Kurukshetra Magazine March 2024 - 3 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


32 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Floriculture and Floriculture and 
Commercial Potential Commercial Potential 
of Orchids of Orchids
A Blossoming Business A Blossoming Business 
Opportunity Opportunity
The floriculture industry is experiencing 
a transformative phase, driven by an 
upsurge in consumer demand for exotic and 
aesthetically pleasing blooms. This article 
endeavours to unravel the multifaceted 
world of orchid floriculture in the country, 
delving into its commercial potential, the 
factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this 
blooming business landscape. 
* Ajay Kumar Singh
** Pankaj Kumar Ojha  
* The author is Professor and Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, 
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
** The author is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and 
Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh.  Email: pankajext.buat@gmail.com  
loriculture, the art and science of 
cultivating flowers, has transcended 
mere aesthetics to become a 
burgeoning industry globally. Within 
this vibrant tapestry of blooms, 
orchids emerge as jewels of unparalleled beauty and 
commercial significance. In the Indian context, where 
the floriculture sector is witnessing remarkable growth, 
orchids stand out as a captivating business opportunity, 
bridging tradition and modernity. 
India's floriculture industry has experienced a 
remarkable transformation, marked by a compound 
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021, according to a report by the National Horticulture 
Board ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). Orchids, 
F
with their diverse and intricate forms, contribute 
significantly to this upward trajectory. With over 
1,300 indigenous orchid species, India boasts a rich 
orchidaceous heritage, providing a robust foundation 
for both domestic consumption and international 
trade.
The commercial allure of orchids within the Indian 
landscape can be gauged from the impressive export 
figures. The country exported ornamental plants worth 
USD 74.82 million during the financial year 2020-21, 
showcasing a growth of 31.3% over the previous year 
("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). Orchids, 
being a key component of this export portfolio, 
underscore the global appeal and market demand for 
these exquisite blooms.
Page 2


32 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Floriculture and Floriculture and 
Commercial Potential Commercial Potential 
of Orchids of Orchids
A Blossoming Business A Blossoming Business 
Opportunity Opportunity
The floriculture industry is experiencing 
a transformative phase, driven by an 
upsurge in consumer demand for exotic and 
aesthetically pleasing blooms. This article 
endeavours to unravel the multifaceted 
world of orchid floriculture in the country, 
delving into its commercial potential, the 
factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this 
blooming business landscape. 
* Ajay Kumar Singh
** Pankaj Kumar Ojha  
* The author is Professor and Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, 
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
** The author is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and 
Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh.  Email: pankajext.buat@gmail.com  
loriculture, the art and science of 
cultivating flowers, has transcended 
mere aesthetics to become a 
burgeoning industry globally. Within 
this vibrant tapestry of blooms, 
orchids emerge as jewels of unparalleled beauty and 
commercial significance. In the Indian context, where 
the floriculture sector is witnessing remarkable growth, 
orchids stand out as a captivating business opportunity, 
bridging tradition and modernity. 
India's floriculture industry has experienced a 
remarkable transformation, marked by a compound 
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021, according to a report by the National Horticulture 
Board ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). Orchids, 
F
with their diverse and intricate forms, contribute 
significantly to this upward trajectory. With over 
1,300 indigenous orchid species, India boasts a rich 
orchidaceous heritage, providing a robust foundation 
for both domestic consumption and international 
trade.
The commercial allure of orchids within the Indian 
landscape can be gauged from the impressive export 
figures. The country exported ornamental plants worth 
USD 74.82 million during the financial year 2020-21, 
showcasing a growth of 31.3% over the previous year 
("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). Orchids, 
being a key component of this export portfolio, 
underscore the global appeal and market demand for 
these exquisite blooms.
33 Kurukshetra       March  2024
As the demand for ornamental plants continues to 
surge, driven by factors such as increasing disposable 
income, urbanisation, and a growing awareness of 
environmental well-being, orchids find themselves 
at the forefront of this horticultural revolution. This 
article endeavours to unravel the multifaceted world of 
orchid floriculture in India, delving into its commercial 
potential, the factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this blooming 
business landscape.
Diversity of Orchids in India 
India, endowed with diverse climatic zones ranging 
from the Himalayan foothills to the coastal plains, 
stands as a haven for a myriad of orchid species. The 
country's orchid wealth is staggering, encompassing 
over 1,300 indigenous species that contribute to its 
vibrant floral tapestry (Singh et al., 2018). These orchids 
thrive in varied ecosystems, from the temperate zones 
of the Northeastern states to the tropical landscapes of 
the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
Among the notable native orchid genera, 
Dendrobium, Vanda, and Arachnis find a prominent 
place in India's orchidaceous landscape. Dendrobium, 
with its diverse species, exhibits a wide range of shapes 
and colors, adapting to different climatic conditions 
across the country. The vibrant and gracefully arching 
Vanda orchids, known for their enduring appeal, are 
well-suited to tropical climates. Arachnis, with its 
spider-like appearance, adds a touch of uniqueness to 
the Indian orchid repertoire.
The Northeastern states, particularly Arunachal 
Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim, emerge as orchid hotspots, 
hosting a significant portion of the country's orchid 
diversity. The Eastern Himalayas, recognised as a 
global biodiversity hotspot, house an impressive array 
of orchids, contributing to India's status as one of the 
world's orchid-rich regions (Singh et al., 2018).
Moreover, India's orchid wealth extends beyond 
its native species, as the country has successfully 
acclimated various exotic orchids to its climate. The 
cultivation of hybrid varieties, a result of meticulous 
breeding efforts, has added a kaleidoscope of colors 
and forms to the Indian orchid palette.
India has made significant progress in recording 
and conservation of its orchid variety. Governmental 
programmes, research facilities, and botanical gardens 
have all been instrumental in cataloging and protecting 
the variety of orchid species. The Orchid Mission 
in Sikkim is one initiative that aims to preserve and 
reproduce native orchids, guaranteeing the longevity of 
this varied floral legacy.
India's orchid diversity not only showcases the 
country's rich botanical heritage but also presents a 
tremendous opportunity for floriculturists, researchers, 
and enthusiasts. The exploration and conservation 
of this diversity not only contribute to the nation's 
biodiversity goals but also fuel the growth of the orchid 
floriculture industry, making it a compelling aspect of 
India's blooming horticultural landscape.
Commercial Demand and Market Trends in 
India 
The Indian floriculture industry is experiencing a 
transformative phase, driven by an upsurge in consumer 
demand for exotic and aesthetically pleasing blooms. 
Orchids, with their captivating allure, have become a 
focal point in this burgeoning market, showcasing an 
impressive surge in popularity.
According to the National Horticulture Board's 
report, the floriculture sector in India witnessed 
remarkable growth with a CAGR of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021 ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). This growth 
can be attributed, in part, to the rising urbanisation, 
increased disposable income, and a cultural shift towards 
incorporating ornamental plants into everyday life.
The demand for orchids in the Indian market is 
underscored by their versatility and suitability for a 
myriad of occasions. Orchids, particularly the resilient 
and elegant Phalaenopsis variety, have become a staple 
in decorative arrangements for weddings, festivals, 
corporate events, and interior decor. The demand is not 
limited to specific regions, with urban households across 
the country embracing the trend of indoor gardening, 
further fueling the market for potted orchids.
The advent of e-commerce platforms has 
significantly contributed to the accessibility and visibility 
of orchids in the Indian market. Online platforms 
facilitate the easy purchase of a wide variety of orchids, 
catering to the evolving preferences of consumers who 
seek unique and exotic blooms. The convenience of 
doorstep delivery and the assurance of quality have 
Page 3


32 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Floriculture and Floriculture and 
Commercial Potential Commercial Potential 
of Orchids of Orchids
A Blossoming Business A Blossoming Business 
Opportunity Opportunity
The floriculture industry is experiencing 
a transformative phase, driven by an 
upsurge in consumer demand for exotic and 
aesthetically pleasing blooms. This article 
endeavours to unravel the multifaceted 
world of orchid floriculture in the country, 
delving into its commercial potential, the 
factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this 
blooming business landscape. 
* Ajay Kumar Singh
** Pankaj Kumar Ojha  
* The author is Professor and Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, 
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
** The author is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and 
Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh.  Email: pankajext.buat@gmail.com  
loriculture, the art and science of 
cultivating flowers, has transcended 
mere aesthetics to become a 
burgeoning industry globally. Within 
this vibrant tapestry of blooms, 
orchids emerge as jewels of unparalleled beauty and 
commercial significance. In the Indian context, where 
the floriculture sector is witnessing remarkable growth, 
orchids stand out as a captivating business opportunity, 
bridging tradition and modernity. 
India's floriculture industry has experienced a 
remarkable transformation, marked by a compound 
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021, according to a report by the National Horticulture 
Board ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). Orchids, 
F
with their diverse and intricate forms, contribute 
significantly to this upward trajectory. With over 
1,300 indigenous orchid species, India boasts a rich 
orchidaceous heritage, providing a robust foundation 
for both domestic consumption and international 
trade.
The commercial allure of orchids within the Indian 
landscape can be gauged from the impressive export 
figures. The country exported ornamental plants worth 
USD 74.82 million during the financial year 2020-21, 
showcasing a growth of 31.3% over the previous year 
("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). Orchids, 
being a key component of this export portfolio, 
underscore the global appeal and market demand for 
these exquisite blooms.
33 Kurukshetra       March  2024
As the demand for ornamental plants continues to 
surge, driven by factors such as increasing disposable 
income, urbanisation, and a growing awareness of 
environmental well-being, orchids find themselves 
at the forefront of this horticultural revolution. This 
article endeavours to unravel the multifaceted world of 
orchid floriculture in India, delving into its commercial 
potential, the factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this blooming 
business landscape.
Diversity of Orchids in India 
India, endowed with diverse climatic zones ranging 
from the Himalayan foothills to the coastal plains, 
stands as a haven for a myriad of orchid species. The 
country's orchid wealth is staggering, encompassing 
over 1,300 indigenous species that contribute to its 
vibrant floral tapestry (Singh et al., 2018). These orchids 
thrive in varied ecosystems, from the temperate zones 
of the Northeastern states to the tropical landscapes of 
the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
Among the notable native orchid genera, 
Dendrobium, Vanda, and Arachnis find a prominent 
place in India's orchidaceous landscape. Dendrobium, 
with its diverse species, exhibits a wide range of shapes 
and colors, adapting to different climatic conditions 
across the country. The vibrant and gracefully arching 
Vanda orchids, known for their enduring appeal, are 
well-suited to tropical climates. Arachnis, with its 
spider-like appearance, adds a touch of uniqueness to 
the Indian orchid repertoire.
The Northeastern states, particularly Arunachal 
Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim, emerge as orchid hotspots, 
hosting a significant portion of the country's orchid 
diversity. The Eastern Himalayas, recognised as a 
global biodiversity hotspot, house an impressive array 
of orchids, contributing to India's status as one of the 
world's orchid-rich regions (Singh et al., 2018).
Moreover, India's orchid wealth extends beyond 
its native species, as the country has successfully 
acclimated various exotic orchids to its climate. The 
cultivation of hybrid varieties, a result of meticulous 
breeding efforts, has added a kaleidoscope of colors 
and forms to the Indian orchid palette.
India has made significant progress in recording 
and conservation of its orchid variety. Governmental 
programmes, research facilities, and botanical gardens 
have all been instrumental in cataloging and protecting 
the variety of orchid species. The Orchid Mission 
in Sikkim is one initiative that aims to preserve and 
reproduce native orchids, guaranteeing the longevity of 
this varied floral legacy.
India's orchid diversity not only showcases the 
country's rich botanical heritage but also presents a 
tremendous opportunity for floriculturists, researchers, 
and enthusiasts. The exploration and conservation 
of this diversity not only contribute to the nation's 
biodiversity goals but also fuel the growth of the orchid 
floriculture industry, making it a compelling aspect of 
India's blooming horticultural landscape.
Commercial Demand and Market Trends in 
India 
The Indian floriculture industry is experiencing a 
transformative phase, driven by an upsurge in consumer 
demand for exotic and aesthetically pleasing blooms. 
Orchids, with their captivating allure, have become a 
focal point in this burgeoning market, showcasing an 
impressive surge in popularity.
According to the National Horticulture Board's 
report, the floriculture sector in India witnessed 
remarkable growth with a CAGR of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021 ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). This growth 
can be attributed, in part, to the rising urbanisation, 
increased disposable income, and a cultural shift towards 
incorporating ornamental plants into everyday life.
The demand for orchids in the Indian market is 
underscored by their versatility and suitability for a 
myriad of occasions. Orchids, particularly the resilient 
and elegant Phalaenopsis variety, have become a staple 
in decorative arrangements for weddings, festivals, 
corporate events, and interior decor. The demand is not 
limited to specific regions, with urban households across 
the country embracing the trend of indoor gardening, 
further fueling the market for potted orchids.
The advent of e-commerce platforms has 
significantly contributed to the accessibility and visibility 
of orchids in the Indian market. Online platforms 
facilitate the easy purchase of a wide variety of orchids, 
catering to the evolving preferences of consumers who 
seek unique and exotic blooms. The convenience of 
doorstep delivery and the assurance of quality have 
34 Kurukshetra       March  2024
played a pivotal role in encouraging consumers to 
explore and purchase orchids through online channels.
Phalaenopsis orchids, with their extended shelf 
life and vibrant colors, have become the preferred 
choice for consumers, florists, and event planners. The 
Orchid Society of India notes a substantial increase 
in the adoption of orchids in traditional ceremonies 
and events, further establishing them as a symbol of 
elegance and sophistication ("Orchid Society of India 
Annual Report 2022").
The growth in demand for orchids is not confined 
to the domestic market, as India emerges as a key 
player in the global floriculture trade. The country 
exported ornamental plants worth USD 74.82 million 
during the financial year 2020-21, witnessing a 
commendable growth rate of 31.3% over the previous 
year ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). This 
includes a significant contribution from the orchid 
sector, highlighting its global appeal.
The commercial demand for orchids in India is on 
a trajectory of sustained growth, fueled by changing 
consumer preferences, increased urbanisation, and a 
robust export market. Orchids, with their adaptability 
and aesthetic charm, have carved a niche in the 
flourishing Indian floriculture landscape, presenting a 
compelling opportunity for cultivators, exporters, and 
entrepreneurs alike.
Key Factors Contributing to Commercial 
Success in India 
• Local Adaptation and Cultivation Techniques: 
Orchid growers in India have recognised the 
importance of tailoring cultivation techniques to 
local conditions. Research and experimentation 
in optimising temperature, humidity, and light 
levels have led to the development of practices 
that mimic the natural habitats of specific orchid 
species. The success of such local adaptation is 
evident in the increased production and improved 
quality of orchids in India ("Orchid Floriculture in 
India: Potential and Constraints," Singh et al., 2019).
• Cultural Significance and Traditional Use: 
Orchids, deeply rooted in Indian culture, hold 
significant value in various traditions and 
festivities. The incorporation of orchids in 
religious ceremonies, weddings, and decorative 
arrangements has fostered a consistent demand. The 
Orchid Society of India's annual report emphasises 
the cultural relevance of orchids, which has played 
a crucial role in sustaining their popularity ("Orchid 
Society of India Annual Report 2022").
• Government Initiatives and Subsidies: 
Recognising the potential of floriculture, including 
orchid cultivation, the Indian government has 
introduced various initiatives to support growers. 
Financial assistance, training programmes, and 
infrastructure development are key components 
of these initiatives. The National Horticulture 
Board's overview of floriculture in India outlines 
the government's commitment to bolstering 
the floriculture sector ("Floriculture in India - An 
Overview").
• Export Opportunities: Orchid cultivation in India 
has expanded beyond meeting domestic demand, 
with the country emerging as a significant exporter 
of orchids and orchid products. The international 
appeal of Indian orchids has opened up avenues 
for growers to explore global markets. The growth 
in export figures, as highlighted in the Ministry 
of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare's statistics, 
underscores the increasing global recognition of 
Indian orchids ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 
2021").
• Technology Adoption and Research 
Collaborations: Advancements in technology, 
including greenhouse cultivation and tissue 
culture techniques, have contributed to the 
commercial success of orchid cultivation in India. 
Research collaborations between academic 
institutions, research organisations, and private 
enterprises have played a pivotal role in enhancing 
orchid varieties, disease resistance, and overall 
production efficiency. Ongoing research initiatives 
continue to drive innovation within the industry. In 
short, the commercial success of orchid cultivation 
in India is intricately woven with factors ranging 
from local adaptation and cultural significance 
to government support and global market 
opportunities. The synergy of these elements 
positions orchids as a flourishing sector within 
the Indian floriculture industry, offering both 
economic opportunities for growers and a rich 
floral tapestry for consumers.
Page 4


32 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Floriculture and Floriculture and 
Commercial Potential Commercial Potential 
of Orchids of Orchids
A Blossoming Business A Blossoming Business 
Opportunity Opportunity
The floriculture industry is experiencing 
a transformative phase, driven by an 
upsurge in consumer demand for exotic and 
aesthetically pleasing blooms. This article 
endeavours to unravel the multifaceted 
world of orchid floriculture in the country, 
delving into its commercial potential, the 
factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this 
blooming business landscape. 
* Ajay Kumar Singh
** Pankaj Kumar Ojha  
* The author is Professor and Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, 
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
** The author is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and 
Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh.  Email: pankajext.buat@gmail.com  
loriculture, the art and science of 
cultivating flowers, has transcended 
mere aesthetics to become a 
burgeoning industry globally. Within 
this vibrant tapestry of blooms, 
orchids emerge as jewels of unparalleled beauty and 
commercial significance. In the Indian context, where 
the floriculture sector is witnessing remarkable growth, 
orchids stand out as a captivating business opportunity, 
bridging tradition and modernity. 
India's floriculture industry has experienced a 
remarkable transformation, marked by a compound 
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021, according to a report by the National Horticulture 
Board ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). Orchids, 
F
with their diverse and intricate forms, contribute 
significantly to this upward trajectory. With over 
1,300 indigenous orchid species, India boasts a rich 
orchidaceous heritage, providing a robust foundation 
for both domestic consumption and international 
trade.
The commercial allure of orchids within the Indian 
landscape can be gauged from the impressive export 
figures. The country exported ornamental plants worth 
USD 74.82 million during the financial year 2020-21, 
showcasing a growth of 31.3% over the previous year 
("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). Orchids, 
being a key component of this export portfolio, 
underscore the global appeal and market demand for 
these exquisite blooms.
33 Kurukshetra       March  2024
As the demand for ornamental plants continues to 
surge, driven by factors such as increasing disposable 
income, urbanisation, and a growing awareness of 
environmental well-being, orchids find themselves 
at the forefront of this horticultural revolution. This 
article endeavours to unravel the multifaceted world of 
orchid floriculture in India, delving into its commercial 
potential, the factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this blooming 
business landscape.
Diversity of Orchids in India 
India, endowed with diverse climatic zones ranging 
from the Himalayan foothills to the coastal plains, 
stands as a haven for a myriad of orchid species. The 
country's orchid wealth is staggering, encompassing 
over 1,300 indigenous species that contribute to its 
vibrant floral tapestry (Singh et al., 2018). These orchids 
thrive in varied ecosystems, from the temperate zones 
of the Northeastern states to the tropical landscapes of 
the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
Among the notable native orchid genera, 
Dendrobium, Vanda, and Arachnis find a prominent 
place in India's orchidaceous landscape. Dendrobium, 
with its diverse species, exhibits a wide range of shapes 
and colors, adapting to different climatic conditions 
across the country. The vibrant and gracefully arching 
Vanda orchids, known for their enduring appeal, are 
well-suited to tropical climates. Arachnis, with its 
spider-like appearance, adds a touch of uniqueness to 
the Indian orchid repertoire.
The Northeastern states, particularly Arunachal 
Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim, emerge as orchid hotspots, 
hosting a significant portion of the country's orchid 
diversity. The Eastern Himalayas, recognised as a 
global biodiversity hotspot, house an impressive array 
of orchids, contributing to India's status as one of the 
world's orchid-rich regions (Singh et al., 2018).
Moreover, India's orchid wealth extends beyond 
its native species, as the country has successfully 
acclimated various exotic orchids to its climate. The 
cultivation of hybrid varieties, a result of meticulous 
breeding efforts, has added a kaleidoscope of colors 
and forms to the Indian orchid palette.
India has made significant progress in recording 
and conservation of its orchid variety. Governmental 
programmes, research facilities, and botanical gardens 
have all been instrumental in cataloging and protecting 
the variety of orchid species. The Orchid Mission 
in Sikkim is one initiative that aims to preserve and 
reproduce native orchids, guaranteeing the longevity of 
this varied floral legacy.
India's orchid diversity not only showcases the 
country's rich botanical heritage but also presents a 
tremendous opportunity for floriculturists, researchers, 
and enthusiasts. The exploration and conservation 
of this diversity not only contribute to the nation's 
biodiversity goals but also fuel the growth of the orchid 
floriculture industry, making it a compelling aspect of 
India's blooming horticultural landscape.
Commercial Demand and Market Trends in 
India 
The Indian floriculture industry is experiencing a 
transformative phase, driven by an upsurge in consumer 
demand for exotic and aesthetically pleasing blooms. 
Orchids, with their captivating allure, have become a 
focal point in this burgeoning market, showcasing an 
impressive surge in popularity.
According to the National Horticulture Board's 
report, the floriculture sector in India witnessed 
remarkable growth with a CAGR of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021 ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). This growth 
can be attributed, in part, to the rising urbanisation, 
increased disposable income, and a cultural shift towards 
incorporating ornamental plants into everyday life.
The demand for orchids in the Indian market is 
underscored by their versatility and suitability for a 
myriad of occasions. Orchids, particularly the resilient 
and elegant Phalaenopsis variety, have become a staple 
in decorative arrangements for weddings, festivals, 
corporate events, and interior decor. The demand is not 
limited to specific regions, with urban households across 
the country embracing the trend of indoor gardening, 
further fueling the market for potted orchids.
The advent of e-commerce platforms has 
significantly contributed to the accessibility and visibility 
of orchids in the Indian market. Online platforms 
facilitate the easy purchase of a wide variety of orchids, 
catering to the evolving preferences of consumers who 
seek unique and exotic blooms. The convenience of 
doorstep delivery and the assurance of quality have 
34 Kurukshetra       March  2024
played a pivotal role in encouraging consumers to 
explore and purchase orchids through online channels.
Phalaenopsis orchids, with their extended shelf 
life and vibrant colors, have become the preferred 
choice for consumers, florists, and event planners. The 
Orchid Society of India notes a substantial increase 
in the adoption of orchids in traditional ceremonies 
and events, further establishing them as a symbol of 
elegance and sophistication ("Orchid Society of India 
Annual Report 2022").
The growth in demand for orchids is not confined 
to the domestic market, as India emerges as a key 
player in the global floriculture trade. The country 
exported ornamental plants worth USD 74.82 million 
during the financial year 2020-21, witnessing a 
commendable growth rate of 31.3% over the previous 
year ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). This 
includes a significant contribution from the orchid 
sector, highlighting its global appeal.
The commercial demand for orchids in India is on 
a trajectory of sustained growth, fueled by changing 
consumer preferences, increased urbanisation, and a 
robust export market. Orchids, with their adaptability 
and aesthetic charm, have carved a niche in the 
flourishing Indian floriculture landscape, presenting a 
compelling opportunity for cultivators, exporters, and 
entrepreneurs alike.
Key Factors Contributing to Commercial 
Success in India 
• Local Adaptation and Cultivation Techniques: 
Orchid growers in India have recognised the 
importance of tailoring cultivation techniques to 
local conditions. Research and experimentation 
in optimising temperature, humidity, and light 
levels have led to the development of practices 
that mimic the natural habitats of specific orchid 
species. The success of such local adaptation is 
evident in the increased production and improved 
quality of orchids in India ("Orchid Floriculture in 
India: Potential and Constraints," Singh et al., 2019).
• Cultural Significance and Traditional Use: 
Orchids, deeply rooted in Indian culture, hold 
significant value in various traditions and 
festivities. The incorporation of orchids in 
religious ceremonies, weddings, and decorative 
arrangements has fostered a consistent demand. The 
Orchid Society of India's annual report emphasises 
the cultural relevance of orchids, which has played 
a crucial role in sustaining their popularity ("Orchid 
Society of India Annual Report 2022").
• Government Initiatives and Subsidies: 
Recognising the potential of floriculture, including 
orchid cultivation, the Indian government has 
introduced various initiatives to support growers. 
Financial assistance, training programmes, and 
infrastructure development are key components 
of these initiatives. The National Horticulture 
Board's overview of floriculture in India outlines 
the government's commitment to bolstering 
the floriculture sector ("Floriculture in India - An 
Overview").
• Export Opportunities: Orchid cultivation in India 
has expanded beyond meeting domestic demand, 
with the country emerging as a significant exporter 
of orchids and orchid products. The international 
appeal of Indian orchids has opened up avenues 
for growers to explore global markets. The growth 
in export figures, as highlighted in the Ministry 
of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare's statistics, 
underscores the increasing global recognition of 
Indian orchids ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 
2021").
• Technology Adoption and Research 
Collaborations: Advancements in technology, 
including greenhouse cultivation and tissue 
culture techniques, have contributed to the 
commercial success of orchid cultivation in India. 
Research collaborations between academic 
institutions, research organisations, and private 
enterprises have played a pivotal role in enhancing 
orchid varieties, disease resistance, and overall 
production efficiency. Ongoing research initiatives 
continue to drive innovation within the industry. In 
short, the commercial success of orchid cultivation 
in India is intricately woven with factors ranging 
from local adaptation and cultural significance 
to government support and global market 
opportunities. The synergy of these elements 
positions orchids as a flourishing sector within 
the Indian floriculture industry, offering both 
economic opportunities for growers and a rich 
floral tapestry for consumers.
35 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Challenges and Future Prospects in the Indian 
Context
• Infrastructure and Technology Gap: Despite 
technological advancements, the orchid 
floriculture sector in India faces challenges related 
to infrastructure and technology adoption. Many 
growers, especially in remote areas, lack access 
to modern greenhouse facilities and advanced 
cultivation technologies. Bridging this gap through 
government support and private sector initiatives 
is crucial for ensuring sustainable growth ("Orchid 
Floriculture in India: Potential and Constraints," 
Singh et al., 2019).
• Pest and Disease Management: Orchids are 
susceptible to various pests and diseases that can 
significantly impact crop yield and quality. Effective 
pest and disease management strategies are 
essential for sustaining the commercial success of 
orchid cultivation. Ongoing research and extension 
services play a vital role in educating growers 
about integrated pest management practices 
("Orchid Diversity in India: An Overview," Singh et 
al., 2018).
• Environmental Concerns and Sustainability: 
The intensive cultivation practices associated 
with orchid floriculture raise concerns about 
environmental sustainability. Issues such as water 
usage, chemical inputs, and energy consumption 
need careful consideration. Adopting eco-friendly 
practices, implementing sustainable cultivation 
methods, and promoting organic alternatives can 
address these concerns and enhance the long-
term viability of the industry.
• Skill Development and Training: The success of 
orchid cultivation requires skilled manpower, from 
experienced growers to technicians proficient in 
advanced cultivation techniques. Ongoing training 
programmes and skill development initiatives are 
essential to equip individuals with the knowledge 
and expertise needed for successful orchid 
cultivation. Collaborations between industry 
stakeholders and educational institutions can 
contribute to addressing this challenge.
• Market Saturation and Diversification: 
The rapid growth of the orchid industry may 
lead to market saturation, emphasising the 
need for diversification. Orchid breeders and 
growers should explore innovative varieties, 
colors, and forms to capture niche markets and 
differentiate their products. Continuous market 
research and adaptability to changing consumer 
preferences will be crucial for sustaining market  
relevance.
• Global Collaboration and Research: Orchid 
cultivation in India can benefit from increased 
global collaboration and research partnerships. 
Knowledge exchange, collaborative breeding 
programmes, and access to international markets 
can enhance the competitiveness of Indian orchids. 
Strengthening ties with global orchid organisations 
and research institutions can contribute to the 
industry's growth on a global scale.
• Promotion of Sustainable Practices: With 
an increasing emphasis on sustainable and 
eco-friendly practices, the orchid industry in 
India should proactively adopt and promote 
environmentally responsible cultivation methods. 
Certifications for sustainable practices can not only 
enhance the industry's image but also open doors 
to premium markets that value environmentally 
conscious products.
In conclusion, long-term success in the Indian 
orchid floriculture industry hinges on overcoming 
challenges and implementing sustainable practices, 
despite the industry's great potential. India's orchid 
industry has a promising future thanks to chances for 
economic and environmental sustainability brought 
about by innovative thinking, collaboration, and well-
planned initiatives.
Conclusion 
The floriculture industry, especially concerning 
orchids, represents a blooming frontier of commercial 
potential. Orchids, with their diverse species and cultural 
significance, have emerged as key players in the global 
and Indian markets. Despite challenges, the industry 
thrives on factors such as local adaptation, cultural 
relevance, and government support. As the demand 
for ornamental plants continues to rise, orchids stand 
poised as a resilient and lucrative business opportunity, 
promising a vibrant future for growers, exporters, and 
enthusiasts alike. ?
Page 5


32 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Floriculture and Floriculture and 
Commercial Potential Commercial Potential 
of Orchids of Orchids
A Blossoming Business A Blossoming Business 
Opportunity Opportunity
The floriculture industry is experiencing 
a transformative phase, driven by an 
upsurge in consumer demand for exotic and 
aesthetically pleasing blooms. This article 
endeavours to unravel the multifaceted 
world of orchid floriculture in the country, 
delving into its commercial potential, the 
factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this 
blooming business landscape. 
* Ajay Kumar Singh
** Pankaj Kumar Ojha  
* The author is Professor and Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, 
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh
** The author is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and 
Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh.  Email: pankajext.buat@gmail.com  
loriculture, the art and science of 
cultivating flowers, has transcended 
mere aesthetics to become a 
burgeoning industry globally. Within 
this vibrant tapestry of blooms, 
orchids emerge as jewels of unparalleled beauty and 
commercial significance. In the Indian context, where 
the floriculture sector is witnessing remarkable growth, 
orchids stand out as a captivating business opportunity, 
bridging tradition and modernity. 
India's floriculture industry has experienced a 
remarkable transformation, marked by a compound 
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021, according to a report by the National Horticulture 
Board ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). Orchids, 
F
with their diverse and intricate forms, contribute 
significantly to this upward trajectory. With over 
1,300 indigenous orchid species, India boasts a rich 
orchidaceous heritage, providing a robust foundation 
for both domestic consumption and international 
trade.
The commercial allure of orchids within the Indian 
landscape can be gauged from the impressive export 
figures. The country exported ornamental plants worth 
USD 74.82 million during the financial year 2020-21, 
showcasing a growth of 31.3% over the previous year 
("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). Orchids, 
being a key component of this export portfolio, 
underscore the global appeal and market demand for 
these exquisite blooms.
33 Kurukshetra       March  2024
As the demand for ornamental plants continues to 
surge, driven by factors such as increasing disposable 
income, urbanisation, and a growing awareness of 
environmental well-being, orchids find themselves 
at the forefront of this horticultural revolution. This 
article endeavours to unravel the multifaceted world of 
orchid floriculture in India, delving into its commercial 
potential, the factors shaping its growth, and the unique 
challenges and opportunities that define this blooming 
business landscape.
Diversity of Orchids in India 
India, endowed with diverse climatic zones ranging 
from the Himalayan foothills to the coastal plains, 
stands as a haven for a myriad of orchid species. The 
country's orchid wealth is staggering, encompassing 
over 1,300 indigenous species that contribute to its 
vibrant floral tapestry (Singh et al., 2018). These orchids 
thrive in varied ecosystems, from the temperate zones 
of the Northeastern states to the tropical landscapes of 
the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
Among the notable native orchid genera, 
Dendrobium, Vanda, and Arachnis find a prominent 
place in India's orchidaceous landscape. Dendrobium, 
with its diverse species, exhibits a wide range of shapes 
and colors, adapting to different climatic conditions 
across the country. The vibrant and gracefully arching 
Vanda orchids, known for their enduring appeal, are 
well-suited to tropical climates. Arachnis, with its 
spider-like appearance, adds a touch of uniqueness to 
the Indian orchid repertoire.
The Northeastern states, particularly Arunachal 
Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim, emerge as orchid hotspots, 
hosting a significant portion of the country's orchid 
diversity. The Eastern Himalayas, recognised as a 
global biodiversity hotspot, house an impressive array 
of orchids, contributing to India's status as one of the 
world's orchid-rich regions (Singh et al., 2018).
Moreover, India's orchid wealth extends beyond 
its native species, as the country has successfully 
acclimated various exotic orchids to its climate. The 
cultivation of hybrid varieties, a result of meticulous 
breeding efforts, has added a kaleidoscope of colors 
and forms to the Indian orchid palette.
India has made significant progress in recording 
and conservation of its orchid variety. Governmental 
programmes, research facilities, and botanical gardens 
have all been instrumental in cataloging and protecting 
the variety of orchid species. The Orchid Mission 
in Sikkim is one initiative that aims to preserve and 
reproduce native orchids, guaranteeing the longevity of 
this varied floral legacy.
India's orchid diversity not only showcases the 
country's rich botanical heritage but also presents a 
tremendous opportunity for floriculturists, researchers, 
and enthusiasts. The exploration and conservation 
of this diversity not only contribute to the nation's 
biodiversity goals but also fuel the growth of the orchid 
floriculture industry, making it a compelling aspect of 
India's blooming horticultural landscape.
Commercial Demand and Market Trends in 
India 
The Indian floriculture industry is experiencing a 
transformative phase, driven by an upsurge in consumer 
demand for exotic and aesthetically pleasing blooms. 
Orchids, with their captivating allure, have become a 
focal point in this burgeoning market, showcasing an 
impressive surge in popularity.
According to the National Horticulture Board's 
report, the floriculture sector in India witnessed 
remarkable growth with a CAGR of 25.68% from 2017 to 
2021 ("Floriculture in India - An Overview"). This growth 
can be attributed, in part, to the rising urbanisation, 
increased disposable income, and a cultural shift towards 
incorporating ornamental plants into everyday life.
The demand for orchids in the Indian market is 
underscored by their versatility and suitability for a 
myriad of occasions. Orchids, particularly the resilient 
and elegant Phalaenopsis variety, have become a staple 
in decorative arrangements for weddings, festivals, 
corporate events, and interior decor. The demand is not 
limited to specific regions, with urban households across 
the country embracing the trend of indoor gardening, 
further fueling the market for potted orchids.
The advent of e-commerce platforms has 
significantly contributed to the accessibility and visibility 
of orchids in the Indian market. Online platforms 
facilitate the easy purchase of a wide variety of orchids, 
catering to the evolving preferences of consumers who 
seek unique and exotic blooms. The convenience of 
doorstep delivery and the assurance of quality have 
34 Kurukshetra       March  2024
played a pivotal role in encouraging consumers to 
explore and purchase orchids through online channels.
Phalaenopsis orchids, with their extended shelf 
life and vibrant colors, have become the preferred 
choice for consumers, florists, and event planners. The 
Orchid Society of India notes a substantial increase 
in the adoption of orchids in traditional ceremonies 
and events, further establishing them as a symbol of 
elegance and sophistication ("Orchid Society of India 
Annual Report 2022").
The growth in demand for orchids is not confined 
to the domestic market, as India emerges as a key 
player in the global floriculture trade. The country 
exported ornamental plants worth USD 74.82 million 
during the financial year 2020-21, witnessing a 
commendable growth rate of 31.3% over the previous 
year ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2021"). This 
includes a significant contribution from the orchid 
sector, highlighting its global appeal.
The commercial demand for orchids in India is on 
a trajectory of sustained growth, fueled by changing 
consumer preferences, increased urbanisation, and a 
robust export market. Orchids, with their adaptability 
and aesthetic charm, have carved a niche in the 
flourishing Indian floriculture landscape, presenting a 
compelling opportunity for cultivators, exporters, and 
entrepreneurs alike.
Key Factors Contributing to Commercial 
Success in India 
• Local Adaptation and Cultivation Techniques: 
Orchid growers in India have recognised the 
importance of tailoring cultivation techniques to 
local conditions. Research and experimentation 
in optimising temperature, humidity, and light 
levels have led to the development of practices 
that mimic the natural habitats of specific orchid 
species. The success of such local adaptation is 
evident in the increased production and improved 
quality of orchids in India ("Orchid Floriculture in 
India: Potential and Constraints," Singh et al., 2019).
• Cultural Significance and Traditional Use: 
Orchids, deeply rooted in Indian culture, hold 
significant value in various traditions and 
festivities. The incorporation of orchids in 
religious ceremonies, weddings, and decorative 
arrangements has fostered a consistent demand. The 
Orchid Society of India's annual report emphasises 
the cultural relevance of orchids, which has played 
a crucial role in sustaining their popularity ("Orchid 
Society of India Annual Report 2022").
• Government Initiatives and Subsidies: 
Recognising the potential of floriculture, including 
orchid cultivation, the Indian government has 
introduced various initiatives to support growers. 
Financial assistance, training programmes, and 
infrastructure development are key components 
of these initiatives. The National Horticulture 
Board's overview of floriculture in India outlines 
the government's commitment to bolstering 
the floriculture sector ("Floriculture in India - An 
Overview").
• Export Opportunities: Orchid cultivation in India 
has expanded beyond meeting domestic demand, 
with the country emerging as a significant exporter 
of orchids and orchid products. The international 
appeal of Indian orchids has opened up avenues 
for growers to explore global markets. The growth 
in export figures, as highlighted in the Ministry 
of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare's statistics, 
underscores the increasing global recognition of 
Indian orchids ("Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 
2021").
• Technology Adoption and Research 
Collaborations: Advancements in technology, 
including greenhouse cultivation and tissue 
culture techniques, have contributed to the 
commercial success of orchid cultivation in India. 
Research collaborations between academic 
institutions, research organisations, and private 
enterprises have played a pivotal role in enhancing 
orchid varieties, disease resistance, and overall 
production efficiency. Ongoing research initiatives 
continue to drive innovation within the industry. In 
short, the commercial success of orchid cultivation 
in India is intricately woven with factors ranging 
from local adaptation and cultural significance 
to government support and global market 
opportunities. The synergy of these elements 
positions orchids as a flourishing sector within 
the Indian floriculture industry, offering both 
economic opportunities for growers and a rich 
floral tapestry for consumers.
35 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Challenges and Future Prospects in the Indian 
Context
• Infrastructure and Technology Gap: Despite 
technological advancements, the orchid 
floriculture sector in India faces challenges related 
to infrastructure and technology adoption. Many 
growers, especially in remote areas, lack access 
to modern greenhouse facilities and advanced 
cultivation technologies. Bridging this gap through 
government support and private sector initiatives 
is crucial for ensuring sustainable growth ("Orchid 
Floriculture in India: Potential and Constraints," 
Singh et al., 2019).
• Pest and Disease Management: Orchids are 
susceptible to various pests and diseases that can 
significantly impact crop yield and quality. Effective 
pest and disease management strategies are 
essential for sustaining the commercial success of 
orchid cultivation. Ongoing research and extension 
services play a vital role in educating growers 
about integrated pest management practices 
("Orchid Diversity in India: An Overview," Singh et 
al., 2018).
• Environmental Concerns and Sustainability: 
The intensive cultivation practices associated 
with orchid floriculture raise concerns about 
environmental sustainability. Issues such as water 
usage, chemical inputs, and energy consumption 
need careful consideration. Adopting eco-friendly 
practices, implementing sustainable cultivation 
methods, and promoting organic alternatives can 
address these concerns and enhance the long-
term viability of the industry.
• Skill Development and Training: The success of 
orchid cultivation requires skilled manpower, from 
experienced growers to technicians proficient in 
advanced cultivation techniques. Ongoing training 
programmes and skill development initiatives are 
essential to equip individuals with the knowledge 
and expertise needed for successful orchid 
cultivation. Collaborations between industry 
stakeholders and educational institutions can 
contribute to addressing this challenge.
• Market Saturation and Diversification: 
The rapid growth of the orchid industry may 
lead to market saturation, emphasising the 
need for diversification. Orchid breeders and 
growers should explore innovative varieties, 
colors, and forms to capture niche markets and 
differentiate their products. Continuous market 
research and adaptability to changing consumer 
preferences will be crucial for sustaining market  
relevance.
• Global Collaboration and Research: Orchid 
cultivation in India can benefit from increased 
global collaboration and research partnerships. 
Knowledge exchange, collaborative breeding 
programmes, and access to international markets 
can enhance the competitiveness of Indian orchids. 
Strengthening ties with global orchid organisations 
and research institutions can contribute to the 
industry's growth on a global scale.
• Promotion of Sustainable Practices: With 
an increasing emphasis on sustainable and 
eco-friendly practices, the orchid industry in 
India should proactively adopt and promote 
environmentally responsible cultivation methods. 
Certifications for sustainable practices can not only 
enhance the industry's image but also open doors 
to premium markets that value environmentally 
conscious products.
In conclusion, long-term success in the Indian 
orchid floriculture industry hinges on overcoming 
challenges and implementing sustainable practices, 
despite the industry's great potential. India's orchid 
industry has a promising future thanks to chances for 
economic and environmental sustainability brought 
about by innovative thinking, collaboration, and well-
planned initiatives.
Conclusion 
The floriculture industry, especially concerning 
orchids, represents a blooming frontier of commercial 
potential. Orchids, with their diverse species and cultural 
significance, have emerged as key players in the global 
and Indian markets. Despite challenges, the industry 
thrives on factors such as local adaptation, cultural 
relevance, and government support. As the demand 
for ornamental plants continues to rise, orchids stand 
poised as a resilient and lucrative business opportunity, 
promising a vibrant future for growers, exporters, and 
enthusiasts alike. ?
36 Kurukshetra       March  2024
Organic farming in India has evolved 
from being a niche practice to a 
growing movement with significant 
potential for transforming the 
agricultural landscape. The benefits of 
environmental sustainability, healthier 
produce and soil health make organic 
farming a viable and attractive option for 
farmers and consumers alike. While the 
present status reflects positive growth, 
addressing challenges and focusing on future 
prospects, including technology integration, 
research, policy support and consumer 
awareness, is instrumental in realising the full 
potential of organic farming in 
the country. With concerted 
efforts from farmers, policy 
makers and the public, 
organic farming can 
contribute to a greener, 
more sustainable future 
for Indian agriculture.
Organic Organic 
Farming Farming
Benefits, Benefits, 
Present Present 
Status and Status and 
Future Future 
Prospects Prospects
* Dr. H.L. Sharma
** Dr. Shyam Lal
* The author is Principal, Govt. P .G. College Nerwa District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, Email: hlsharmablp@gmail.com
** The author is Associate Professor of Economics, Govt. College Shri Naina Devi Ji, District Bilaspur , Himachal Pradesh
ndia has witnessed a remarkable 
progress in its agricultural sector 
over the course of seven decades 
of planned economic development. 
The country has witnessed 
significant growth in food grain production, soaring 
from 50.8 million tonnes in 1950-51 to an impressive 
level of 329.7 million tonnes in 2022-23. Notably, 
this surge in food grain production in India (with an 
annual compound growth rate of 2.71 per cent) has 
outpaced the growth rate of the population (1.98 per 
cent) during the last 72 years, as per the latest United 
Nations projected population data. The unprecedented 
spurt in agriculture production in the country has been 
achieved mainly during the post Green Revolution 
period, through the increased use of high yield variety 
seeds, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides, and 
fungicides. While these inputs contributed to increased 
I