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H
2.  
 
 
          H x   +   x H                       H   X X   H                    H – H               H
2 
 
 
* 3) Formation of covalent bonds :-
Page 5


* CHAPTER - 4 
CARBON AND ITS 
COMPOUNDS 
MADE BY-: 
 RAHAT 
 i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in  
     all living organisms. 
 ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,  
     natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. 
iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates, 
     hydrogen carbonates etc. 
iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 
 
* 1) Occurrence of carbon :- 
  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms. 
    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons. 
    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of energy 
to lose 4 electrons. 
   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds. 
   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent. 
 
                                C               C 
* 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :- 
X 
X 
X 
X 
_ _ 
I 
I 
  Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons  
between atoms.  
 The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single  
covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation  
of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results  
in the formation of triple covalent bond. 
Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen   
         molecule - H
2 
  
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it  
has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So  
two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation  
of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H
2.  
 
 
          H x   +   x H                       H   X X   H                    H – H               H
2 
 
 
* 3) Formation of covalent bonds :-
X 
 The atomic number of oxygen is 8, its EC is 2,6, it has 6 VE, it needs 2 
electrons more to attain stability. So two oxygen atoms share two pairs 
of electrons resulting in the formation of a double covalent bond in 
oxygen molecule O
2    
 
 
    O      +      O                  O      O               O = O           O
2
  
 
 
Formation of triple covalent bond in Nitrogen molecule - N
2 
  
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, its EC is 2,5, it has 5 VE, it needs 
3 electrons more to attain stability. So two nitrogen atoms share three 
pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a triple covalent bond in 
nitrogen molecule N
2
  
 
  
 
     
N       +       N                     N      N                N ? N          N
2
  
* Formation of double covalent bond in oxygen molecule 
- O
2 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X X 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X