Yojana Magazine May 2024 - 3 (Hindi) | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


39 ?? 2024
phudky ls gh Hkkjrh; gSaMywe dkjhxjh osQ fy, 
fo'ofo[;kr gSA ;gka osQ gj jkT; osQ gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx esa dkiQh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk diM+ksa ij lqanj 
baæèkuq"k ekStwn gSaA buesa ,d rjiQ rks gkFk ls dkrs vkSj cqus 
gq, diM+s gSa] ftldh ns'k dh çkphu laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls 
?kfu‘rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ iwath ifj"Ñr diM+k feys gSaA Hkkjr 
esa diM+k m|ksx dh ewyHkwr rkdr dikl] twV] js'ke] Åu 
tSls çkÑfrd rUrq (iQkbcj) ls ysdj ikWfy,LVj] foLdksl] 
uk;ykWu] ,sØsfyd tSls flaFksfVd@ekuo fufeZr iQkbcj vkSj 
iQkbcj@;kuZ dh ,d foLr`r Ük`a•yk ekStwn gS] tks bls vU; 
m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa csgn vf}rh; cukrk gSA Hkkjr esa çeq• 
çk
diM+k osQaæksa esa fnYyh ,ulhvkj] xqtjkr] egkjk‘ª] mÙkj çns'k] 
if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] eè; çns'k] jktLFkku tSls çeq• 
jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk etcwr vkèkkj 'kkfey gSA 
Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk ikjEifjd bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; diM+ksa dk lanHkZ çkphu flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] 
pV~Vkuksa dh dVkbZ dh ewfrZ;ksa] xqiQk fp=kksa] eafnjksa] Lekjdksa 
ls çkIr ewfrZ;ksa esa ekuo dyk osQ :iksa esa feyrh gSaA ½Xosn 
esa eq[; :i ls oL=kksa dks vf/oL=k] oqQjyk vkSj v.Mçfrfèk 
osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks cká vkoj.k (?kwa?kV)] 
,d flj&vkHkw"k.k ;k flj&iks'kkd (ixM+h) rFkk efgyk osQ 
diM+s dk fgLlk gSA oSfnd laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dh iks'kkd 
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar 
dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo 
djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] 
le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa ij fMtkbu vc 
XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu pqosQ gSaA
MkW ih;w"k xks;y
tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;] ubZ fnYyhA bZesy% goyal.dbt@nic.in
Hkkjrh; cqukbZ dk rkuk&ckuk  
vkSj rduhdh fodkl
Page 2


39 ?? 2024
phudky ls gh Hkkjrh; gSaMywe dkjhxjh osQ fy, 
fo'ofo[;kr gSA ;gka osQ gj jkT; osQ gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx esa dkiQh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk diM+ksa ij lqanj 
baæèkuq"k ekStwn gSaA buesa ,d rjiQ rks gkFk ls dkrs vkSj cqus 
gq, diM+s gSa] ftldh ns'k dh çkphu laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls 
?kfu‘rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ iwath ifj"Ñr diM+k feys gSaA Hkkjr 
esa diM+k m|ksx dh ewyHkwr rkdr dikl] twV] js'ke] Åu 
tSls çkÑfrd rUrq (iQkbcj) ls ysdj ikWfy,LVj] foLdksl] 
uk;ykWu] ,sØsfyd tSls flaFksfVd@ekuo fufeZr iQkbcj vkSj 
iQkbcj@;kuZ dh ,d foLr`r Ük`a•yk ekStwn gS] tks bls vU; 
m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa csgn vf}rh; cukrk gSA Hkkjr esa çeq• 
çk
diM+k osQaæksa esa fnYyh ,ulhvkj] xqtjkr] egkjk‘ª] mÙkj çns'k] 
if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] eè; çns'k] jktLFkku tSls çeq• 
jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk etcwr vkèkkj 'kkfey gSA 
Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk ikjEifjd bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; diM+ksa dk lanHkZ çkphu flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] 
pV~Vkuksa dh dVkbZ dh ewfrZ;ksa] xqiQk fp=kksa] eafnjksa] Lekjdksa 
ls çkIr ewfrZ;ksa esa ekuo dyk osQ :iksa esa feyrh gSaA ½Xosn 
esa eq[; :i ls oL=kksa dks vf/oL=k] oqQjyk vkSj v.Mçfrfèk 
osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks cká vkoj.k (?kwa?kV)] 
,d flj&vkHkw"k.k ;k flj&iks'kkd (ixM+h) rFkk efgyk osQ 
diM+s dk fgLlk gSA oSfnd laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dh iks'kkd 
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar 
dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo 
djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] 
le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa ij fMtkbu vc 
XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu pqosQ gSaA
MkW ih;w"k xks;y
tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;] ubZ fnYyhA bZesy% goyal.dbt@nic.in
Hkkjrh; cqukbZ dk rkuk&ckuk  
vkSj rduhdh fodkl
40 ?? 2024
^lkM+h* 'kCn laLÑr osQ ^"kkVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çkphudky esa 
'krh] 'kckyh ;k lkM+h] fganh esa lkM+h cu xbZA diM+s Hkkjrh; 
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls Hkh lacafèkr Fks] vfHktkR; 
oxZ efLtuh oL=k vkSj js'ke osQ diM+s igurs Fks] tcfd vke 
oxZ LFkkuh; :i ls cus diM+ksa ls cuk oL=k bLrseky djrs FksA
cqukbZ dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk,a
cqukbZ og fofèk gS] ftlesa rkuk (yEckbZ dh fn'kk 
esa) ,oa ckuk (pkSM+kbZ dh fn'kk esa) ijLij yEcor èkkxksa 
dks vkil esa xwaFkdj oL=k cuk, tkrs gSaA rkuk rFkk ckuk 
(okiZ rFkk osÝV) rduhdh osQ vykok fufVax] ysl cukuk] 
isQfYVax] czsfMax ;k IysfVax vkfn fofèk;ksa ls Hkh oL=k cuk, 
tkrs gSaA oL=k çk;% dj?kk (ywe) ij cqus tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk m|ksx lcls iqjkus mRÑ‘ f'kYi dkS'ky rFkk lcls 
cM+s oqQVhj m|ksx esa ls ,d gS] ftlus vktknh dh yM+kbZ 
ls dkiQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA feÏ osQ cschyksfu;u 
dky osQ Hkkjrh; cqudjksa dh mudh gLr drkbZ] cqukbZ vkSj 
NikbZ rduhdksa osQ fy, fo'oLrjh; igpku FkhA drkbZ dk 
igyk midj.k ^rdyk* Fkk] ftlesa vUrr% ,d pDdj tksM+k 
x;k] ftlls ^pj•s* dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA Hkkjr esa •knh 
mRiknu vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksx Lora=krk dk i;kZ; cu x;k FkkA 
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ nkSjku gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dh e'khuh èkkxs 
ij fuHkZjrk c<+us osQ ckotwn gFkdj?kk m|ksx çFke fo'o 
;q¼ rd cpk jgkA 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr 
osQ nkSjku ;g rsth ls ;a=khÑr gks x;kA ckn esa vk;kfrr 
e'khuksa ls cus diM+ksa dh ck<+ ls rFkk 1920 osQ n'kd esa 
ikojywe (e'khuksa ls cqukbZ) dh 'kq#vkr us ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk dkjhxjksa osQ le{k vuqfpr çfrLièkkZ iSnk dh] vkSj 
ikjaifjd gSaMywe dk iru gksrk x;kA
ikojywe m|ksx dks c<+kos osQ mís'; ls Hkkjr ljdkj 
osQ diM+k ea=kky; }kjk ikojywe fodkl ,oa fu;kZr laoèkZu 
ifj"kn dk 1995 esa xBu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa oqQy diM+k 
mRiknu dk yxHkx 58-4 izfr'kr foosQaæhÑr ikojywe ls] 5 
izfr'kr diM+k laxfBr {ks=k ls] 20 izfr'kr gFkdj?kk {ks=k ls 
rFkk 15 izfr'kr cqukbZ osQ ekè;e ls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 
ikojywe ls dkW;j ft;ks&VsDlVkby] Ýyksj eSfVax] xyhps cukus 
osQ vykok jsMhesM diM+s (xkjesaV~l) vkSj ?kjsyw diM+k fuekZ.k 
dkiQh gn rd bl ij fuHkZj gSaA vfèkdka'kr% ikojywe dk 
(vçSy 2022 rd) yxHkx 39 izfr'kr egkjk‘ª esa bLrseky 
gksrk gS] blosQ vykok vkaèkz çns'k] xqtjkr] mÙkj çns'k] 
dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq jkT; ikojywe mRikn osQ mRiknd 
gSaA •knh vkSj vU; xzkeks|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, Hkkjr 
ljdkj us lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e (,e,l,ebZ) ea=kky; 
osQ rgr •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k gSA ,d 
n'kd igys ,d cM+k cktkj gksus osQ ckotwn ns'k esa •knh 
vkSj xzkeks|ksx dkjksckj ek=k 25&30 gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA 
ljdkjh ç;klksa ls blesa rhu xquk equkisQ rFkk fcØh esa 5 xquk 
o`f¼ ls ;g dkjksckj vc ,d yk• rhl gtkj djksM+ #i;s 
ls vfèkd dk gks x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ lw{e] y?kq vkSj e>ksys 
m|ksx] cqudjksa] dkjhxjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQ mRiknksa esa nqfu;k dh 
cM+h&cM+h oaQifu;ksa dh #fp c<+h gS] tks bls fo'o osQ cktkjksa 
esa igqapkus osQ fy, vkxs vk jgh gSaA orZeku oL=kksa esa ifÙk;ka] 
Nky] iQj osQ fNyosQ vkSj isQYVsM diM+s Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjrh; Lons'kh ifjèkku vkSj gSaMywe
diM+ksa dh ikjaifjd 'kSyh iq#"k ;k efgyk Hksn osQ lkFk 
cnyrh jgrh gSA çkphu Hkkjr osQ çR;sd {ks=k dh viuh 
fof'k‘ 'kSyh ,oa fofHk çdkj dh cqukbZ rduhosQa Fkha] ftlesa 
ls dbZ vkt Hkh thfor gSaA Hkkjr osQ dbZ xzkeh.k fgLlksa esa 
ikjaifjd diM+s vklku lqyHkrk vkSj vkjke osQ dkj.k vkt 
Hkh igus tkrs gSa] tcfd 'kgjh bykdksa esa rsth ls cnyko 
gqvk gSA d'ehjh 'kkWy] bfrgkl dk vfHk vax gSaA ^eqaMe 
usfj;kFkqe* lkM+h çkphure Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks n'kkZrh gSa] tks 
nf{k.k&if'peh Hkkx osQ osQjy jkT; esa efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
os'kHkw"kk gSA ey;kye esa bls ^rqf.k* (diM+k) tcfd usfj;kFkq 
Åijh ifjèkku eqaMw osQ :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA lqugjs ckWMZj 
okyh lisQn lkfM+;ka ^nkof.k* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA 
rfeyukMq esa lkM+h dks ^iqMkosd* rks dukZVd esa ^lhjs* dgk 
tkrk gSA dukZVd esa efgyk,a ^dksMkxq* 'kSyh dh lkM+h igurh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk bLrseky ikjaifjd vlfe;k iks'kkd dks 
^es•yk lnksj* rFkk f=kiqjk dh f=kiqjh efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
iks'kkd ^fjxukbZ ipjk* dks Åijh 'kjhj ij ^fjoqQVq* osQ lkFk 
iguk tkrk gSA ^?kk?kjk pksyh* ;k ^ygaxk pksyh* jktLFkku vkSj 
xqtjkr esa efgykvksa dk ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSA
ns'k esa Lons'kh gSaMywe osQ diM+s vkSj lkeku •wc •jhns 
vkSj igus tkrs gSaA vkèkqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa ;g dyk fiNM+rh 
fn•kbZ nsrh gSA Lons'kh mRiknksa dh egÙkk dks çkFkfedrk nsus 
Page 3


39 ?? 2024
phudky ls gh Hkkjrh; gSaMywe dkjhxjh osQ fy, 
fo'ofo[;kr gSA ;gka osQ gj jkT; osQ gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx esa dkiQh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk diM+ksa ij lqanj 
baæèkuq"k ekStwn gSaA buesa ,d rjiQ rks gkFk ls dkrs vkSj cqus 
gq, diM+s gSa] ftldh ns'k dh çkphu laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls 
?kfu‘rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ iwath ifj"Ñr diM+k feys gSaA Hkkjr 
esa diM+k m|ksx dh ewyHkwr rkdr dikl] twV] js'ke] Åu 
tSls çkÑfrd rUrq (iQkbcj) ls ysdj ikWfy,LVj] foLdksl] 
uk;ykWu] ,sØsfyd tSls flaFksfVd@ekuo fufeZr iQkbcj vkSj 
iQkbcj@;kuZ dh ,d foLr`r Ük`a•yk ekStwn gS] tks bls vU; 
m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa csgn vf}rh; cukrk gSA Hkkjr esa çeq• 
çk
diM+k osQaæksa esa fnYyh ,ulhvkj] xqtjkr] egkjk‘ª] mÙkj çns'k] 
if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] eè; çns'k] jktLFkku tSls çeq• 
jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk etcwr vkèkkj 'kkfey gSA 
Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk ikjEifjd bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; diM+ksa dk lanHkZ çkphu flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] 
pV~Vkuksa dh dVkbZ dh ewfrZ;ksa] xqiQk fp=kksa] eafnjksa] Lekjdksa 
ls çkIr ewfrZ;ksa esa ekuo dyk osQ :iksa esa feyrh gSaA ½Xosn 
esa eq[; :i ls oL=kksa dks vf/oL=k] oqQjyk vkSj v.Mçfrfèk 
osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks cká vkoj.k (?kwa?kV)] 
,d flj&vkHkw"k.k ;k flj&iks'kkd (ixM+h) rFkk efgyk osQ 
diM+s dk fgLlk gSA oSfnd laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dh iks'kkd 
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar 
dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo 
djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] 
le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa ij fMtkbu vc 
XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu pqosQ gSaA
MkW ih;w"k xks;y
tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;] ubZ fnYyhA bZesy% goyal.dbt@nic.in
Hkkjrh; cqukbZ dk rkuk&ckuk  
vkSj rduhdh fodkl
40 ?? 2024
^lkM+h* 'kCn laLÑr osQ ^"kkVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çkphudky esa 
'krh] 'kckyh ;k lkM+h] fganh esa lkM+h cu xbZA diM+s Hkkjrh; 
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls Hkh lacafèkr Fks] vfHktkR; 
oxZ efLtuh oL=k vkSj js'ke osQ diM+s igurs Fks] tcfd vke 
oxZ LFkkuh; :i ls cus diM+ksa ls cuk oL=k bLrseky djrs FksA
cqukbZ dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk,a
cqukbZ og fofèk gS] ftlesa rkuk (yEckbZ dh fn'kk 
esa) ,oa ckuk (pkSM+kbZ dh fn'kk esa) ijLij yEcor èkkxksa 
dks vkil esa xwaFkdj oL=k cuk, tkrs gSaA rkuk rFkk ckuk 
(okiZ rFkk osÝV) rduhdh osQ vykok fufVax] ysl cukuk] 
isQfYVax] czsfMax ;k IysfVax vkfn fofèk;ksa ls Hkh oL=k cuk, 
tkrs gSaA oL=k çk;% dj?kk (ywe) ij cqus tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk m|ksx lcls iqjkus mRÑ‘ f'kYi dkS'ky rFkk lcls 
cM+s oqQVhj m|ksx esa ls ,d gS] ftlus vktknh dh yM+kbZ 
ls dkiQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA feÏ osQ cschyksfu;u 
dky osQ Hkkjrh; cqudjksa dh mudh gLr drkbZ] cqukbZ vkSj 
NikbZ rduhdksa osQ fy, fo'oLrjh; igpku FkhA drkbZ dk 
igyk midj.k ^rdyk* Fkk] ftlesa vUrr% ,d pDdj tksM+k 
x;k] ftlls ^pj•s* dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA Hkkjr esa •knh 
mRiknu vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksx Lora=krk dk i;kZ; cu x;k FkkA 
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ nkSjku gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dh e'khuh èkkxs 
ij fuHkZjrk c<+us osQ ckotwn gFkdj?kk m|ksx çFke fo'o 
;q¼ rd cpk jgkA 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr 
osQ nkSjku ;g rsth ls ;a=khÑr gks x;kA ckn esa vk;kfrr 
e'khuksa ls cus diM+ksa dh ck<+ ls rFkk 1920 osQ n'kd esa 
ikojywe (e'khuksa ls cqukbZ) dh 'kq#vkr us ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk dkjhxjksa osQ le{k vuqfpr çfrLièkkZ iSnk dh] vkSj 
ikjaifjd gSaMywe dk iru gksrk x;kA
ikojywe m|ksx dks c<+kos osQ mís'; ls Hkkjr ljdkj 
osQ diM+k ea=kky; }kjk ikojywe fodkl ,oa fu;kZr laoèkZu 
ifj"kn dk 1995 esa xBu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa oqQy diM+k 
mRiknu dk yxHkx 58-4 izfr'kr foosQaæhÑr ikojywe ls] 5 
izfr'kr diM+k laxfBr {ks=k ls] 20 izfr'kr gFkdj?kk {ks=k ls 
rFkk 15 izfr'kr cqukbZ osQ ekè;e ls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 
ikojywe ls dkW;j ft;ks&VsDlVkby] Ýyksj eSfVax] xyhps cukus 
osQ vykok jsMhesM diM+s (xkjesaV~l) vkSj ?kjsyw diM+k fuekZ.k 
dkiQh gn rd bl ij fuHkZj gSaA vfèkdka'kr% ikojywe dk 
(vçSy 2022 rd) yxHkx 39 izfr'kr egkjk‘ª esa bLrseky 
gksrk gS] blosQ vykok vkaèkz çns'k] xqtjkr] mÙkj çns'k] 
dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq jkT; ikojywe mRikn osQ mRiknd 
gSaA •knh vkSj vU; xzkeks|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, Hkkjr 
ljdkj us lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e (,e,l,ebZ) ea=kky; 
osQ rgr •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k gSA ,d 
n'kd igys ,d cM+k cktkj gksus osQ ckotwn ns'k esa •knh 
vkSj xzkeks|ksx dkjksckj ek=k 25&30 gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA 
ljdkjh ç;klksa ls blesa rhu xquk equkisQ rFkk fcØh esa 5 xquk 
o`f¼ ls ;g dkjksckj vc ,d yk• rhl gtkj djksM+ #i;s 
ls vfèkd dk gks x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ lw{e] y?kq vkSj e>ksys 
m|ksx] cqudjksa] dkjhxjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQ mRiknksa esa nqfu;k dh 
cM+h&cM+h oaQifu;ksa dh #fp c<+h gS] tks bls fo'o osQ cktkjksa 
esa igqapkus osQ fy, vkxs vk jgh gSaA orZeku oL=kksa esa ifÙk;ka] 
Nky] iQj osQ fNyosQ vkSj isQYVsM diM+s Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjrh; Lons'kh ifjèkku vkSj gSaMywe
diM+ksa dh ikjaifjd 'kSyh iq#"k ;k efgyk Hksn osQ lkFk 
cnyrh jgrh gSA çkphu Hkkjr osQ çR;sd {ks=k dh viuh 
fof'k‘ 'kSyh ,oa fofHk çdkj dh cqukbZ rduhosQa Fkha] ftlesa 
ls dbZ vkt Hkh thfor gSaA Hkkjr osQ dbZ xzkeh.k fgLlksa esa 
ikjaifjd diM+s vklku lqyHkrk vkSj vkjke osQ dkj.k vkt 
Hkh igus tkrs gSa] tcfd 'kgjh bykdksa esa rsth ls cnyko 
gqvk gSA d'ehjh 'kkWy] bfrgkl dk vfHk vax gSaA ^eqaMe 
usfj;kFkqe* lkM+h çkphure Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks n'kkZrh gSa] tks 
nf{k.k&if'peh Hkkx osQ osQjy jkT; esa efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
os'kHkw"kk gSA ey;kye esa bls ^rqf.k* (diM+k) tcfd usfj;kFkq 
Åijh ifjèkku eqaMw osQ :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA lqugjs ckWMZj 
okyh lisQn lkfM+;ka ^nkof.k* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA 
rfeyukMq esa lkM+h dks ^iqMkosd* rks dukZVd esa ^lhjs* dgk 
tkrk gSA dukZVd esa efgyk,a ^dksMkxq* 'kSyh dh lkM+h igurh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk bLrseky ikjaifjd vlfe;k iks'kkd dks 
^es•yk lnksj* rFkk f=kiqjk dh f=kiqjh efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
iks'kkd ^fjxukbZ ipjk* dks Åijh 'kjhj ij ^fjoqQVq* osQ lkFk 
iguk tkrk gSA ^?kk?kjk pksyh* ;k ^ygaxk pksyh* jktLFkku vkSj 
xqtjkr esa efgykvksa dk ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSA
ns'k esa Lons'kh gSaMywe osQ diM+s vkSj lkeku •wc •jhns 
vkSj igus tkrs gSaA vkèkqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa ;g dyk fiNM+rh 
fn•kbZ nsrh gSA Lons'kh mRiknksa dh egÙkk dks çkFkfedrk nsus 
41 ?? 2024
vkSj bl m|ksx dks c<+kus osQ fy, vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr] esd 
bu bafM;k] oksdy iQkWj yksdy tSls vfHk;kuksa ls gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx vkSj oqQ'ky cqudjksa dh enn dh tk jgh gSA ljdkj 
osQ lkFk futh dEifu;ksa vkSj cM+s&cM+s fMtkbujksa dks vius 
lkFk LFkkuh; xk¡o&nsgkrksa vkSj NksVs&NksVs dLcksa ls oqQ'kyean 
dkjhxjksa@cqudjksa dks tksM+ dj mUgsa muosQ mRikn fuekZ.k esa 
çkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx vkSj mRikn laoèkZu osQ fy, vkxs vkuk 
gksxkA vkt+knh dh yM+kbZ esa 7 vxLr] 1905 dks Lons'kh 
m|ksxksa] fo'ks"k :i ls gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ 
mís'; ls Lons'kh vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj us 
vxLr] 2015 ls çfro"kZ 7 vxLr dks jk‘ªh; gFkdj?kk fnol 
eukus dh 'kq:vkr dh gSA
i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy lrr (lLVsuscy) oL=k fuekZ.k
i`Foh ij eaMjkrs tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k lrr iSQ'ku 
cktkj esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA lrr oL=k vke 'kCnksa esa 
yacs le; rd pyus okys ml diM+s ;k mRikn ls lEcafèkr 
gS] tks i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy gksrs gSaA bu mRiknksa esa bLrseky 
oLrqvksa dks nksckjk bLrseky (fjlkbdy) fd;k tk ldrk gSA 
i;kZoj.k osQ fy, •rjk curk iSQ'ku m|ksx] rst+h ls çxfr 
dj jgs lrr diM+s osQ fodYi osQ :i esa gekjs lkeus gSA 
bl nkSM esa Hkkjr vHkh 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gSA Hkkjr esa efgyk,a 
'kq:vkr ls gh lrr iSQ'ku dh nqfu;k esa dke djrh vk jgh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk ?kj&?kj esa gkFk ls cuk, x, ikjaifjd diM+s 
vkSj diM+ksa dh cqukbZ ;gka gj ?kj esa viukbZ tkrh gSA buosQ 
}kjk lapkfyr y?kq oqQVhj m|ksxksa ij lrr iSQ'ku dk fuekZ.k 
djus okyh efgykvksa osQ bu ikjaifjd mRiknksa ij cM+h&cM+h 
oaQifu;ka viuk czkaM LFkkfir dj jgh gSaA 
oL=kksa esa fofHk fLFkfr;ksa] okrkoj.k vkSj •rjksa dk 
lkeuk djus dh lsok {kerk vkSj çn'kZu {kerk gksrh gS] tks 
lkSan;hZdj.k] LFkkf;Ro] vkjke] lqj{kk ns•Hkky] i;kZoj.kh; 
çHkko vkSj ykxr lkexzh dh lajpuk esa fu;ksftr voèkkj.kkvksa 
osQ vuq:i gksrs gSaA gFkdj?kk çkS|ksfxdh ls ÅtkZ çHkko vkSj 
i;kZoj.kh; gkfu yxHkx 'kwU; gS] ftlesa •knh] dikl osQ 
y?kq oqQVhj m|ksx Hkh 'kkfey gSaA nnZ fo'ks"kKksa us Hkh ik;k gS] 
fd gkFk ls cqukbZ djus ls efLr"d jlk;u cnyus ls ^iQhy 
xqM* gkekZsu (;kuh lsjksVksfuu vkSj Mksikekbu) esa o`f¼ gksrh 
gS] vkSj ruko de gksrk gSA gkFk dh cqukbZ 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk 
dks etcwr cukrh gS] vkSj maxfy;ka yphyh jgrh gSa] ftlls 
xfB;k ls ihfM+r yksxksa osQ fy, ;g fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d gks 
ldrh gSA bldh nSfud vknr ls xfB;k dk nnZ] Le`fr gkfu 
vkSj euksHkza'k osQ fodkl (vYtkbej jksx) dk tksf•e de 
jgrk gSA vr% Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd gFkdj?kk fojklr dks cuk, 
j•uk efgykvksa] iq#"kksa osQ LokLF; osQ lkFk ns'k osQ LokLF; 
osQ fy, Hkh mruk gh t:jh gS] ftruk fd gFkdj?kk m|ksx 
dks vkèkqfud mÂr çkS|ksfxdh dhA 
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh diM+ksa ij oSQfyMksLdksih (cgq:in'kZu)
,sfrgkfld :i ls gFkdj?kk m|ksx Hkkjr esa dgha&dgha ij 
T;knk fodflr gSA jktLFkku ls VkbZ ,aM MkbZ] vksfM'kk osQ caèkst 
dh jaxkbZ rduhd] okjk.klh osQ flYd osQ csy&cwVsnkj oL=k] 
eè; çns'k dh pansjh dk eyey vkSj egs'ojh] mÙkj çns'k 
osQ tSDokMZ vkSj iQ:Z•kckn osQ csfelky fçaV] eNyhiVue 
osQ NhaVnkj diM+s] gSnjkckn osQ fge:l] oMksnjk dh iVksyk 
lkM+h] iatkc osQ •sl vkSj iqQydkjh] iwokZsÙkj jkT;ksa esa vle 
,oa ef.kiqj osQ osQ cEcw mRikn (çksMDV~l)] isQusd] Vksaxe rFkk 
ckWVy fMtk;u vkfn viuh vf}rh; le`¼ fofoèkrk] f'kYi 
dkS'ky ,oa fMtkbu dh tfVyrk osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; cktkj osQ 
vykok oSf'od cktkj esa vR;fèkd ilan fd, tkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; oL=k ijEijkvksa esa èkkxksa osQ rkus&ckus ls cqudjksa 
us cM+h esgur vkSj yxu ls viuh dk'rdkjh }kjk fo'o 
esa Hkkjr dks igpku fnyokbZ gS] tks f'kYidyk osQ bfrgkl] 
lH;rk] fofoèkrk vkSj le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr ftruh gh 
iqjkuh gSA diM+ksa ij ihf<+;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ;g f'kYidyk 
fofHk jkT;ksa dh igpku dk vfHk vax cu pqdh gSaA tEew 
vkSj d'ehj dh ikyrw pkaxFkaxh cdfj;ksa osQ dPps fcuk dkrs 
Åu ls cquh ^i'ehuk 'kkWy* (i'e &iQkjlh esa Åu) e'kgwj 
gSA 1940 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa cq'kgj ls vk, cqudjksa osQ 
lkFk fgekpy çns'k osQ Lons'kh oqQfyoh yksxksa }kjk cquh xbZ 
thoar jaxksa vkSj tfVy T;kferh; iSVuZ ls cuh lknh oqQYyw 
Page 4


39 ?? 2024
phudky ls gh Hkkjrh; gSaMywe dkjhxjh osQ fy, 
fo'ofo[;kr gSA ;gka osQ gj jkT; osQ gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx esa dkiQh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk diM+ksa ij lqanj 
baæèkuq"k ekStwn gSaA buesa ,d rjiQ rks gkFk ls dkrs vkSj cqus 
gq, diM+s gSa] ftldh ns'k dh çkphu laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls 
?kfu‘rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ iwath ifj"Ñr diM+k feys gSaA Hkkjr 
esa diM+k m|ksx dh ewyHkwr rkdr dikl] twV] js'ke] Åu 
tSls çkÑfrd rUrq (iQkbcj) ls ysdj ikWfy,LVj] foLdksl] 
uk;ykWu] ,sØsfyd tSls flaFksfVd@ekuo fufeZr iQkbcj vkSj 
iQkbcj@;kuZ dh ,d foLr`r Ük`a•yk ekStwn gS] tks bls vU; 
m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa csgn vf}rh; cukrk gSA Hkkjr esa çeq• 
çk
diM+k osQaæksa esa fnYyh ,ulhvkj] xqtjkr] egkjk‘ª] mÙkj çns'k] 
if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] eè; çns'k] jktLFkku tSls çeq• 
jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk etcwr vkèkkj 'kkfey gSA 
Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk ikjEifjd bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; diM+ksa dk lanHkZ çkphu flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] 
pV~Vkuksa dh dVkbZ dh ewfrZ;ksa] xqiQk fp=kksa] eafnjksa] Lekjdksa 
ls çkIr ewfrZ;ksa esa ekuo dyk osQ :iksa esa feyrh gSaA ½Xosn 
esa eq[; :i ls oL=kksa dks vf/oL=k] oqQjyk vkSj v.Mçfrfèk 
osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks cká vkoj.k (?kwa?kV)] 
,d flj&vkHkw"k.k ;k flj&iks'kkd (ixM+h) rFkk efgyk osQ 
diM+s dk fgLlk gSA oSfnd laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dh iks'kkd 
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar 
dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo 
djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] 
le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa ij fMtkbu vc 
XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu pqosQ gSaA
MkW ih;w"k xks;y
tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;] ubZ fnYyhA bZesy% goyal.dbt@nic.in
Hkkjrh; cqukbZ dk rkuk&ckuk  
vkSj rduhdh fodkl
40 ?? 2024
^lkM+h* 'kCn laLÑr osQ ^"kkVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çkphudky esa 
'krh] 'kckyh ;k lkM+h] fganh esa lkM+h cu xbZA diM+s Hkkjrh; 
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls Hkh lacafèkr Fks] vfHktkR; 
oxZ efLtuh oL=k vkSj js'ke osQ diM+s igurs Fks] tcfd vke 
oxZ LFkkuh; :i ls cus diM+ksa ls cuk oL=k bLrseky djrs FksA
cqukbZ dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk,a
cqukbZ og fofèk gS] ftlesa rkuk (yEckbZ dh fn'kk 
esa) ,oa ckuk (pkSM+kbZ dh fn'kk esa) ijLij yEcor èkkxksa 
dks vkil esa xwaFkdj oL=k cuk, tkrs gSaA rkuk rFkk ckuk 
(okiZ rFkk osÝV) rduhdh osQ vykok fufVax] ysl cukuk] 
isQfYVax] czsfMax ;k IysfVax vkfn fofèk;ksa ls Hkh oL=k cuk, 
tkrs gSaA oL=k çk;% dj?kk (ywe) ij cqus tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk m|ksx lcls iqjkus mRÑ‘ f'kYi dkS'ky rFkk lcls 
cM+s oqQVhj m|ksx esa ls ,d gS] ftlus vktknh dh yM+kbZ 
ls dkiQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA feÏ osQ cschyksfu;u 
dky osQ Hkkjrh; cqudjksa dh mudh gLr drkbZ] cqukbZ vkSj 
NikbZ rduhdksa osQ fy, fo'oLrjh; igpku FkhA drkbZ dk 
igyk midj.k ^rdyk* Fkk] ftlesa vUrr% ,d pDdj tksM+k 
x;k] ftlls ^pj•s* dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA Hkkjr esa •knh 
mRiknu vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksx Lora=krk dk i;kZ; cu x;k FkkA 
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ nkSjku gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dh e'khuh èkkxs 
ij fuHkZjrk c<+us osQ ckotwn gFkdj?kk m|ksx çFke fo'o 
;q¼ rd cpk jgkA 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr 
osQ nkSjku ;g rsth ls ;a=khÑr gks x;kA ckn esa vk;kfrr 
e'khuksa ls cus diM+ksa dh ck<+ ls rFkk 1920 osQ n'kd esa 
ikojywe (e'khuksa ls cqukbZ) dh 'kq#vkr us ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk dkjhxjksa osQ le{k vuqfpr çfrLièkkZ iSnk dh] vkSj 
ikjaifjd gSaMywe dk iru gksrk x;kA
ikojywe m|ksx dks c<+kos osQ mís'; ls Hkkjr ljdkj 
osQ diM+k ea=kky; }kjk ikojywe fodkl ,oa fu;kZr laoèkZu 
ifj"kn dk 1995 esa xBu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa oqQy diM+k 
mRiknu dk yxHkx 58-4 izfr'kr foosQaæhÑr ikojywe ls] 5 
izfr'kr diM+k laxfBr {ks=k ls] 20 izfr'kr gFkdj?kk {ks=k ls 
rFkk 15 izfr'kr cqukbZ osQ ekè;e ls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 
ikojywe ls dkW;j ft;ks&VsDlVkby] Ýyksj eSfVax] xyhps cukus 
osQ vykok jsMhesM diM+s (xkjesaV~l) vkSj ?kjsyw diM+k fuekZ.k 
dkiQh gn rd bl ij fuHkZj gSaA vfèkdka'kr% ikojywe dk 
(vçSy 2022 rd) yxHkx 39 izfr'kr egkjk‘ª esa bLrseky 
gksrk gS] blosQ vykok vkaèkz çns'k] xqtjkr] mÙkj çns'k] 
dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq jkT; ikojywe mRikn osQ mRiknd 
gSaA •knh vkSj vU; xzkeks|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, Hkkjr 
ljdkj us lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e (,e,l,ebZ) ea=kky; 
osQ rgr •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k gSA ,d 
n'kd igys ,d cM+k cktkj gksus osQ ckotwn ns'k esa •knh 
vkSj xzkeks|ksx dkjksckj ek=k 25&30 gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA 
ljdkjh ç;klksa ls blesa rhu xquk equkisQ rFkk fcØh esa 5 xquk 
o`f¼ ls ;g dkjksckj vc ,d yk• rhl gtkj djksM+ #i;s 
ls vfèkd dk gks x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ lw{e] y?kq vkSj e>ksys 
m|ksx] cqudjksa] dkjhxjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQ mRiknksa esa nqfu;k dh 
cM+h&cM+h oaQifu;ksa dh #fp c<+h gS] tks bls fo'o osQ cktkjksa 
esa igqapkus osQ fy, vkxs vk jgh gSaA orZeku oL=kksa esa ifÙk;ka] 
Nky] iQj osQ fNyosQ vkSj isQYVsM diM+s Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjrh; Lons'kh ifjèkku vkSj gSaMywe
diM+ksa dh ikjaifjd 'kSyh iq#"k ;k efgyk Hksn osQ lkFk 
cnyrh jgrh gSA çkphu Hkkjr osQ çR;sd {ks=k dh viuh 
fof'k‘ 'kSyh ,oa fofHk çdkj dh cqukbZ rduhosQa Fkha] ftlesa 
ls dbZ vkt Hkh thfor gSaA Hkkjr osQ dbZ xzkeh.k fgLlksa esa 
ikjaifjd diM+s vklku lqyHkrk vkSj vkjke osQ dkj.k vkt 
Hkh igus tkrs gSa] tcfd 'kgjh bykdksa esa rsth ls cnyko 
gqvk gSA d'ehjh 'kkWy] bfrgkl dk vfHk vax gSaA ^eqaMe 
usfj;kFkqe* lkM+h çkphure Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks n'kkZrh gSa] tks 
nf{k.k&if'peh Hkkx osQ osQjy jkT; esa efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
os'kHkw"kk gSA ey;kye esa bls ^rqf.k* (diM+k) tcfd usfj;kFkq 
Åijh ifjèkku eqaMw osQ :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA lqugjs ckWMZj 
okyh lisQn lkfM+;ka ^nkof.k* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA 
rfeyukMq esa lkM+h dks ^iqMkosd* rks dukZVd esa ^lhjs* dgk 
tkrk gSA dukZVd esa efgyk,a ^dksMkxq* 'kSyh dh lkM+h igurh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk bLrseky ikjaifjd vlfe;k iks'kkd dks 
^es•yk lnksj* rFkk f=kiqjk dh f=kiqjh efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
iks'kkd ^fjxukbZ ipjk* dks Åijh 'kjhj ij ^fjoqQVq* osQ lkFk 
iguk tkrk gSA ^?kk?kjk pksyh* ;k ^ygaxk pksyh* jktLFkku vkSj 
xqtjkr esa efgykvksa dk ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSA
ns'k esa Lons'kh gSaMywe osQ diM+s vkSj lkeku •wc •jhns 
vkSj igus tkrs gSaA vkèkqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa ;g dyk fiNM+rh 
fn•kbZ nsrh gSA Lons'kh mRiknksa dh egÙkk dks çkFkfedrk nsus 
41 ?? 2024
vkSj bl m|ksx dks c<+kus osQ fy, vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr] esd 
bu bafM;k] oksdy iQkWj yksdy tSls vfHk;kuksa ls gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx vkSj oqQ'ky cqudjksa dh enn dh tk jgh gSA ljdkj 
osQ lkFk futh dEifu;ksa vkSj cM+s&cM+s fMtkbujksa dks vius 
lkFk LFkkuh; xk¡o&nsgkrksa vkSj NksVs&NksVs dLcksa ls oqQ'kyean 
dkjhxjksa@cqudjksa dks tksM+ dj mUgsa muosQ mRikn fuekZ.k esa 
çkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx vkSj mRikn laoèkZu osQ fy, vkxs vkuk 
gksxkA vkt+knh dh yM+kbZ esa 7 vxLr] 1905 dks Lons'kh 
m|ksxksa] fo'ks"k :i ls gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ 
mís'; ls Lons'kh vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj us 
vxLr] 2015 ls çfro"kZ 7 vxLr dks jk‘ªh; gFkdj?kk fnol 
eukus dh 'kq:vkr dh gSA
i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy lrr (lLVsuscy) oL=k fuekZ.k
i`Foh ij eaMjkrs tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k lrr iSQ'ku 
cktkj esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA lrr oL=k vke 'kCnksa esa 
yacs le; rd pyus okys ml diM+s ;k mRikn ls lEcafèkr 
gS] tks i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy gksrs gSaA bu mRiknksa esa bLrseky 
oLrqvksa dks nksckjk bLrseky (fjlkbdy) fd;k tk ldrk gSA 
i;kZoj.k osQ fy, •rjk curk iSQ'ku m|ksx] rst+h ls çxfr 
dj jgs lrr diM+s osQ fodYi osQ :i esa gekjs lkeus gSA 
bl nkSM esa Hkkjr vHkh 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gSA Hkkjr esa efgyk,a 
'kq:vkr ls gh lrr iSQ'ku dh nqfu;k esa dke djrh vk jgh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk ?kj&?kj esa gkFk ls cuk, x, ikjaifjd diM+s 
vkSj diM+ksa dh cqukbZ ;gka gj ?kj esa viukbZ tkrh gSA buosQ 
}kjk lapkfyr y?kq oqQVhj m|ksxksa ij lrr iSQ'ku dk fuekZ.k 
djus okyh efgykvksa osQ bu ikjaifjd mRiknksa ij cM+h&cM+h 
oaQifu;ka viuk czkaM LFkkfir dj jgh gSaA 
oL=kksa esa fofHk fLFkfr;ksa] okrkoj.k vkSj •rjksa dk 
lkeuk djus dh lsok {kerk vkSj çn'kZu {kerk gksrh gS] tks 
lkSan;hZdj.k] LFkkf;Ro] vkjke] lqj{kk ns•Hkky] i;kZoj.kh; 
çHkko vkSj ykxr lkexzh dh lajpuk esa fu;ksftr voèkkj.kkvksa 
osQ vuq:i gksrs gSaA gFkdj?kk çkS|ksfxdh ls ÅtkZ çHkko vkSj 
i;kZoj.kh; gkfu yxHkx 'kwU; gS] ftlesa •knh] dikl osQ 
y?kq oqQVhj m|ksx Hkh 'kkfey gSaA nnZ fo'ks"kKksa us Hkh ik;k gS] 
fd gkFk ls cqukbZ djus ls efLr"d jlk;u cnyus ls ^iQhy 
xqM* gkekZsu (;kuh lsjksVksfuu vkSj Mksikekbu) esa o`f¼ gksrh 
gS] vkSj ruko de gksrk gSA gkFk dh cqukbZ 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk 
dks etcwr cukrh gS] vkSj maxfy;ka yphyh jgrh gSa] ftlls 
xfB;k ls ihfM+r yksxksa osQ fy, ;g fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d gks 
ldrh gSA bldh nSfud vknr ls xfB;k dk nnZ] Le`fr gkfu 
vkSj euksHkza'k osQ fodkl (vYtkbej jksx) dk tksf•e de 
jgrk gSA vr% Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd gFkdj?kk fojklr dks cuk, 
j•uk efgykvksa] iq#"kksa osQ LokLF; osQ lkFk ns'k osQ LokLF; 
osQ fy, Hkh mruk gh t:jh gS] ftruk fd gFkdj?kk m|ksx 
dks vkèkqfud mÂr çkS|ksfxdh dhA 
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh diM+ksa ij oSQfyMksLdksih (cgq:in'kZu)
,sfrgkfld :i ls gFkdj?kk m|ksx Hkkjr esa dgha&dgha ij 
T;knk fodflr gSA jktLFkku ls VkbZ ,aM MkbZ] vksfM'kk osQ caèkst 
dh jaxkbZ rduhd] okjk.klh osQ flYd osQ csy&cwVsnkj oL=k] 
eè; çns'k dh pansjh dk eyey vkSj egs'ojh] mÙkj çns'k 
osQ tSDokMZ vkSj iQ:Z•kckn osQ csfelky fçaV] eNyhiVue 
osQ NhaVnkj diM+s] gSnjkckn osQ fge:l] oMksnjk dh iVksyk 
lkM+h] iatkc osQ •sl vkSj iqQydkjh] iwokZsÙkj jkT;ksa esa vle 
,oa ef.kiqj osQ osQ cEcw mRikn (çksMDV~l)] isQusd] Vksaxe rFkk 
ckWVy fMtk;u vkfn viuh vf}rh; le`¼ fofoèkrk] f'kYi 
dkS'ky ,oa fMtkbu dh tfVyrk osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; cktkj osQ 
vykok oSf'od cktkj esa vR;fèkd ilan fd, tkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; oL=k ijEijkvksa esa èkkxksa osQ rkus&ckus ls cqudjksa 
us cM+h esgur vkSj yxu ls viuh dk'rdkjh }kjk fo'o 
esa Hkkjr dks igpku fnyokbZ gS] tks f'kYidyk osQ bfrgkl] 
lH;rk] fofoèkrk vkSj le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr ftruh gh 
iqjkuh gSA diM+ksa ij ihf<+;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ;g f'kYidyk 
fofHk jkT;ksa dh igpku dk vfHk vax cu pqdh gSaA tEew 
vkSj d'ehj dh ikyrw pkaxFkaxh cdfj;ksa osQ dPps fcuk dkrs 
Åu ls cquh ^i'ehuk 'kkWy* (i'e &iQkjlh esa Åu) e'kgwj 
gSA 1940 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa cq'kgj ls vk, cqudjksa osQ 
lkFk fgekpy çns'k osQ Lons'kh oqQfyoh yksxksa }kjk cquh xbZ 
thoar jaxksa vkSj tfVy T;kferh; iSVuZ ls cuh lknh oqQYyw 
42 ?? 2024
'kkWy vkSj vfèkd vyaÑr fMtkbuksa ls LFkkukarfjr gks pqdh gSA 
iatkch 'kCn ^iqQydkjh* dk vFkZ ^iwQy* vkSj ^vdkjh* vFkkZr~ 
mosQjuk (vkdkj ;k fn'kk nsuk) gS] tks ,d cPph osQ vkxeu 
ij ek¡ vkSj nknh }kjk thou osQ lkj dk çrhd:i ihf<+;ksa rd 
iwoZtksa osQ laosQr osQ :i esa nqiV~Vs ij ÅosQjh xbZ d<+kbZ ijEijk 
gSA mÙkj çns'k osQ lkaLÑfrd rkus&ckus esa xgjkbZ ls xqaFkh gqbZ 
cukjlh flYd lkfM+;k¡ foykflrk vkSj lqanjrk dk çrhd gSaA 
eqxy dky esa 14oha 'krkCnh osQ vklikl i+Qkjlh cqudjksa  
}kjk lksus vkSj pkanh osQ èkkxksa ls tfVy czksosQM rS;kj djus esa 
cukjlh gFkdj?kk m|ksx çfl¼ FkkA cukjl esa 17oha 'krkCnh 
osQ nkSjku 1603 osQ vdky osQ dkj.k xqtjkr ls js'ke cqudjksa 
osQ vkxeu ls js'ke ij czksosQM dh cqukbZ esa lqèkkj gqvk] tks 
18oha vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku xq.koÙkk esa vius pje ij 
igqap xbZA czksosQM diM+s esa rhu èkkxksa dks ,d lkFk cquk tkrk 
gSA vkerkSj ij czksosQM iSVuZ dk mi;ksx ifjèkkuksa dh rqyuk esa 
ltkoVh vkSj ?kjsyw lkekuksa esa vfèkd gksrk gSA dEI;wVjhÑr 
tSDokMZ dj?ks us czksosQM mRiknu dks vfèkd oqQ'ky vkSj dkiQh 
lLrk cuk fn;k gSA 
,sfrgkfld :i ls oL=kksa ij NikbZ nks gtkj bZlk iwoZ ls 
gks jgh gS] ftldk vkjEHk Hkkjr ls gh gqvk gSA jktLFkku 
dh thoar laLÑfr dk çrhd ikjaifjd ^caèkuh* cqudjksa  
}kjk uk•wuksa ls diM+s dks dbZ NksVs&NksVs caèkuksa esa ckaèkdj 
vkyadkfjd fMtkbu dh ,d jaxkbZ rduhd gS] vDlj 
bldk mi;ksx ixM+h vkSj lkfM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh 
tM+sa yxHkx 4000 bZlk iwoZ flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk ls tqM+h gSaA 
NBoha 'krkCnh dh isafVaXl esa bl dyk dks xqiQk ifjljksa 
dh nhokjksa ij cq¼ osQ thou dks n'kkZrs gq, ns•k x;k gSA 
12oha 'krkCnh esa egkjkԻ osQ lkYoh tkfr osQ js'ke cqudjksa 
us lkfYol pkyqD; jktiwrksa dk i{k ysus osQ mís'; ls vius 
çfl¼ iVksyk diM+s osQ fy, xqtjkr dks xarO; osQ :i esa 
pquk vkSj bl dyk dks tUe fn;k Fkk] ;gka dh Mcy bdr 
cqukbZ fofèk ls 'kkunkj vkSj lkoèkkuhiwoZd osQ rS;kj gqbZ 
iVksyk flYd dkiQh çfl¼ gSA blh rjg xqtjkr@jktLFkku 
dk 'kh'ks dk dke (fejj odZ) dh mRifÙk 13oha 'krkCnh osQ 
iQkjl esa gqbZ Fkh] tks eqxy dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa vkbZA 
bl dyk dks }s"kiw.kZ 'kfDr;ksa] cqjh ut+j ls cpus] nqHkkZX; 
vkSj udkjkRed vkRekvksa ls nwj jgus osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk 
Fkk] tks èkhjs&èkhjs fganw vkSj tSu èkeks± esa mrjrs gq, niZ.kksa 
ls ltk, x, 'kh'krksj.kksa esa lqj{kkRed n`f‘ ls mi;ksx gksus 
yxsA cqudjh dh bl gLrdyk dks jktLFkku] xqtjkr vkSj  
gfj;k.kk jkT;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ laj{k.k çkIr gSA
fcgkj esa Hkkxyiqj] Hkkjr osQ ^js'ke 'kgj* osQ :i esa 
fo[;kr gSA ;gka dh js'ke dks Vlj js'ke Hkh dgrs gSa] 
ftldk çkFkfed çlaLdj.k osQaæ ukFkuxj gSA Vlj js'ke 
,aFksfj;k ifiQ;k js'kedhVksa] tks VfeZufy;k çtkfr osQ isM+ksa esa 
viuk ?kj <wa<rs gSa] osQ dksowQu ls cukbZ tkrh gSA Hkkxyiqjh 
js'ke ls lkfM+;ksa osQ vykok] 'kkWy] oqQfrZ;ka vkSj fofHk 
ifjèkku cuk, tkrs gSaA js'ke ls cquh ,d vkSj 'kkunkj Ñfr 
egkjk‘ª dh ^iSB.kh* lkM+h cqukbZ dh dykRedrk dk çrhd 
gS] tks dikl vkSj js'ke osQ feJ.k ls cquh tkrh gSA lkèkkj.k 
dikl ij js'ke dh 'kkunkj pednkj mifLFkfr osQ rkus&ckus 
ls fufeZr fMt+kbu] tfVy eksj :ikaduksa vkSj pedhys jax 
iSB.kh lkfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSa] ftls J¼k osQ dkj.k ^nso 
oL=k* ;k ^nsorkvksa osQ oL=k* dh mikfèk feyh gqbZ gSA 
^dkathoje* uke ls e'kgwj dkaphiqje dh js'ke lkfM+;ka 
rfeyukMq jkT; dh cqudj dyk dk vn~Hkqr uewuk gS] tks 
rhu 'kVy dk mi;ksx ls rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA ;g lkfM+;ka 
rfeyukMq] osQjy] dukZVd vkSj vkaèkz çns'k esa efgykvksa  
}kjk cgqr 'kkSd ls iguh tkrh gSaA rsyaxkuk] vksfM'kk vkSj 
xqtjkr dh bdr (baMksusf'k;kbZ Hkk"kk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ 
^ckaèkuk*) gS] cqukbZ dh ,d tfVy vkSj dkO;kRed çfØ;k 
gS] tks ns'k dh vU; bdr dyk ls fHk gSA bl dyk dh 
lqanjrk vksfM'kk osQ if'peh vkSj iwohZ {ks=kksa esa cgqrk;r 
ls fn•rh gS] tks Hkxoku txÂkFk iaFk osQ lkFk xgjkbZ ls 
tqM+h gqbZ gSA bLrseky fd, x, jax vrhr] orZeku] Hkfo"; 
vkSj ijekRek osQ fofHk igyqvksa osQ lkj dks n'kkZrs gSaA 
^ikspeiYyh* js'ke lkfM+;ksa dh ,d fof'k‘ fo'ks"krk mudh 
foLr`r T;kferh; fMtkbu gS] tks f'kYi dkS'ky dh le`¼ 
fojklr dks n'kkZrh gSA vkaèkz çns'k jkT; esa mRÑ‘ gkFk ls 
lwrh diM+s ij fpf=kr ^dyedkjh* ikjEifjd dykRedrk 
vkSj çkÑfrd lqanjrk dk ,d lPpk çek.k gS] ftls osQoy 
çkÑfrd jaxksa }kjk rsbZl tfVy pj.kksa esa lkoèkkuhiwoZd 
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa diM+s ij nks vyx&vyx 
'kSfy;ksa esa ^eNyhiV~Vue* 'kSyh (isMkuk dyedkjh) viuh 
Toyar] lCth&jax okyh CykWd&isafVax rduhd rFkk nwljh 
Page 5


39 ?? 2024
phudky ls gh Hkkjrh; gSaMywe dkjhxjh osQ fy, 
fo'ofo[;kr gSA ;gka osQ gj jkT; osQ gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx esa dkiQh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk diM+ksa ij lqanj 
baæèkuq"k ekStwn gSaA buesa ,d rjiQ rks gkFk ls dkrs vkSj cqus 
gq, diM+s gSa] ftldh ns'k dh çkphu laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls 
?kfu‘rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ iwath ifj"Ñr diM+k feys gSaA Hkkjr 
esa diM+k m|ksx dh ewyHkwr rkdr dikl] twV] js'ke] Åu 
tSls çkÑfrd rUrq (iQkbcj) ls ysdj ikWfy,LVj] foLdksl] 
uk;ykWu] ,sØsfyd tSls flaFksfVd@ekuo fufeZr iQkbcj vkSj 
iQkbcj@;kuZ dh ,d foLr`r Ük`a•yk ekStwn gS] tks bls vU; 
m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa csgn vf}rh; cukrk gSA Hkkjr esa çeq• 
çk
diM+k osQaæksa esa fnYyh ,ulhvkj] xqtjkr] egkjk‘ª] mÙkj çns'k] 
if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] eè; çns'k] jktLFkku tSls çeq• 
jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk etcwr vkèkkj 'kkfey gSA 
Hkkjrh; oL=kksa dk ikjEifjd bfrgkl
Hkkjrh; diM+ksa dk lanHkZ çkphu flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] 
pV~Vkuksa dh dVkbZ dh ewfrZ;ksa] xqiQk fp=kksa] eafnjksa] Lekjdksa 
ls çkIr ewfrZ;ksa esa ekuo dyk osQ :iksa esa feyrh gSaA ½Xosn 
esa eq[; :i ls oL=kksa dks vf/oL=k] oqQjyk vkSj v.Mçfrfèk 
osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks cká vkoj.k (?kwa?kV)] 
,d flj&vkHkw"k.k ;k flj&iks'kkd (ixM+h) rFkk efgyk osQ 
diM+s dk fgLlk gSA oSfnd laLÑfr esa efgykvksa dh iks'kkd 
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar 
dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo 
djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] 
le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa ij fMtkbu vc 
XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu pqosQ gSaA
MkW ih;w"k xks;y
tSo çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;] ubZ fnYyhA bZesy% goyal.dbt@nic.in
Hkkjrh; cqukbZ dk rkuk&ckuk  
vkSj rduhdh fodkl
40 ?? 2024
^lkM+h* 'kCn laLÑr osQ ^"kkVh* ls fy;k x;k gSA çkphudky esa 
'krh] 'kckyh ;k lkM+h] fganh esa lkM+h cu xbZA diM+s Hkkjrh; 
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls Hkh lacafèkr Fks] vfHktkR; 
oxZ efLtuh oL=k vkSj js'ke osQ diM+s igurs Fks] tcfd vke 
oxZ LFkkuh; :i ls cus diM+ksa ls cuk oL=k bLrseky djrs FksA
cqukbZ dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk,a
cqukbZ og fofèk gS] ftlesa rkuk (yEckbZ dh fn'kk 
esa) ,oa ckuk (pkSM+kbZ dh fn'kk esa) ijLij yEcor èkkxksa 
dks vkil esa xwaFkdj oL=k cuk, tkrs gSaA rkuk rFkk ckuk 
(okiZ rFkk osÝV) rduhdh osQ vykok fufVax] ysl cukuk] 
isQfYVax] czsfMax ;k IysfVax vkfn fofèk;ksa ls Hkh oL=k cuk, 
tkrs gSaA oL=k çk;% dj?kk (ywe) ij cqus tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk m|ksx lcls iqjkus mRÑ‘ f'kYi dkS'ky rFkk lcls 
cM+s oqQVhj m|ksx esa ls ,d gS] ftlus vktknh dh yM+kbZ 
ls dkiQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA feÏ osQ cschyksfu;u 
dky osQ Hkkjrh; cqudjksa dh mudh gLr drkbZ] cqukbZ vkSj 
NikbZ rduhdksa osQ fy, fo'oLrjh; igpku FkhA drkbZ dk 
igyk midj.k ^rdyk* Fkk] ftlesa vUrr% ,d pDdj tksM+k 
x;k] ftlls ^pj•s* dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA Hkkjr esa •knh 
mRiknu vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksx Lora=krk dk i;kZ; cu x;k FkkA 
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ nkSjku gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dh e'khuh èkkxs 
ij fuHkZjrk c<+us osQ ckotwn gFkdj?kk m|ksx çFke fo'o 
;q¼ rd cpk jgkA 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr 
osQ nkSjku ;g rsth ls ;a=khÑr gks x;kA ckn esa vk;kfrr 
e'khuksa ls cus diM+ksa dh ck<+ ls rFkk 1920 osQ n'kd esa 
ikojywe (e'khuksa ls cqukbZ) dh 'kq#vkr us ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; 
gFkdj?kk dkjhxjksa osQ le{k vuqfpr çfrLièkkZ iSnk dh] vkSj 
ikjaifjd gSaMywe dk iru gksrk x;kA
ikojywe m|ksx dks c<+kos osQ mís'; ls Hkkjr ljdkj 
osQ diM+k ea=kky; }kjk ikojywe fodkl ,oa fu;kZr laoèkZu 
ifj"kn dk 1995 esa xBu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa oqQy diM+k 
mRiknu dk yxHkx 58-4 izfr'kr foosQaæhÑr ikojywe ls] 5 
izfr'kr diM+k laxfBr {ks=k ls] 20 izfr'kr gFkdj?kk {ks=k ls 
rFkk 15 izfr'kr cqukbZ osQ ekè;e ls mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 
ikojywe ls dkW;j ft;ks&VsDlVkby] Ýyksj eSfVax] xyhps cukus 
osQ vykok jsMhesM diM+s (xkjesaV~l) vkSj ?kjsyw diM+k fuekZ.k 
dkiQh gn rd bl ij fuHkZj gSaA vfèkdka'kr% ikojywe dk 
(vçSy 2022 rd) yxHkx 39 izfr'kr egkjk‘ª esa bLrseky 
gksrk gS] blosQ vykok vkaèkz çns'k] xqtjkr] mÙkj çns'k] 
dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq jkT; ikojywe mRikn osQ mRiknd 
gSaA •knh vkSj vU; xzkeks|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, Hkkjr 
ljdkj us lw{e] y?kq vkSj eè;e m|e (,e,l,ebZ) ea=kky; 
osQ rgr •knh vkSj xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k gSA ,d 
n'kd igys ,d cM+k cktkj gksus osQ ckotwn ns'k esa •knh 
vkSj xzkeks|ksx dkjksckj ek=k 25&30 gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA 
ljdkjh ç;klksa ls blesa rhu xquk equkisQ rFkk fcØh esa 5 xquk 
o`f¼ ls ;g dkjksckj vc ,d yk• rhl gtkj djksM+ #i;s 
ls vfèkd dk gks x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ lw{e] y?kq vkSj e>ksys 
m|ksx] cqudjksa] dkjhxjksa vkSj fdlkuksa osQ mRiknksa esa nqfu;k dh 
cM+h&cM+h oaQifu;ksa dh #fp c<+h gS] tks bls fo'o osQ cktkjksa 
esa igqapkus osQ fy, vkxs vk jgh gSaA orZeku oL=kksa esa ifÙk;ka] 
Nky] iQj osQ fNyosQ vkSj isQYVsM diM+s Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
Hkkjrh; Lons'kh ifjèkku vkSj gSaMywe
diM+ksa dh ikjaifjd 'kSyh iq#"k ;k efgyk Hksn osQ lkFk 
cnyrh jgrh gSA çkphu Hkkjr osQ çR;sd {ks=k dh viuh 
fof'k‘ 'kSyh ,oa fofHk çdkj dh cqukbZ rduhosQa Fkha] ftlesa 
ls dbZ vkt Hkh thfor gSaA Hkkjr osQ dbZ xzkeh.k fgLlksa esa 
ikjaifjd diM+s vklku lqyHkrk vkSj vkjke osQ dkj.k vkt 
Hkh igus tkrs gSa] tcfd 'kgjh bykdksa esa rsth ls cnyko 
gqvk gSA d'ehjh 'kkWy] bfrgkl dk vfHk vax gSaA ^eqaMe 
usfj;kFkqe* lkM+h çkphure Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks n'kkZrh gSa] tks 
nf{k.k&if'peh Hkkx osQ osQjy jkT; esa efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
os'kHkw"kk gSA ey;kye esa bls ^rqf.k* (diM+k) tcfd usfj;kFkq 
Åijh ifjèkku eqaMw osQ :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA lqugjs ckWMZj 
okyh lisQn lkfM+;ka ^nkof.k* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA 
rfeyukMq esa lkM+h dks ^iqMkosd* rks dukZVd esa ^lhjs* dgk 
tkrk gSA dukZVd esa efgyk,a ^dksMkxq* 'kSyh dh lkM+h igurh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk bLrseky ikjaifjd vlfe;k iks'kkd dks 
^es•yk lnksj* rFkk f=kiqjk dh f=kiqjh efgykvksa dh ikjaifjd 
iks'kkd ^fjxukbZ ipjk* dks Åijh 'kjhj ij ^fjoqQVq* osQ lkFk 
iguk tkrk gSA ^?kk?kjk pksyh* ;k ^ygaxk pksyh* jktLFkku vkSj 
xqtjkr esa efgykvksa dk ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSA
ns'k esa Lons'kh gSaMywe osQ diM+s vkSj lkeku •wc •jhns 
vkSj igus tkrs gSaA vkèkqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa ;g dyk fiNM+rh 
fn•kbZ nsrh gSA Lons'kh mRiknksa dh egÙkk dks çkFkfedrk nsus 
41 ?? 2024
vkSj bl m|ksx dks c<+kus osQ fy, vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr] esd 
bu bafM;k] oksdy iQkWj yksdy tSls vfHk;kuksa ls gFkdj?kk 
m|ksx vkSj oqQ'ky cqudjksa dh enn dh tk jgh gSA ljdkj 
osQ lkFk futh dEifu;ksa vkSj cM+s&cM+s fMtkbujksa dks vius 
lkFk LFkkuh; xk¡o&nsgkrksa vkSj NksVs&NksVs dLcksa ls oqQ'kyean 
dkjhxjksa@cqudjksa dks tksM+ dj mUgsa muosQ mRikn fuekZ.k esa 
çkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx vkSj mRikn laoèkZu osQ fy, vkxs vkuk 
gksxkA vkt+knh dh yM+kbZ esa 7 vxLr] 1905 dks Lons'kh 
m|ksxksa] fo'ks"k :i ls gFkdj?kk cqudjksa dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ 
mís'; ls Lons'kh vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj us 
vxLr] 2015 ls çfro"kZ 7 vxLr dks jk‘ªh; gFkdj?kk fnol 
eukus dh 'kq:vkr dh gSA
i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy lrr (lLVsuscy) oL=k fuekZ.k
i`Foh ij eaMjkrs tyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k lrr iSQ'ku 
cktkj esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA lrr oL=k vke 'kCnksa esa 
yacs le; rd pyus okys ml diM+s ;k mRikn ls lEcafèkr 
gS] tks i;kZoj.k osQ vuqowQy gksrs gSaA bu mRiknksa esa bLrseky 
oLrqvksa dks nksckjk bLrseky (fjlkbdy) fd;k tk ldrk gSA 
i;kZoj.k osQ fy, •rjk curk iSQ'ku m|ksx] rst+h ls çxfr 
dj jgs lrr diM+s osQ fodYi osQ :i esa gekjs lkeus gSA 
bl nkSM esa Hkkjr vHkh 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gSA Hkkjr esa efgyk,a 
'kq:vkr ls gh lrr iSQ'ku dh nqfu;k esa dke djrh vk jgh 
gSaA efgykvksa }kjk ?kj&?kj esa gkFk ls cuk, x, ikjaifjd diM+s 
vkSj diM+ksa dh cqukbZ ;gka gj ?kj esa viukbZ tkrh gSA buosQ 
}kjk lapkfyr y?kq oqQVhj m|ksxksa ij lrr iSQ'ku dk fuekZ.k 
djus okyh efgykvksa osQ bu ikjaifjd mRiknksa ij cM+h&cM+h 
oaQifu;ka viuk czkaM LFkkfir dj jgh gSaA 
oL=kksa esa fofHk fLFkfr;ksa] okrkoj.k vkSj •rjksa dk 
lkeuk djus dh lsok {kerk vkSj çn'kZu {kerk gksrh gS] tks 
lkSan;hZdj.k] LFkkf;Ro] vkjke] lqj{kk ns•Hkky] i;kZoj.kh; 
çHkko vkSj ykxr lkexzh dh lajpuk esa fu;ksftr voèkkj.kkvksa 
osQ vuq:i gksrs gSaA gFkdj?kk çkS|ksfxdh ls ÅtkZ çHkko vkSj 
i;kZoj.kh; gkfu yxHkx 'kwU; gS] ftlesa •knh] dikl osQ 
y?kq oqQVhj m|ksx Hkh 'kkfey gSaA nnZ fo'ks"kKksa us Hkh ik;k gS] 
fd gkFk ls cqukbZ djus ls efLr"d jlk;u cnyus ls ^iQhy 
xqM* gkekZsu (;kuh lsjksVksfuu vkSj Mksikekbu) esa o`f¼ gksrh 
gS] vkSj ruko de gksrk gSA gkFk dh cqukbZ 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk 
dks etcwr cukrh gS] vkSj maxfy;ka yphyh jgrh gSa] ftlls 
xfB;k ls ihfM+r yksxksa osQ fy, ;g fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d gks 
ldrh gSA bldh nSfud vknr ls xfB;k dk nnZ] Le`fr gkfu 
vkSj euksHkza'k osQ fodkl (vYtkbej jksx) dk tksf•e de 
jgrk gSA vr% Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd gFkdj?kk fojklr dks cuk, 
j•uk efgykvksa] iq#"kksa osQ LokLF; osQ lkFk ns'k osQ LokLF; 
osQ fy, Hkh mruk gh t:jh gS] ftruk fd gFkdj?kk m|ksx 
dks vkèkqfud mÂr çkS|ksfxdh dhA 
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh diM+ksa ij oSQfyMksLdksih (cgq:in'kZu)
,sfrgkfld :i ls gFkdj?kk m|ksx Hkkjr esa dgha&dgha ij 
T;knk fodflr gSA jktLFkku ls VkbZ ,aM MkbZ] vksfM'kk osQ caèkst 
dh jaxkbZ rduhd] okjk.klh osQ flYd osQ csy&cwVsnkj oL=k] 
eè; çns'k dh pansjh dk eyey vkSj egs'ojh] mÙkj çns'k 
osQ tSDokMZ vkSj iQ:Z•kckn osQ csfelky fçaV] eNyhiVue 
osQ NhaVnkj diM+s] gSnjkckn osQ fge:l] oMksnjk dh iVksyk 
lkM+h] iatkc osQ •sl vkSj iqQydkjh] iwokZsÙkj jkT;ksa esa vle 
,oa ef.kiqj osQ osQ cEcw mRikn (çksMDV~l)] isQusd] Vksaxe rFkk 
ckWVy fMtk;u vkfn viuh vf}rh; le`¼ fofoèkrk] f'kYi 
dkS'ky ,oa fMtkbu dh tfVyrk osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; cktkj osQ 
vykok oSf'od cktkj esa vR;fèkd ilan fd, tkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; oL=k ijEijkvksa esa èkkxksa osQ rkus&ckus ls cqudjksa 
us cM+h esgur vkSj yxu ls viuh dk'rdkjh }kjk fo'o 
esa Hkkjr dks igpku fnyokbZ gS] tks f'kYidyk osQ bfrgkl] 
lH;rk] fofoèkrk vkSj le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr ftruh gh 
iqjkuh gSA diM+ksa ij ihf<+;ksa ls pyh vk jgh ;g f'kYidyk 
fofHk jkT;ksa dh igpku dk vfHk vax cu pqdh gSaA tEew 
vkSj d'ehj dh ikyrw pkaxFkaxh cdfj;ksa osQ dPps fcuk dkrs 
Åu ls cquh ^i'ehuk 'kkWy* (i'e &iQkjlh esa Åu) e'kgwj 
gSA 1940 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa cq'kgj ls vk, cqudjksa osQ 
lkFk fgekpy çns'k osQ Lons'kh oqQfyoh yksxksa }kjk cquh xbZ 
thoar jaxksa vkSj tfVy T;kferh; iSVuZ ls cuh lknh oqQYyw 
42 ?? 2024
'kkWy vkSj vfèkd vyaÑr fMtkbuksa ls LFkkukarfjr gks pqdh gSA 
iatkch 'kCn ^iqQydkjh* dk vFkZ ^iwQy* vkSj ^vdkjh* vFkkZr~ 
mosQjuk (vkdkj ;k fn'kk nsuk) gS] tks ,d cPph osQ vkxeu 
ij ek¡ vkSj nknh }kjk thou osQ lkj dk çrhd:i ihf<+;ksa rd 
iwoZtksa osQ laosQr osQ :i esa nqiV~Vs ij ÅosQjh xbZ d<+kbZ ijEijk 
gSA mÙkj çns'k osQ lkaLÑfrd rkus&ckus esa xgjkbZ ls xqaFkh gqbZ 
cukjlh flYd lkfM+;k¡ foykflrk vkSj lqanjrk dk çrhd gSaA 
eqxy dky esa 14oha 'krkCnh osQ vklikl i+Qkjlh cqudjksa  
}kjk lksus vkSj pkanh osQ èkkxksa ls tfVy czksosQM rS;kj djus esa 
cukjlh gFkdj?kk m|ksx çfl¼ FkkA cukjl esa 17oha 'krkCnh 
osQ nkSjku 1603 osQ vdky osQ dkj.k xqtjkr ls js'ke cqudjksa 
osQ vkxeu ls js'ke ij czksosQM dh cqukbZ esa lqèkkj gqvk] tks 
18oha vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku xq.koÙkk esa vius pje ij 
igqap xbZA czksosQM diM+s esa rhu èkkxksa dks ,d lkFk cquk tkrk 
gSA vkerkSj ij czksosQM iSVuZ dk mi;ksx ifjèkkuksa dh rqyuk esa 
ltkoVh vkSj ?kjsyw lkekuksa esa vfèkd gksrk gSA dEI;wVjhÑr 
tSDokMZ dj?ks us czksosQM mRiknu dks vfèkd oqQ'ky vkSj dkiQh 
lLrk cuk fn;k gSA 
,sfrgkfld :i ls oL=kksa ij NikbZ nks gtkj bZlk iwoZ ls 
gks jgh gS] ftldk vkjEHk Hkkjr ls gh gqvk gSA jktLFkku 
dh thoar laLÑfr dk çrhd ikjaifjd ^caèkuh* cqudjksa  
}kjk uk•wuksa ls diM+s dks dbZ NksVs&NksVs caèkuksa esa ckaèkdj 
vkyadkfjd fMtkbu dh ,d jaxkbZ rduhd gS] vDlj 
bldk mi;ksx ixM+h vkSj lkfM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh 
tM+sa yxHkx 4000 bZlk iwoZ flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk ls tqM+h gSaA 
NBoha 'krkCnh dh isafVaXl esa bl dyk dks xqiQk ifjljksa 
dh nhokjksa ij cq¼ osQ thou dks n'kkZrs gq, ns•k x;k gSA 
12oha 'krkCnh esa egkjkԻ osQ lkYoh tkfr osQ js'ke cqudjksa 
us lkfYol pkyqD; jktiwrksa dk i{k ysus osQ mís'; ls vius 
çfl¼ iVksyk diM+s osQ fy, xqtjkr dks xarO; osQ :i esa 
pquk vkSj bl dyk dks tUe fn;k Fkk] ;gka dh Mcy bdr 
cqukbZ fofèk ls 'kkunkj vkSj lkoèkkuhiwoZd osQ rS;kj gqbZ 
iVksyk flYd dkiQh çfl¼ gSA blh rjg xqtjkr@jktLFkku 
dk 'kh'ks dk dke (fejj odZ) dh mRifÙk 13oha 'krkCnh osQ 
iQkjl esa gqbZ Fkh] tks eqxy dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa vkbZA 
bl dyk dks }s"kiw.kZ 'kfDr;ksa] cqjh ut+j ls cpus] nqHkkZX; 
vkSj udkjkRed vkRekvksa ls nwj jgus osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk 
Fkk] tks èkhjs&èkhjs fganw vkSj tSu èkeks± esa mrjrs gq, niZ.kksa 
ls ltk, x, 'kh'krksj.kksa esa lqj{kkRed n`f‘ ls mi;ksx gksus 
yxsA cqudjh dh bl gLrdyk dks jktLFkku] xqtjkr vkSj  
gfj;k.kk jkT;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ laj{k.k çkIr gSA
fcgkj esa Hkkxyiqj] Hkkjr osQ ^js'ke 'kgj* osQ :i esa 
fo[;kr gSA ;gka dh js'ke dks Vlj js'ke Hkh dgrs gSa] 
ftldk çkFkfed çlaLdj.k osQaæ ukFkuxj gSA Vlj js'ke 
,aFksfj;k ifiQ;k js'kedhVksa] tks VfeZufy;k çtkfr osQ isM+ksa esa 
viuk ?kj <wa<rs gSa] osQ dksowQu ls cukbZ tkrh gSA Hkkxyiqjh 
js'ke ls lkfM+;ksa osQ vykok] 'kkWy] oqQfrZ;ka vkSj fofHk 
ifjèkku cuk, tkrs gSaA js'ke ls cquh ,d vkSj 'kkunkj Ñfr 
egkjk‘ª dh ^iSB.kh* lkM+h cqukbZ dh dykRedrk dk çrhd 
gS] tks dikl vkSj js'ke osQ feJ.k ls cquh tkrh gSA lkèkkj.k 
dikl ij js'ke dh 'kkunkj pednkj mifLFkfr osQ rkus&ckus 
ls fufeZr fMt+kbu] tfVy eksj :ikaduksa vkSj pedhys jax 
iSB.kh lkfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSa] ftls J¼k osQ dkj.k ^nso 
oL=k* ;k ^nsorkvksa osQ oL=k* dh mikfèk feyh gqbZ gSA 
^dkathoje* uke ls e'kgwj dkaphiqje dh js'ke lkfM+;ka 
rfeyukMq jkT; dh cqudj dyk dk vn~Hkqr uewuk gS] tks 
rhu 'kVy dk mi;ksx ls rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA ;g lkfM+;ka 
rfeyukMq] osQjy] dukZVd vkSj vkaèkz çns'k esa efgykvksa  
}kjk cgqr 'kkSd ls iguh tkrh gSaA rsyaxkuk] vksfM'kk vkSj 
xqtjkr dh bdr (baMksusf'k;kbZ Hkk"kk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ 
^ckaèkuk*) gS] cqukbZ dh ,d tfVy vkSj dkO;kRed çfØ;k 
gS] tks ns'k dh vU; bdr dyk ls fHk gSA bl dyk dh 
lqanjrk vksfM'kk osQ if'peh vkSj iwohZ {ks=kksa esa cgqrk;r 
ls fn•rh gS] tks Hkxoku txÂkFk iaFk osQ lkFk xgjkbZ ls 
tqM+h gqbZ gSA bLrseky fd, x, jax vrhr] orZeku] Hkfo"; 
vkSj ijekRek osQ fofHk igyqvksa osQ lkj dks n'kkZrs gSaA 
^ikspeiYyh* js'ke lkfM+;ksa dh ,d fof'k‘ fo'ks"krk mudh 
foLr`r T;kferh; fMtkbu gS] tks f'kYi dkS'ky dh le`¼ 
fojklr dks n'kkZrh gSA vkaèkz çns'k jkT; esa mRÑ‘ gkFk ls 
lwrh diM+s ij fpf=kr ^dyedkjh* ikjEifjd dykRedrk 
vkSj çkÑfrd lqanjrk dk ,d lPpk çek.k gS] ftls osQoy 
çkÑfrd jaxksa }kjk rsbZl tfVy pj.kksa esa lkoèkkuhiwoZd 
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa diM+s ij nks vyx&vyx 
'kSfy;ksa esa ^eNyhiV~Vue* 'kSyh (isMkuk dyedkjh) viuh 
Toyar] lCth&jax okyh CykWd&isafVax rduhd rFkk nwljh 
43 ?? 2024
^JhdkygLrh* 'kSyh] eqDrgLr fp=k.k (dyke ;k dye) 
gS] ftlesa lw{e gLrdyk osQ lkFk jaxksa dks tfVy :i ls 
Hkjdj ea=keqXèk dj nsus okys mRikn cuk, tkrs gSaA ;g 'kSyh 
eafnj dyk esa viuh tM+sa ryk'krh gqbZ ijaijkvksa esa eafnj osQ 
inZs] jFk osQ cSuj] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkSj iqjk.k tSls fganw 
egkdkO;ksa osQ nsoh&nsorkvksa vkSj n`';ksa dk Toyar fp=k.k 
djrh gSA rfeyukMq osQ flDdyu;kduisV~VbZ tSls xk¡o us 
bl dykRed fojklr dks viuh vkthfodk osQ :i esa vkxs 
c<+k;k gSA if'pe caxky dh ^dkaFkk* d<+kbZ 'kSyh xzkeh.k 
efgykvksa osQ oqQ'ky gkFkksa esa fufgr ,d lkaLÑfrd jRu gS] 
tks flykbZ vkSj rS;kj fd, x, oL=k dh ,d vuwBh 'kSyh 
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA ^dkaFkk* 'kCn dh mRifÙk lgÏkCnh 
igys laLÑr osQ ^dksaFkk*] ls gqbZ Fkh] ftldk vFkZ ^fpFkM+s* 
ls gSA caxkyh {ks=k esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh ferO;;h çFkkvksa 
ls blosQ fodkl dk irk pyrk gSA 19oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr 
esa ;g dyk yxHkx yqIr gks xbZ FkhA 1940 osQ n'kd esa 
iqu#¼kj }kjk bl LFkk;h ijaijk esa ubZ tku iwQadh xbZA 
cqukbZ osQ {ks=k esa ubZ rduhfd;ka
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd oL=k f'kYidyk gesa bfrgkl] 
dykRedrk vkSj laLÑfr dh thoar dykÑfr;ksa vkSj lfn;ksa 
iqjkuh çFkkvksa ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h tksM+rh gSA lkeqnkf;d caèkuksa 
dks c<+kok nsus okys ;s vVwV èkkxs cnyko osQ lkFk ,d 
le`¼ lekt dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gq, fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA oL=kksa 
dk mRiknu tks 'kq: esa dkjhxj rd gh lhfer Fkk] le; osQ 
lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ vkSj iSVuZ esa Hkh dbZ cnyko vk,A oL=kksa 
ij fMtkbu vc XySej] HkO;rk vkSj iw.kZrk dk i;kZ; cu 
pqosQ gSaA ns'k dk gSaMywe {ks=k ,d ifjorZudkjh ;k=kk ns• 
jgk gS] tks ikjaifjd gFkdj?kk ls ysdj vkèkqfud ;qx esa 
vR;kèkqfud rduhd vkSj uokpkj dks viukus rd fodflr 
gks pqdk gSA 1990 osQ n'kd ls uSukseVsfj;Yl vuqlaèkku ,oa 
vU; çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa çxfr ls diM+ksa dks etcwr] nkx vkSj 
>qfjZ;ksa jfgr rFkk cSDVhfj;k tSls jksxtudksa osQ çfr vfèkd 
çfrjksèkh cukus osQ fy, fiQfuf'kax ,tsaVksa rFkk èkkrq uSuksd.k 
vkèkkfjr LFkk;h mipkj fodflr fd;k x;k gSA dEI;wVjhÑr 
cqukbZ e'khuksa] Lopkfyr dj?kksa vkSj fMftVy fçafVax fofèk;ksa 
osQ lekos'k osQ lkFk 3Mh fçafVax tSlh rduhd us u osQoy 
fMtkbu igyqvksa esa Økafr yk nh gS] cfYd tfVy ls tfVy 
fMt+kbu cukus osQ }kj •ksy fn, gSaA 3Mh fçaVj rduhdh 
esa fofuekZ.k (eSU;qiSQDpfjax) }kjk diM+k fuekZ.k esa ,fMfVo 
ys;j eSU;qiSQDpfjax (,,y,e) esa ,d lh,Mh lgk;rk çkIr 
rduhd ls ijr&nj&ijr oLrq dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ftldk 
T;knkrj mi;ksx vkSDlsfVd (lkexzh ;k lajpukvksa esa mPp 
ÅtkZ vo'kks"k.k vkSj uk VwVus tSls ;kaf=kd xq.k) oL=kksa rFkk 
fefJr lkefxz;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA         ?