Yojana Magazine April 2024 - 2 (Hindi) | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


25 ?????? 2024
Xosn] (1700&1100 bZlk iwoZ) fganw Hktuksa dk 
,d çkphu laxzg gS] ftlesa o`{k iwtk dk mYys• 
gS] tks miouksa dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gks ldrk 
gSA vke rkSj ij miou NksVs ou {ks=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; 
yksxksa }kjk èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] ikjaifjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj otZukvksa 
osQ ekè;e ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (jkeÑ".k 1997) vkSj 
dbZ •rjs okyh çtkfr;ksa osQ HkaMkj gSa_ bUgsa yksdfç; :i ls 
thfor tSfod fojklr LFky dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd buesa le`¼ 
½
fofoèkrk ekStwn gSA bu miouksa dk vfLrRo iwjh nqfu;k esa gqvk] 
ftlesa Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ;wjksi] vkWLVªsfy;k 
vkSj vesfjdk Hkh 'kkfey gSa (áwtsl vkSj paæk] 1998) ;g 
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa miouksa dh oqQy la[;k 
1-5 yk• ls vfèkd gS (eYgks=kk ,oa vU; 2001)A gkykafd] 
fofHk jkT;ksa esa 14000 ls vf/d miouksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA 
xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa muosQ vyx&vyx LFkkuh; uke 
gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] flfDde esa yksdfç; :i ls ^xqEikl* osQ 
¶Hkkjr esa miouksa osQ lacaèk esa cgqr de çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu os gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd 
cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa gSa--- bUgsa--- ,d fu;e osQ :i esa] oqQYgkM+h ls ugha Nqvk tkrk gS] flok; 
blosQ fd tc èkkfeZd bekjrksa dh ejEer osQ fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk gksrh gS**
µ Mh czSafMl (1887)
Hkkjr osQ çFke ou egkfujh{kd
MkW 'kadjjko eqnknyk
oSKkfud&Mh] Hkkjrh; ouLifr loZs{k.k] ,evksbZ,iQlhlh] nDdu {ks=kh; osQaæ] osQUæh; lnu] dksBh]
gSnjkckn&20] (rsyaxkuk)A bZesy% mudadlas2021@gmail.com
ikjaifjd miou
Page 2


25 ?????? 2024
Xosn] (1700&1100 bZlk iwoZ) fganw Hktuksa dk 
,d çkphu laxzg gS] ftlesa o`{k iwtk dk mYys• 
gS] tks miouksa dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gks ldrk 
gSA vke rkSj ij miou NksVs ou {ks=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; 
yksxksa }kjk èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] ikjaifjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj otZukvksa 
osQ ekè;e ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (jkeÑ".k 1997) vkSj 
dbZ •rjs okyh çtkfr;ksa osQ HkaMkj gSa_ bUgsa yksdfç; :i ls 
thfor tSfod fojklr LFky dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd buesa le`¼ 
½
fofoèkrk ekStwn gSA bu miouksa dk vfLrRo iwjh nqfu;k esa gqvk] 
ftlesa Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ;wjksi] vkWLVªsfy;k 
vkSj vesfjdk Hkh 'kkfey gSa (áwtsl vkSj paæk] 1998) ;g 
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa miouksa dh oqQy la[;k 
1-5 yk• ls vfèkd gS (eYgks=kk ,oa vU; 2001)A gkykafd] 
fofHk jkT;ksa esa 14000 ls vf/d miouksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA 
xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa muosQ vyx&vyx LFkkuh; uke 
gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] flfDde esa yksdfç; :i ls ^xqEikl* osQ 
¶Hkkjr esa miouksa osQ lacaèk esa cgqr de çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu os gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd 
cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa gSa--- bUgsa--- ,d fu;e osQ :i esa] oqQYgkM+h ls ugha Nqvk tkrk gS] flok; 
blosQ fd tc èkkfeZd bekjrksa dh ejEer osQ fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk gksrh gS**
µ Mh czSafMl (1887)
Hkkjr osQ çFke ou egkfujh{kd
MkW 'kadjjko eqnknyk
oSKkfud&Mh] Hkkjrh; ouLifr loZs{k.k] ,evksbZ,iQlhlh] nDdu {ks=kh; osQaæ] osQUæh; lnu] dksBh]
gSnjkckn&20] (rsyaxkuk)A bZesy% mudadlas2021@gmail.com
ikjaifjd miou
26 ?????? 2024
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS_ osQjy esa ^dkoq* (dkoql)_ jktLFkku esa  
^vksj.k*] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk dks yksdfç; :i ls ^ifo=k 
oukyq@jf{krk oukyq@nsork oukyq* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
miouksa osQ çdkj%
nsorkvksa] laLÑfr] èkkfeZd egRo vkSj muosQ lg;ksx ij 
vkèkkfjrA
1- eafnj miou% ;s miou vius èkkfeZd egRo osQ dkj.k 
eafnjksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa_ vke rkSj ij] os ljdkj] eafnj VªLV 
;k xzke lfefr;ksa }kjk lajf{kr gksrs gSaA muesa vDlj fofHk 
çdkj osQ ikSèks vkSj tkuoj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k% iQkbdl] 
uhe vkSj beyh dk isM+A
2- ikjaifjd miou% ;s os LFkku gSa tgka yksd nsork fuokl 
djrs gSa] vFkkZr~] vkaèkz çns'k esa iksrjktw] ;sYyEek] iksyEek] 
ekfjfMek] rsyaxkuk esa lEeDdk&lkjDdk xzke nsoFkyq_ 
osQjy esa dkoql] flfDde esa xqEik ou] vkfnA buesa 
vDlj ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq thou dh le`¼ fofoèkrk ikbZ 
tkrh gSA
3- èkkfeZd miou% tgka os fganw èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ] tSu èkeZ] 
bLyke èkeZ vkSj fl• èkeZ ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ijaijkxr :i 
ls] bUgsa vkSipkfjd ljdkjh dkuwu osQ ctk; èkkfeZd 
ekU;rkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ekè;e ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa 
}kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- }hih; miou% }hih; miouksa dks vkokl çdkj&fof'k‘ 
ikfjfLFkfrd egRo osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk 
gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkaèkz çns'k esa eSaxzkso vkSj rVh;@
jsosjh {ks=kA
5- dcz@'e'kku@Lekjd miou% dcz ds LFkkuksa ls tqM+s 
miouksa dks yksdfç; :i ls Lekjd miou dgk tkrk gSA 
mu miouksa dks e`rdksa osQ çfr J¼k osQ LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd muesa iwoZtksa dh 
vkRek,a fuokl djrh gSaA os vkè;kfRed ;k èkkfeZd mís'; 
dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa] e`rdksa dk lEeku djus vkSj muosQ 
lkFk lacaèk cuk, j•us osQ rjhosQ osQ :i esa lajf{kr gSaA 
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Bk.ks ftys osQ foØex<+ rkyqdk osQ 
Msgt+Zs xkao esa] xzkeh.kksa osQ ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks lefiZr 
85 ls vfèkd iRFkj FksA
miouksa dk egRo
1- ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k dh lqj{kk% miou vDlj lajf{kr {ks=kksa 
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] tks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku 
igqapkus okyh ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks çfrcafèkr djosQ 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djrs gSaA
2- ikjaifjd Kku% miouksa dk çcaèku djus okys LFkkuh; 
leqnk;ksa dks vDlj LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ihf<+;ksa 
ls pyh vk jgh ikjaifjd çFkkvksa dh xgjh le> gksrh 
gSA ;g Kku Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, laj{k.k ç;klksa dh 
tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA
3- tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k% miou ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq çtkfr;ksa 
dh ,d foLr`r  Ük`a•yk osQ fy, vkJ; osQ :i esa dk;Z 
dj ldrs gSa] •kldj mu {ks=kksa esa tgka fuokl LFkku dk 
uqdlku ,d cM+k •rjk gSA miouksa ls tqM+h tSo fofoèkrk 
laj{k.k çFkk,a vDlj çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ LFkk;h çcaèku 
vkSj tSo fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
4- lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k% miou LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh 
lkaLÑfrd vkSj èkkfeZd çFkkvksa osQ egRoiw.kZ HkaMkj gSaA 
bUgsa vDlj nsorkvksa ;k vkRekvksa osQ fuokl LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS] vkSj èkkfeZd lekjksgksa vkSj vuq’kuksa osQ 
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lkeqnkf;d l'kDrhdj.k% miouksa dk çcaèku vDlj 
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bu {ks=kksa osQ laj{k.k 
dk leFkZu djus ls bu leqnk;ksa dks l'kDr cukus esa 
enn fey ldrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fey ldrh gSA
6- i;kZoj.kh; ykHk% os fdlh {ks=k osQ ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu 
dks cuk, j•us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA miouksa 
esa ekStwn isM+ vkSj vU; ouLifr;ka feV~Vh osQ dVko dks 
jksdus vkSj LoPN gok çnku djus esa enn djrh gSaA
7- lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k% lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k dk ewy fl¼kar 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djuk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk laj{k.k 
djuk vkSj Hkfo"; osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
dk LFkk;h çcaèku djuk gSA blls dbZ vU; ykHk Hkh gks 
ldrs gSa] tSls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa osQ fy, csgrj vkthfodk] 
Page 3


25 ?????? 2024
Xosn] (1700&1100 bZlk iwoZ) fganw Hktuksa dk 
,d çkphu laxzg gS] ftlesa o`{k iwtk dk mYys• 
gS] tks miouksa dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gks ldrk 
gSA vke rkSj ij miou NksVs ou {ks=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; 
yksxksa }kjk èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] ikjaifjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj otZukvksa 
osQ ekè;e ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (jkeÑ".k 1997) vkSj 
dbZ •rjs okyh çtkfr;ksa osQ HkaMkj gSa_ bUgsa yksdfç; :i ls 
thfor tSfod fojklr LFky dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd buesa le`¼ 
½
fofoèkrk ekStwn gSA bu miouksa dk vfLrRo iwjh nqfu;k esa gqvk] 
ftlesa Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ;wjksi] vkWLVªsfy;k 
vkSj vesfjdk Hkh 'kkfey gSa (áwtsl vkSj paæk] 1998) ;g 
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa miouksa dh oqQy la[;k 
1-5 yk• ls vfèkd gS (eYgks=kk ,oa vU; 2001)A gkykafd] 
fofHk jkT;ksa esa 14000 ls vf/d miouksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA 
xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa muosQ vyx&vyx LFkkuh; uke 
gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] flfDde esa yksdfç; :i ls ^xqEikl* osQ 
¶Hkkjr esa miouksa osQ lacaèk esa cgqr de çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu os gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd 
cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa gSa--- bUgsa--- ,d fu;e osQ :i esa] oqQYgkM+h ls ugha Nqvk tkrk gS] flok; 
blosQ fd tc èkkfeZd bekjrksa dh ejEer osQ fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk gksrh gS**
µ Mh czSafMl (1887)
Hkkjr osQ çFke ou egkfujh{kd
MkW 'kadjjko eqnknyk
oSKkfud&Mh] Hkkjrh; ouLifr loZs{k.k] ,evksbZ,iQlhlh] nDdu {ks=kh; osQaæ] osQUæh; lnu] dksBh]
gSnjkckn&20] (rsyaxkuk)A bZesy% mudadlas2021@gmail.com
ikjaifjd miou
26 ?????? 2024
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS_ osQjy esa ^dkoq* (dkoql)_ jktLFkku esa  
^vksj.k*] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk dks yksdfç; :i ls ^ifo=k 
oukyq@jf{krk oukyq@nsork oukyq* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
miouksa osQ çdkj%
nsorkvksa] laLÑfr] èkkfeZd egRo vkSj muosQ lg;ksx ij 
vkèkkfjrA
1- eafnj miou% ;s miou vius èkkfeZd egRo osQ dkj.k 
eafnjksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa_ vke rkSj ij] os ljdkj] eafnj VªLV 
;k xzke lfefr;ksa }kjk lajf{kr gksrs gSaA muesa vDlj fofHk 
çdkj osQ ikSèks vkSj tkuoj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k% iQkbdl] 
uhe vkSj beyh dk isM+A
2- ikjaifjd miou% ;s os LFkku gSa tgka yksd nsork fuokl 
djrs gSa] vFkkZr~] vkaèkz çns'k esa iksrjktw] ;sYyEek] iksyEek] 
ekfjfMek] rsyaxkuk esa lEeDdk&lkjDdk xzke nsoFkyq_ 
osQjy esa dkoql] flfDde esa xqEik ou] vkfnA buesa 
vDlj ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq thou dh le`¼ fofoèkrk ikbZ 
tkrh gSA
3- èkkfeZd miou% tgka os fganw èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ] tSu èkeZ] 
bLyke èkeZ vkSj fl• èkeZ ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ijaijkxr :i 
ls] bUgsa vkSipkfjd ljdkjh dkuwu osQ ctk; èkkfeZd 
ekU;rkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ekè;e ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa 
}kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- }hih; miou% }hih; miouksa dks vkokl çdkj&fof'k‘ 
ikfjfLFkfrd egRo osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk 
gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkaèkz çns'k esa eSaxzkso vkSj rVh;@
jsosjh {ks=kA
5- dcz@'e'kku@Lekjd miou% dcz ds LFkkuksa ls tqM+s 
miouksa dks yksdfç; :i ls Lekjd miou dgk tkrk gSA 
mu miouksa dks e`rdksa osQ çfr J¼k osQ LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd muesa iwoZtksa dh 
vkRek,a fuokl djrh gSaA os vkè;kfRed ;k èkkfeZd mís'; 
dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa] e`rdksa dk lEeku djus vkSj muosQ 
lkFk lacaèk cuk, j•us osQ rjhosQ osQ :i esa lajf{kr gSaA 
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Bk.ks ftys osQ foØex<+ rkyqdk osQ 
Msgt+Zs xkao esa] xzkeh.kksa osQ ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks lefiZr 
85 ls vfèkd iRFkj FksA
miouksa dk egRo
1- ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k dh lqj{kk% miou vDlj lajf{kr {ks=kksa 
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] tks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku 
igqapkus okyh ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks çfrcafèkr djosQ 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djrs gSaA
2- ikjaifjd Kku% miouksa dk çcaèku djus okys LFkkuh; 
leqnk;ksa dks vDlj LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ihf<+;ksa 
ls pyh vk jgh ikjaifjd çFkkvksa dh xgjh le> gksrh 
gSA ;g Kku Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, laj{k.k ç;klksa dh 
tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA
3- tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k% miou ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq çtkfr;ksa 
dh ,d foLr`r  Ük`a•yk osQ fy, vkJ; osQ :i esa dk;Z 
dj ldrs gSa] •kldj mu {ks=kksa esa tgka fuokl LFkku dk 
uqdlku ,d cM+k •rjk gSA miouksa ls tqM+h tSo fofoèkrk 
laj{k.k çFkk,a vDlj çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ LFkk;h çcaèku 
vkSj tSo fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
4- lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k% miou LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh 
lkaLÑfrd vkSj èkkfeZd çFkkvksa osQ egRoiw.kZ HkaMkj gSaA 
bUgsa vDlj nsorkvksa ;k vkRekvksa osQ fuokl LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS] vkSj èkkfeZd lekjksgksa vkSj vuq’kuksa osQ 
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lkeqnkf;d l'kDrhdj.k% miouksa dk çcaèku vDlj 
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bu {ks=kksa osQ laj{k.k 
dk leFkZu djus ls bu leqnk;ksa dks l'kDr cukus esa 
enn fey ldrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fey ldrh gSA
6- i;kZoj.kh; ykHk% os fdlh {ks=k osQ ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu 
dks cuk, j•us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA miouksa 
esa ekStwn isM+ vkSj vU; ouLifr;ka feV~Vh osQ dVko dks 
jksdus vkSj LoPN gok çnku djus esa enn djrh gSaA
7- lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k% lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k dk ewy fl¼kar 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djuk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk laj{k.k 
djuk vkSj Hkfo"; osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
dk LFkk;h çcaèku djuk gSA blls dbZ vU; ykHk Hkh gks 
ldrs gSa] tSls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa osQ fy, csgrj vkthfodk] 
27 ?????? 2024
•k| lqj{kk esa o`f¼ vkSj lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k esa o`f¼A
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky%
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky ,d vf}rh; laj{k.k n`f‘dks.k 
gS ftls tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e] 2002 dh èkkjk 37 (1) 
osQ rgr ekU;rk çkIr gS] jkT; ljdkj le;&le; ij] LFkkuh; 
fudk;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ls] tSo fofoèkrk egRo osQ {ks=kksa dks tSo 
fofoèkrk fojklr LFky osQ rkSj ij vkfèkdkfjd jkti=k esa 
vfèklwfpr dj ldrh gSA
os LFky tks vf}rh;] ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls uktqd 
ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k gSa & LFkyh;] rVh;] vkSj varnZs'kh; ty 
vkSj leqæh] ftuesa fuEufyf•r ?kVdksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k 
vfèkd ls ;qDr le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk gS% taxyh vkSj lkFk 
LFkkuh; uke
Ø- jkT; dk uke LFkkuh; uke ifo=k miouksa dh la[;k
1 vkaèkz çns'k ifo=k oukyq 713
2 v#.kkpy çns'k xqEik ou 65
3 vle Fkku Madaico 40
4 fcgkj ljukl 43
5 NÙkhlx<+ ljuk] nsoyk] eankj] cqèknso 600$
6 xksok nsojk;] i 93
7 xqtjkr lkcjdkaBk] nkgksn vkSj cukldkaBk 29
8 gfj;k.kk chM ;k fcM] ckuh] taxyr] 'kkeykr 248
9 fgekpy çns'k nsoHkwfe 5000
10 tEew vkSj d'ehj •hj Hkokuh 131
11 >kj•aM ljuk] tgsjFku 21
12 dukZVd nsojdkMq] nsodM 1424
13 osQjy dkoq] ljidkoq 2000
14 eè; çns'k 'kj.k] nsodksV] ekVhdksV] nsoLFkyh] Hkèkknso 170
15 egkjkԻ nsojk;] nsojkbZ 1600
16 ef.kiqj xe•ki] ekSgd 365 
17 es?kky; dkuwu foaQrkax] dkuwu fyaxnksg 125
18 fetksje ukSiqbZ  
19 vksfMlk tgsjk] BkoqQjEek 322$
20 iatkc pVir ckuh 
21 jktLFkku vksj.k] osQudjh] ok.kh] 'kkeykrnsg] nsocuh] tksxek;k 9$
22 flfDde xqEik ou 56
23 rfeyukMq dksfoydkMq 503
24 rsyaxkuk jf{krk oukyq 65
25 f=kiqjk xe•ki vkSj ekSgd 166 
26 mÙkj çns'k nso ou] tLV oSu 32
27 mÙkjk•aM nso Hkwfe] cqX;ky 18$
28 if'pe caxky xzkeFkku] gfjrku] lfcf=krku] tgsjk] nso rlkjk vkSj ekoeqaM 670$
Ïksr% eq#xslu] vfejFkfyaxe (2016)] Hkkjr osQ ifo=k miou] 10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.304.011
Page 4


25 ?????? 2024
Xosn] (1700&1100 bZlk iwoZ) fganw Hktuksa dk 
,d çkphu laxzg gS] ftlesa o`{k iwtk dk mYys• 
gS] tks miouksa dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gks ldrk 
gSA vke rkSj ij miou NksVs ou {ks=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; 
yksxksa }kjk èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] ikjaifjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj otZukvksa 
osQ ekè;e ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (jkeÑ".k 1997) vkSj 
dbZ •rjs okyh çtkfr;ksa osQ HkaMkj gSa_ bUgsa yksdfç; :i ls 
thfor tSfod fojklr LFky dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd buesa le`¼ 
½
fofoèkrk ekStwn gSA bu miouksa dk vfLrRo iwjh nqfu;k esa gqvk] 
ftlesa Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ;wjksi] vkWLVªsfy;k 
vkSj vesfjdk Hkh 'kkfey gSa (áwtsl vkSj paæk] 1998) ;g 
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa miouksa dh oqQy la[;k 
1-5 yk• ls vfèkd gS (eYgks=kk ,oa vU; 2001)A gkykafd] 
fofHk jkT;ksa esa 14000 ls vf/d miouksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA 
xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa muosQ vyx&vyx LFkkuh; uke 
gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] flfDde esa yksdfç; :i ls ^xqEikl* osQ 
¶Hkkjr esa miouksa osQ lacaèk esa cgqr de çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu os gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd 
cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa gSa--- bUgsa--- ,d fu;e osQ :i esa] oqQYgkM+h ls ugha Nqvk tkrk gS] flok; 
blosQ fd tc èkkfeZd bekjrksa dh ejEer osQ fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk gksrh gS**
µ Mh czSafMl (1887)
Hkkjr osQ çFke ou egkfujh{kd
MkW 'kadjjko eqnknyk
oSKkfud&Mh] Hkkjrh; ouLifr loZs{k.k] ,evksbZ,iQlhlh] nDdu {ks=kh; osQaæ] osQUæh; lnu] dksBh]
gSnjkckn&20] (rsyaxkuk)A bZesy% mudadlas2021@gmail.com
ikjaifjd miou
26 ?????? 2024
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS_ osQjy esa ^dkoq* (dkoql)_ jktLFkku esa  
^vksj.k*] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk dks yksdfç; :i ls ^ifo=k 
oukyq@jf{krk oukyq@nsork oukyq* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
miouksa osQ çdkj%
nsorkvksa] laLÑfr] èkkfeZd egRo vkSj muosQ lg;ksx ij 
vkèkkfjrA
1- eafnj miou% ;s miou vius èkkfeZd egRo osQ dkj.k 
eafnjksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa_ vke rkSj ij] os ljdkj] eafnj VªLV 
;k xzke lfefr;ksa }kjk lajf{kr gksrs gSaA muesa vDlj fofHk 
çdkj osQ ikSèks vkSj tkuoj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k% iQkbdl] 
uhe vkSj beyh dk isM+A
2- ikjaifjd miou% ;s os LFkku gSa tgka yksd nsork fuokl 
djrs gSa] vFkkZr~] vkaèkz çns'k esa iksrjktw] ;sYyEek] iksyEek] 
ekfjfMek] rsyaxkuk esa lEeDdk&lkjDdk xzke nsoFkyq_ 
osQjy esa dkoql] flfDde esa xqEik ou] vkfnA buesa 
vDlj ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq thou dh le`¼ fofoèkrk ikbZ 
tkrh gSA
3- èkkfeZd miou% tgka os fganw èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ] tSu èkeZ] 
bLyke èkeZ vkSj fl• èkeZ ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ijaijkxr :i 
ls] bUgsa vkSipkfjd ljdkjh dkuwu osQ ctk; èkkfeZd 
ekU;rkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ekè;e ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa 
}kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- }hih; miou% }hih; miouksa dks vkokl çdkj&fof'k‘ 
ikfjfLFkfrd egRo osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk 
gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkaèkz çns'k esa eSaxzkso vkSj rVh;@
jsosjh {ks=kA
5- dcz@'e'kku@Lekjd miou% dcz ds LFkkuksa ls tqM+s 
miouksa dks yksdfç; :i ls Lekjd miou dgk tkrk gSA 
mu miouksa dks e`rdksa osQ çfr J¼k osQ LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd muesa iwoZtksa dh 
vkRek,a fuokl djrh gSaA os vkè;kfRed ;k èkkfeZd mís'; 
dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa] e`rdksa dk lEeku djus vkSj muosQ 
lkFk lacaèk cuk, j•us osQ rjhosQ osQ :i esa lajf{kr gSaA 
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Bk.ks ftys osQ foØex<+ rkyqdk osQ 
Msgt+Zs xkao esa] xzkeh.kksa osQ ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks lefiZr 
85 ls vfèkd iRFkj FksA
miouksa dk egRo
1- ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k dh lqj{kk% miou vDlj lajf{kr {ks=kksa 
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] tks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku 
igqapkus okyh ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks çfrcafèkr djosQ 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djrs gSaA
2- ikjaifjd Kku% miouksa dk çcaèku djus okys LFkkuh; 
leqnk;ksa dks vDlj LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ihf<+;ksa 
ls pyh vk jgh ikjaifjd çFkkvksa dh xgjh le> gksrh 
gSA ;g Kku Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, laj{k.k ç;klksa dh 
tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA
3- tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k% miou ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq çtkfr;ksa 
dh ,d foLr`r  Ük`a•yk osQ fy, vkJ; osQ :i esa dk;Z 
dj ldrs gSa] •kldj mu {ks=kksa esa tgka fuokl LFkku dk 
uqdlku ,d cM+k •rjk gSA miouksa ls tqM+h tSo fofoèkrk 
laj{k.k çFkk,a vDlj çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ LFkk;h çcaèku 
vkSj tSo fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
4- lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k% miou LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh 
lkaLÑfrd vkSj èkkfeZd çFkkvksa osQ egRoiw.kZ HkaMkj gSaA 
bUgsa vDlj nsorkvksa ;k vkRekvksa osQ fuokl LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS] vkSj èkkfeZd lekjksgksa vkSj vuq’kuksa osQ 
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lkeqnkf;d l'kDrhdj.k% miouksa dk çcaèku vDlj 
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bu {ks=kksa osQ laj{k.k 
dk leFkZu djus ls bu leqnk;ksa dks l'kDr cukus esa 
enn fey ldrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fey ldrh gSA
6- i;kZoj.kh; ykHk% os fdlh {ks=k osQ ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu 
dks cuk, j•us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA miouksa 
esa ekStwn isM+ vkSj vU; ouLifr;ka feV~Vh osQ dVko dks 
jksdus vkSj LoPN gok çnku djus esa enn djrh gSaA
7- lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k% lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k dk ewy fl¼kar 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djuk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk laj{k.k 
djuk vkSj Hkfo"; osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
dk LFkk;h çcaèku djuk gSA blls dbZ vU; ykHk Hkh gks 
ldrs gSa] tSls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa osQ fy, csgrj vkthfodk] 
27 ?????? 2024
•k| lqj{kk esa o`f¼ vkSj lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k esa o`f¼A
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky%
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky ,d vf}rh; laj{k.k n`f‘dks.k 
gS ftls tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e] 2002 dh èkkjk 37 (1) 
osQ rgr ekU;rk çkIr gS] jkT; ljdkj le;&le; ij] LFkkuh; 
fudk;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ls] tSo fofoèkrk egRo osQ {ks=kksa dks tSo 
fofoèkrk fojklr LFky osQ rkSj ij vkfèkdkfjd jkti=k esa 
vfèklwfpr dj ldrh gSA
os LFky tks vf}rh;] ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls uktqd 
ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k gSa & LFkyh;] rVh;] vkSj varnZs'kh; ty 
vkSj leqæh] ftuesa fuEufyf•r ?kVdksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k 
vfèkd ls ;qDr le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk gS% taxyh vkSj lkFk 
LFkkuh; uke
Ø- jkT; dk uke LFkkuh; uke ifo=k miouksa dh la[;k
1 vkaèkz çns'k ifo=k oukyq 713
2 v#.kkpy çns'k xqEik ou 65
3 vle Fkku Madaico 40
4 fcgkj ljukl 43
5 NÙkhlx<+ ljuk] nsoyk] eankj] cqèknso 600$
6 xksok nsojk;] i 93
7 xqtjkr lkcjdkaBk] nkgksn vkSj cukldkaBk 29
8 gfj;k.kk chM ;k fcM] ckuh] taxyr] 'kkeykr 248
9 fgekpy çns'k nsoHkwfe 5000
10 tEew vkSj d'ehj •hj Hkokuh 131
11 >kj•aM ljuk] tgsjFku 21
12 dukZVd nsojdkMq] nsodM 1424
13 osQjy dkoq] ljidkoq 2000
14 eè; çns'k 'kj.k] nsodksV] ekVhdksV] nsoLFkyh] Hkèkknso 170
15 egkjkԻ nsojk;] nsojkbZ 1600
16 ef.kiqj xe•ki] ekSgd 365 
17 es?kky; dkuwu foaQrkax] dkuwu fyaxnksg 125
18 fetksje ukSiqbZ  
19 vksfMlk tgsjk] BkoqQjEek 322$
20 iatkc pVir ckuh 
21 jktLFkku vksj.k] osQudjh] ok.kh] 'kkeykrnsg] nsocuh] tksxek;k 9$
22 flfDde xqEik ou 56
23 rfeyukMq dksfoydkMq 503
24 rsyaxkuk jf{krk oukyq 65
25 f=kiqjk xe•ki vkSj ekSgd 166 
26 mÙkj çns'k nso ou] tLV oSu 32
27 mÙkjk•aM nso Hkwfe] cqX;ky 18$
28 if'pe caxky xzkeFkku] gfjrku] lfcf=krku] tgsjk] nso rlkjk vkSj ekoeqaM 670$
Ïksr% eq#xslu] vfejFkfyaxe (2016)] Hkkjr osQ ifo=k miou] 10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.304.011
28 ?????? 2024
¶çÑfr ?kweus dh txg ugha gS] ;g ?kj gS**
µ xSjh LukbMj
gh ikyrw çtkfr;ksa ;k varj&fof'k‘ Jsf.k;ksa dh le`f¼] mPp 
LFkkfudokn] nqyZHk vkSj ladVxzLr çtkfr;ksa dh mifLFkfr] 
çeq• çtkfr;ka] fodkloknh egRo dh çtkfr;ka] ?kjsyw@•srh 
dh xbZ çtkfr;ksa ;k mudh fdLeksa osQ taxyh iwoZt] thok'e 
fcLrjksa }kjk n'kkZ, x, tSfod ?kVdksa dh iwoZ&mRÑ‘rk vkSj 
egRoiw.kZ gSa] lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd ;k lkSan;kZRed ewY; j•rs gSa 
vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ] pkgs 
muosQ lkFk ekuo tqM+ko dk yack bfrgkl gks ;k u gksA vc 
rd lksyg (16) jkT;ksa }kjk pkSokyhl (44) tSo fofoèkrk 
fojklr LFkyksa dks vfèklwfpr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
iwoZ miou lqjky HkVksjh eB&pack] fgekpy çns'k
1- tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e] 2002 (chMh,) dh èkkjk 
37 osQ rgr jkT; ljdkj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ ijke'kZ 
ls tSo fofoèkrk egRo osQ {ks=kksa dks vkfèkdkfjd jkti=k 
esa tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFkyksa (ch,p,l) osQ :i esa 
vfèklwfpr dj ldrh gSA
2- èkkjk 37 dh mièkkjk (2) osQ rgr] jkT; ljdkj osQaæ 
ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ls ch,p,l osQ çcaèku vkSj laj{k.k osQ 
fy, fu;e cuk ldrh gSA
3- èkkjk 37 dh mièkkjk (3) osQ rgr] jkT; ljdkjsa ,slh 
vfèklwpuk ls vkfFkZd :i ls çHkkfor fdlh Hkh O;fDr 
;k yksxksa osQ oxZ dks eqvkotk nsus ;k iquokZl osQ fy, 
;kstuk,a cuk,axhA
vfèkfu;e osQ mijksDr çkoèkkuksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] 
jk‘ªh; tSo fofoèkrk çkfèkdj.k (,uch,) ch,p,l osQ p;u 
vkSj çcaèku osQ fy, fn'kkfunZs'k tkjh djrk gSA
ikjaifjd o`{k 
ikjaifjd o`{k fo'ks"k o`{k gSa ftUgsa lkaLÑfrd] ikfjfLFkfrd 
ewY; vkSj tSfod egRo dk ekuk tkrk gSA ;s isM+ vDlj fdlh 
leqnk; esa lcls iqjkus thfor çk.kh gksrs gSa vkSj oU;thoksa dks 
vkokl çnku djrs gSa& ikfjfLFkfrd] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd 
egRo@egRo] oSdfYid vkthfodk osQ voljksa vkSj {ks=kksa ij 
laj{k.k ç;klksa (laj{k.k uSfrdrk) osQ vkèkkj ij] oqQN osQl 
LVMh vk;ksftr fd, x,%
1- if'peh fgeky;% ,d vè;;u us tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k 
esa bu miouksa dh Hkwfedk dk irk yxk;k] ftlesa fofoèk 
ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa dh mifLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkyk x;kA
2- nsohFkku flfDde% ysIpk&HkwfV;k leqnk; esa nsohFkku 
(miou) dh Hkwfedk dk irk yxrk gSA
3- vkaèkz çns'k osQ ifo=k vkSj lajf{kr miouA
4- iqjorkyh jk;% xksok esa lsØsM xzkso] 2019 esa tSo 
fofoèkrk fojklr LFky ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
5- ekoiQykax% es?kky; esa LFkkuh; •klh leqnk;ksa }kjk 
lajf{kr miouA
pqukSfr;ka
oU;tho (laj{k.k) la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2002 esa 
lkeqnkf;d fjtoZ osQ rgr bu miouksa dks dkuwuh :i ls 
lajf{kr fd;k x;k gS] ;s lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k osQ fy, lcls 
vPNs mnkgj.k gSa vkSj bu&lhVw laj{k.k osQ fy, vf}rh; Ïksr 
Hkh gSa] ysfdu] vkèkqfud ;qx esa miouksa dks xaHkhj •rjs dk 
lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA %
1- i;kZokl dh gkfu% 'kgjhdj.k] cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl 
vkSj 'kh"kZ igkfM+;ksa esa Ñf"k osQ foLrkj tSlh fodklkRed 
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ dkj.k dbZ miouksa dks lkiQ fd;k tk jgk 
gS ;k •afMr fd;k tk jgk gS] tks ogka jgus okys ikSèkksa 
vkSj tkuojksa dks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA
2- tyok;q ifjorZu% rkieku esa vpkud vkSj vkdfLed 
ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ou LokLF; vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k 
Page 5


25 ?????? 2024
Xosn] (1700&1100 bZlk iwoZ) fganw Hktuksa dk 
,d çkphu laxzg gS] ftlesa o`{k iwtk dk mYys• 
gS] tks miouksa dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gks ldrk 
gSA vke rkSj ij miou NksVs ou {ks=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; 
yksxksa }kjk èkkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] ikjaifjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj otZukvksa 
osQ ekè;e ls lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (jkeÑ".k 1997) vkSj 
dbZ •rjs okyh çtkfr;ksa osQ HkaMkj gSa_ bUgsa yksdfç; :i ls 
thfor tSfod fojklr LFky dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd buesa le`¼ 
½
fofoèkrk ekStwn gSA bu miouksa dk vfLrRo iwjh nqfu;k esa gqvk] 
ftlesa Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] ;wjksi] vkWLVªsfy;k 
vkSj vesfjdk Hkh 'kkfey gSa (áwtsl vkSj paæk] 1998) ;g 
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa miouksa dh oqQy la[;k 
1-5 yk• ls vfèkd gS (eYgks=kk ,oa vU; 2001)A gkykafd] 
fofHk jkT;ksa esa 14000 ls vf/d miouksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA 
xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa muosQ vyx&vyx LFkkuh; uke 
gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] flfDde esa yksdfç; :i ls ^xqEikl* osQ 
¶Hkkjr esa miouksa osQ lacaèk esa cgqr de çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu os gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd 
cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa gSa--- bUgsa--- ,d fu;e osQ :i esa] oqQYgkM+h ls ugha Nqvk tkrk gS] flok; 
blosQ fd tc èkkfeZd bekjrksa dh ejEer osQ fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk gksrh gS**
µ Mh czSafMl (1887)
Hkkjr osQ çFke ou egkfujh{kd
MkW 'kadjjko eqnknyk
oSKkfud&Mh] Hkkjrh; ouLifr loZs{k.k] ,evksbZ,iQlhlh] nDdu {ks=kh; osQaæ] osQUæh; lnu] dksBh]
gSnjkckn&20] (rsyaxkuk)A bZesy% mudadlas2021@gmail.com
ikjaifjd miou
26 ?????? 2024
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS_ osQjy esa ^dkoq* (dkoql)_ jktLFkku esa  
^vksj.k*] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk dks yksdfç; :i ls ^ifo=k 
oukyq@jf{krk oukyq@nsork oukyq* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
miouksa osQ çdkj%
nsorkvksa] laLÑfr] èkkfeZd egRo vkSj muosQ lg;ksx ij 
vkèkkfjrA
1- eafnj miou% ;s miou vius èkkfeZd egRo osQ dkj.k 
eafnjksa ls tqM+s gq, gSa_ vke rkSj ij] os ljdkj] eafnj VªLV 
;k xzke lfefr;ksa }kjk lajf{kr gksrs gSaA muesa vDlj fofHk 
çdkj osQ ikSèks vkSj tkuoj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k% iQkbdl] 
uhe vkSj beyh dk isM+A
2- ikjaifjd miou% ;s os LFkku gSa tgka yksd nsork fuokl 
djrs gSa] vFkkZr~] vkaèkz çns'k esa iksrjktw] ;sYyEek] iksyEek] 
ekfjfMek] rsyaxkuk esa lEeDdk&lkjDdk xzke nsoFkyq_ 
osQjy esa dkoql] flfDde esa xqEik ou] vkfnA buesa 
vDlj ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq thou dh le`¼ fofoèkrk ikbZ 
tkrh gSA
3- èkkfeZd miou% tgka os fganw èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ] tSu èkeZ] 
bLyke èkeZ vkSj fl• èkeZ ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ijaijkxr :i 
ls] bUgsa vkSipkfjd ljdkjh dkuwu osQ ctk; èkkfeZd 
ekU;rkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ ekè;e ls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa 
}kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- }hih; miou% }hih; miouksa dks vkokl çdkj&fof'k‘ 
ikfjfLFkfrd egRo osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk 
gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkaèkz çns'k esa eSaxzkso vkSj rVh;@
jsosjh {ks=kA
5- dcz@'e'kku@Lekjd miou% dcz ds LFkkuksa ls tqM+s 
miouksa dks yksdfç; :i ls Lekjd miou dgk tkrk gSA 
mu miouksa dks e`rdksa osQ çfr J¼k osQ LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd muesa iwoZtksa dh 
vkRek,a fuokl djrh gSaA os vkè;kfRed ;k èkkfeZd mís'; 
dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa] e`rdksa dk lEeku djus vkSj muosQ 
lkFk lacaèk cuk, j•us osQ rjhosQ osQ :i esa lajf{kr gSaA 
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Bk.ks ftys osQ foØex<+ rkyqdk osQ 
Msgt+Zs xkao esa] xzkeh.kksa osQ ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa dks lefiZr 
85 ls vfèkd iRFkj FksA
miouksa dk egRo
1- ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k dh lqj{kk% miou vDlj lajf{kr {ks=kksa 
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] tks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku 
igqapkus okyh ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa dks çfrcafèkr djosQ 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djrs gSaA
2- ikjaifjd Kku% miouksa dk çcaèku djus okys LFkkuh; 
leqnk;ksa dks vDlj LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ihf<+;ksa 
ls pyh vk jgh ikjaifjd çFkkvksa dh xgjh le> gksrh 
gSA ;g Kku Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, laj{k.k ç;klksa dh 
tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA
3- tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k% miou ikSèkksa vkSj i'kq çtkfr;ksa 
dh ,d foLr`r  Ük`a•yk osQ fy, vkJ; osQ :i esa dk;Z 
dj ldrs gSa] •kldj mu {ks=kksa esa tgka fuokl LFkku dk 
uqdlku ,d cM+k •rjk gSA miouksa ls tqM+h tSo fofoèkrk 
laj{k.k çFkk,a vDlj çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa osQ LFkk;h çcaèku 
vkSj tSo fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
4- lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k% miou LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh 
lkaLÑfrd vkSj èkkfeZd çFkkvksa osQ egRoiw.kZ HkaMkj gSaA 
bUgsa vDlj nsorkvksa ;k vkRekvksa osQ fuokl LFkku osQ :i 
esa ns•k tkrk gS] vkSj èkkfeZd lekjksgksa vkSj vuq’kuksa osQ 
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lkeqnkf;d l'kDrhdj.k% miouksa dk çcaèku vDlj 
LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bu {ks=kksa osQ laj{k.k 
dk leFkZu djus ls bu leqnk;ksa dks l'kDr cukus esa 
enn fey ldrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fey ldrh gSA
6- i;kZoj.kh; ykHk% os fdlh {ks=k osQ ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu 
dks cuk, j•us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA miouksa 
esa ekStwn isM+ vkSj vU; ouLifr;ka feV~Vh osQ dVko dks 
jksdus vkSj LoPN gok çnku djus esa enn djrh gSaA
7- lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k% lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k dk ewy fl¼kar 
tSo fofoèkrk dh j{kk djuk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk laj{k.k 
djuk vkSj Hkfo"; osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa 
dk LFkk;h çcaèku djuk gSA blls dbZ vU; ykHk Hkh gks 
ldrs gSa] tSls LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa osQ fy, csgrj vkthfodk] 
27 ?????? 2024
•k| lqj{kk esa o`f¼ vkSj lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k esa o`f¼A
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky%
tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFky ,d vf}rh; laj{k.k n`f‘dks.k 
gS ftls tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e] 2002 dh èkkjk 37 (1) 
osQ rgr ekU;rk çkIr gS] jkT; ljdkj le;&le; ij] LFkkuh; 
fudk;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ls] tSo fofoèkrk egRo osQ {ks=kksa dks tSo 
fofoèkrk fojklr LFky osQ rkSj ij vkfèkdkfjd jkti=k esa 
vfèklwfpr dj ldrh gSA
os LFky tks vf}rh;] ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls uktqd 
ikfjfLFkfrd&ra=k gSa & LFkyh;] rVh;] vkSj varnZs'kh; ty 
vkSj leqæh] ftuesa fuEufyf•r ?kVdksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k 
vfèkd ls ;qDr le`¼ tSo fofoèkrk gS% taxyh vkSj lkFk 
LFkkuh; uke
Ø- jkT; dk uke LFkkuh; uke ifo=k miouksa dh la[;k
1 vkaèkz çns'k ifo=k oukyq 713
2 v#.kkpy çns'k xqEik ou 65
3 vle Fkku Madaico 40
4 fcgkj ljukl 43
5 NÙkhlx<+ ljuk] nsoyk] eankj] cqèknso 600$
6 xksok nsojk;] i 93
7 xqtjkr lkcjdkaBk] nkgksn vkSj cukldkaBk 29
8 gfj;k.kk chM ;k fcM] ckuh] taxyr] 'kkeykr 248
9 fgekpy çns'k nsoHkwfe 5000
10 tEew vkSj d'ehj •hj Hkokuh 131
11 >kj•aM ljuk] tgsjFku 21
12 dukZVd nsojdkMq] nsodM 1424
13 osQjy dkoq] ljidkoq 2000
14 eè; çns'k 'kj.k] nsodksV] ekVhdksV] nsoLFkyh] Hkèkknso 170
15 egkjkԻ nsojk;] nsojkbZ 1600
16 ef.kiqj xe•ki] ekSgd 365 
17 es?kky; dkuwu foaQrkax] dkuwu fyaxnksg 125
18 fetksje ukSiqbZ  
19 vksfMlk tgsjk] BkoqQjEek 322$
20 iatkc pVir ckuh 
21 jktLFkku vksj.k] osQudjh] ok.kh] 'kkeykrnsg] nsocuh] tksxek;k 9$
22 flfDde xqEik ou 56
23 rfeyukMq dksfoydkMq 503
24 rsyaxkuk jf{krk oukyq 65
25 f=kiqjk xe•ki vkSj ekSgd 166 
26 mÙkj çns'k nso ou] tLV oSu 32
27 mÙkjk•aM nso Hkwfe] cqX;ky 18$
28 if'pe caxky xzkeFkku] gfjrku] lfcf=krku] tgsjk] nso rlkjk vkSj ekoeqaM 670$
Ïksr% eq#xslu] vfejFkfyaxe (2016)] Hkkjr osQ ifo=k miou] 10.20546/ijcrbp.2016.304.011
28 ?????? 2024
¶çÑfr ?kweus dh txg ugha gS] ;g ?kj gS**
µ xSjh LukbMj
gh ikyrw çtkfr;ksa ;k varj&fof'k‘ Jsf.k;ksa dh le`f¼] mPp 
LFkkfudokn] nqyZHk vkSj ladVxzLr çtkfr;ksa dh mifLFkfr] 
çeq• çtkfr;ka] fodkloknh egRo dh çtkfr;ka] ?kjsyw@•srh 
dh xbZ çtkfr;ksa ;k mudh fdLeksa osQ taxyh iwoZt] thok'e 
fcLrjksa }kjk n'kkZ, x, tSfod ?kVdksa dh iwoZ&mRÑ‘rk vkSj 
egRoiw.kZ gSa] lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd ;k lkSan;kZRed ewY; j•rs gSa 
vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ j•j•ko osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ] pkgs 
muosQ lkFk ekuo tqM+ko dk yack bfrgkl gks ;k u gksA vc 
rd lksyg (16) jkT;ksa }kjk pkSokyhl (44) tSo fofoèkrk 
fojklr LFkyksa dks vfèklwfpr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
iwoZ miou lqjky HkVksjh eB&pack] fgekpy çns'k
1- tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e] 2002 (chMh,) dh èkkjk 
37 osQ rgr jkT; ljdkj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa osQ ijke'kZ 
ls tSo fofoèkrk egRo osQ {ks=kksa dks vkfèkdkfjd jkti=k 
esa tSo fofoèkrk fojklr LFkyksa (ch,p,l) osQ :i esa 
vfèklwfpr dj ldrh gSA
2- èkkjk 37 dh mièkkjk (2) osQ rgr] jkT; ljdkj osQaæ 
ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ls ch,p,l osQ çcaèku vkSj laj{k.k osQ 
fy, fu;e cuk ldrh gSA
3- èkkjk 37 dh mièkkjk (3) osQ rgr] jkT; ljdkjsa ,slh 
vfèklwpuk ls vkfFkZd :i ls çHkkfor fdlh Hkh O;fDr 
;k yksxksa osQ oxZ dks eqvkotk nsus ;k iquokZl osQ fy, 
;kstuk,a cuk,axhA
vfèkfu;e osQ mijksDr çkoèkkuksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] 
jk‘ªh; tSo fofoèkrk çkfèkdj.k (,uch,) ch,p,l osQ p;u 
vkSj çcaèku osQ fy, fn'kkfunZs'k tkjh djrk gSA
ikjaifjd o`{k 
ikjaifjd o`{k fo'ks"k o`{k gSa ftUgsa lkaLÑfrd] ikfjfLFkfrd 
ewY; vkSj tSfod egRo dk ekuk tkrk gSA ;s isM+ vDlj fdlh 
leqnk; esa lcls iqjkus thfor çk.kh gksrs gSa vkSj oU;thoksa dks 
vkokl çnku djrs gSa& ikfjfLFkfrd] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd 
egRo@egRo] oSdfYid vkthfodk osQ voljksa vkSj {ks=kksa ij 
laj{k.k ç;klksa (laj{k.k uSfrdrk) osQ vkèkkj ij] oqQN osQl 
LVMh vk;ksftr fd, x,%
1- if'peh fgeky;% ,d vè;;u us tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k 
esa bu miouksa dh Hkwfedk dk irk yxk;k] ftlesa fofoèk 
ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa dh mifLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkyk x;kA
2- nsohFkku flfDde% ysIpk&HkwfV;k leqnk; esa nsohFkku 
(miou) dh Hkwfedk dk irk yxrk gSA
3- vkaèkz çns'k osQ ifo=k vkSj lajf{kr miouA
4- iqjorkyh jk;% xksok esa lsØsM xzkso] 2019 esa tSo 
fofoèkrk fojklr LFky ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
5- ekoiQykax% es?kky; esa LFkkuh; •klh leqnk;ksa }kjk 
lajf{kr miouA
pqukSfr;ka
oU;tho (laj{k.k) la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2002 esa 
lkeqnkf;d fjtoZ osQ rgr bu miouksa dks dkuwuh :i ls 
lajf{kr fd;k x;k gS] ;s lkeqnkf;d laj{k.k osQ fy, lcls 
vPNs mnkgj.k gSa vkSj bu&lhVw laj{k.k osQ fy, vf}rh; Ïksr 
Hkh gSa] ysfdu] vkèkqfud ;qx esa miouksa dks xaHkhj •rjs dk 
lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA %
1- i;kZokl dh gkfu% 'kgjhdj.k] cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl 
vkSj 'kh"kZ igkfM+;ksa esa Ñf"k osQ foLrkj tSlh fodklkRed 
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ dkj.k dbZ miouksa dks lkiQ fd;k tk jgk 
gS ;k •afMr fd;k tk jgk gS] tks ogka jgus okys ikSèkksa 
vkSj tkuojksa dks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA
2- tyok;q ifjorZu% rkieku esa vpkud vkSj vkdfLed 
ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ou LokLF; vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k 
29 ?????? 2024
dks •rjk gSA blls mudh ikfjfLFkfrdh] vkS"kèkh; VSDlk 
lfgr iq"i jpukvksa dk rsth ls {kj.k gks jgk gSA
3- Xykscy okfe±x% yacs le; rd rkieku esa o`f¼] ekSle 
osQ iSVuZ dks ckfèkr djrh gS] tSls xehZ dh ygjsa] lw•k] 
ck<+] taxy dh vkx osQ dkj.k ou ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k esa 
ifjorZu gksrk gS] blls tSo fofoèkrk dk uqdlku gksxkA
4- vkØked@fons'kh çtkfr;ka% ;s ,slh çofrZr çtkfr;ka 
gSa tks ns'kh çtkfr;ksa dks uqdlku igqapk ldrh gSaA vDlj 
mUgsa laiw.kZ ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k osQ fy, çeq• •rjksa esa ls 
,d ekuk tkrk gSA Økseksyk,uk vksMksjsVk] ySaVkuk oSQekjk 
vkSj çkslksfil twyhÝyksjkA
5- lalkèkuksa dk nksgu % oqQN ekeyksa esa] LFkkuh; leqnk; 
bu miouksa ls cgqr vfèkd tykÅ ydM+h] vkS"kèkh; ikSèks 
;k vU; lalkèku ,d=k djrs gSaA blls ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k 
ij ncko iM+ ldrk gS vkSj fxjkoV vk ldrh gSA
6- vU; pqukSfr;ka% ekuotfur ncko] vfrØe.k] ouksa dh 
dVkbZ] lkaLÑfrd fxjkoV] çnw"k.k vkSj dksbZ mfpr dkuwu 
dh deh--- vkfnA
ikjaifjd miouksa dk çcaèku
oqQN miou LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ;k tutkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k 
vkSj çcaèku esa gSaA oqQN dk LokfeRo vkSj çcaèku oa'kkuqxr 
VªLVhf'ki ç.kkyh osQ ekè;e ls xzke leqnk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk 
gSA miou esa okf"kZd vuq’kuksa osQ nkSjku lHkh çcaèku fu.kZ; iwjs 
xkao }kjk lkewfgd :i ls fy, tkrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh] 
lrr çFkk,a] laxBuksa osQ lkFk oSKkfud lg;ksx] jhfr&fjoktksa 
esa larqyu] èkkfeZd fo'okl vkSj laj{k.k miouksa osQ çcaèku osQ 
çeq• fl¼kar gSaA
foèkku
oU; thou (laj{k.k) vfèkfu;e] 1972 jkT; ljdkj dks 
ouLifr;ksa] ikjaifjd ;k lkaLÑfrd laj{k.k ewY;ksa vkSj çFkkvksa 
dh j{kk osQ fy, fdlh Hkh futh ;k lkeqnkf;d Hkwfe dks 
lkeqnkf;d vkjf{kr ?kksf"kr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA
oU;tho (laj{k.k) la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2002% bl 
vfèkfu;e us ^lkeqnkf;d HkaMkj* dh voèkkj.kk is'k dh 
ftldk mi;ksx leqnk;&lajf{kr Hkwfe ij miouksa dks ljdkjh 
lqj{kk çnku djus osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g vfèkfu;e 
bu {ks=kksa esa f'kdkj vkSj ykWfxax ij 
çfrcaèk yxkrk gSA
tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e 
2002 (tSfod fofoèkrk 
(la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2023
Hkkjr ljdkj us tSo fofoèkrk 
osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, dbZ dne 
mBk, gSa ftuesa loZs{k.k] lwphdj.k] 
oxhZdj.k lR;kiu vkSj iq"i vkSj 
tho lalkèkuksa dk •rjk ewY;kadu 
'kkfey gS_ ;kstuk vkSj fuxjkuh 
osQ lkFk&lkFk ouksa osQ laj{k.k 
vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, ,d lVhd 
MsVkcsl fodflr djus osQ fy,