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LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
ItisalsoknownasKoshur.Itismostwidelyspokenlanguageinthestate.Itis
spokenintheKashmirvalleyandtheadjoininghillyregions.TheKashmiriisa
regionallanguagewhichismentionedinthe6thScheduleoftheConstitutionof
JammuandKashmirandisalsogotmentionedinthe22scheduledlanguagesofthe
IndianConstitution.
Thislanguagebelongstothesub-groupoftheIndo-European languages,namely
Dardiclanguageswhichisasub-groupofIndo-AryanSanskritlanguages.Later,the
influenceofDardiclanguagesslowlydeclinedwiththeadventofSanskritlanguage.
During14thcentury,KashmirilanguagewasinfluencedbyMedievalPersian
languageduetowhichsomeconsonantsoundsandvowelwereaddedintoit.
KishtwariisthemostpopulardialectofKashmirilanguagewhichismainlyspoken
inKishtwarvalleyinthestate.TheKashmirilanguagehasbeenmadeacompulsory
subjectinallsecondarylevelschoolsinthevalleyofKashmirsinceNovember,2008.
InmodernperiodKashmirilanguageiswrittenintwoscripts namelyPersoArabic
ScriptandDevanagariScript.
Page 2


LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
ItisalsoknownasKoshur.Itismostwidelyspokenlanguageinthestate.Itis
spokenintheKashmirvalleyandtheadjoininghillyregions.TheKashmiriisa
regionallanguagewhichismentionedinthe6thScheduleoftheConstitutionof
JammuandKashmirandisalsogotmentionedinthe22scheduledlanguagesofthe
IndianConstitution.
Thislanguagebelongstothesub-groupoftheIndo-European languages,namely
Dardiclanguageswhichisasub-groupofIndo-AryanSanskritlanguages.Later,the
influenceofDardiclanguagesslowlydeclinedwiththeadventofSanskritlanguage.
During14thcentury,KashmirilanguagewasinfluencedbyMedievalPersian
languageduetowhichsomeconsonantsoundsandvowelwereaddedintoit.
KishtwariisthemostpopulardialectofKashmirilanguagewhichismainlyspoken
inKishtwarvalleyinthestate.TheKashmirilanguagehasbeenmadeacompulsory
subjectinallsecondarylevelschoolsinthevalleyofKashmirsinceNovember,2008.
InmodernperiodKashmirilanguageiswrittenintwoscripts namelyPersoArabic
ScriptandDevanagariScript.
Dogri Language
DogrilanguageismainlyspokeninJammuregion ofthestate.Thislanguage
belongstoWesternPaharisub-groupoftheIndo-Aryanlanguages.Speakersofthe
Dogrilanguageareknownas‘Dogras’andtheDogrispeakingregioniscalled
Duggar.ThemajorgroupofthislanguageistheIndo-EuropeanLanguageGroup.
Earlier,DogrilanguagewaswrittenintheDogriscriptwhichwassimilartothe
TakriScript.Butinthemoderntimes,itiswritteninDevanagariScriptinIndia.It
isoneoftheIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.
Balti Language
ItisspokenintheNubravalleyofLehdistrictandKargildistrictofJammuand
Kashmir.ItbelongstoSino-TibetanlanguageGroupandisthearchaic/classical
formofTibetanlanguage.ThislanguageiscloselyrelatedtoLadakhi,Parikand
Zangskarilanguages.From727ADto14thcentury,BaltiwaswritteninTibetan
alphabeticstyle.After14thcentury,Persianalphaticstylecameintouse.Many
effortshavebeentakentorevivetheuseofTibetanalphabeticstyleagaininthis
language.Inthe1970,theCentralInstituteofIndianlanguagesdevisedawayof
writingBaltilanguagewiththeDevanagarialphaticstyle.Importantdialectofthis
languageisChorbat.
Punjabi Language
ItisspokeninJammu,KathuaandSambadistrictsofJammuregion.Itbelongsto
Indo-Aryanlanguagegroup.ItiswritteninGurmukhiscript inIndiaand
ShahmukhiscriptinPakistan.ItisoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuand
KashmirandoneamongIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.Importantdialectsofthis
languagesarePunjabiProper,Majhi,Doabi,Bhatiyana,Powadhi,Malwai,etc.
Pahari Language
ItisspokeninmanyareasofJammuandKashmire.g.wholeKashmirvalleyand
somedistrictsofJammuregion(Poonch,Rajaori,Doda,Reasi,Ramban,Udhampur,
Jammu,KathuaandSamba).ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguage group.Pahari
languagegroupisdividedintothreegroupsi.e.Eastern,CentralandWesternPahari.
Ladakhi Language
ItisspokeninLehdistrictofLadakhregion.ItbelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguage
group.ItismainlywritteninTibetanscript.Importantdialectsofthislanguageare
Lehskat,Shamskat,Stotskat,Nubra,Zangskari,Changthang,etc.
Gojri Language
ItismainlyspokeninAnantnag,Baramulla,Ganderbal,Kulgam,Kupwara,Pulwama
andShopiandistrictsofKashmirvalley.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.It
ismainlyspokenbyMuslimGujjarsofthestate.
Page 3


LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
ItisalsoknownasKoshur.Itismostwidelyspokenlanguageinthestate.Itis
spokenintheKashmirvalleyandtheadjoininghillyregions.TheKashmiriisa
regionallanguagewhichismentionedinthe6thScheduleoftheConstitutionof
JammuandKashmirandisalsogotmentionedinthe22scheduledlanguagesofthe
IndianConstitution.
Thislanguagebelongstothesub-groupoftheIndo-European languages,namely
Dardiclanguageswhichisasub-groupofIndo-AryanSanskritlanguages.Later,the
influenceofDardiclanguagesslowlydeclinedwiththeadventofSanskritlanguage.
During14thcentury,KashmirilanguagewasinfluencedbyMedievalPersian
languageduetowhichsomeconsonantsoundsandvowelwereaddedintoit.
KishtwariisthemostpopulardialectofKashmirilanguagewhichismainlyspoken
inKishtwarvalleyinthestate.TheKashmirilanguagehasbeenmadeacompulsory
subjectinallsecondarylevelschoolsinthevalleyofKashmirsinceNovember,2008.
InmodernperiodKashmirilanguageiswrittenintwoscripts namelyPersoArabic
ScriptandDevanagariScript.
Dogri Language
DogrilanguageismainlyspokeninJammuregion ofthestate.Thislanguage
belongstoWesternPaharisub-groupoftheIndo-Aryanlanguages.Speakersofthe
Dogrilanguageareknownas‘Dogras’andtheDogrispeakingregioniscalled
Duggar.ThemajorgroupofthislanguageistheIndo-EuropeanLanguageGroup.
Earlier,DogrilanguagewaswrittenintheDogriscriptwhichwassimilartothe
TakriScript.Butinthemoderntimes,itiswritteninDevanagariScriptinIndia.It
isoneoftheIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.
Balti Language
ItisspokenintheNubravalleyofLehdistrictandKargildistrictofJammuand
Kashmir.ItbelongstoSino-TibetanlanguageGroupandisthearchaic/classical
formofTibetanlanguage.ThislanguageiscloselyrelatedtoLadakhi,Parikand
Zangskarilanguages.From727ADto14thcentury,BaltiwaswritteninTibetan
alphabeticstyle.After14thcentury,Persianalphaticstylecameintouse.Many
effortshavebeentakentorevivetheuseofTibetanalphabeticstyleagaininthis
language.Inthe1970,theCentralInstituteofIndianlanguagesdevisedawayof
writingBaltilanguagewiththeDevanagarialphaticstyle.Importantdialectofthis
languageisChorbat.
Punjabi Language
ItisspokeninJammu,KathuaandSambadistrictsofJammuregion.Itbelongsto
Indo-Aryanlanguagegroup.ItiswritteninGurmukhiscript inIndiaand
ShahmukhiscriptinPakistan.ItisoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuand
KashmirandoneamongIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.Importantdialectsofthis
languagesarePunjabiProper,Majhi,Doabi,Bhatiyana,Powadhi,Malwai,etc.
Pahari Language
ItisspokeninmanyareasofJammuandKashmire.g.wholeKashmirvalleyand
somedistrictsofJammuregion(Poonch,Rajaori,Doda,Reasi,Ramban,Udhampur,
Jammu,KathuaandSamba).ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguage group.Pahari
languagegroupisdividedintothreegroupsi.e.Eastern,CentralandWesternPahari.
Ladakhi Language
ItisspokeninLehdistrictofLadakhregion.ItbelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguage
group.ItismainlywritteninTibetanscript.Importantdialectsofthislanguageare
Lehskat,Shamskat,Stotskat,Nubra,Zangskari,Changthang,etc.
Gojri Language
ItismainlyspokeninAnantnag,Baramulla,Ganderbal,Kulgam,Kupwara,Pulwama
andShopiandistrictsofKashmirvalley.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.It
ismainlyspokenbyMuslimGujjarsofthestate.
IthasbecomeoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuandKashmirbythe
ConstitutionofJammuandKashmir(26thAmendment)Act,1999.Important
dialectsofthislanguageareAjiriandPoonchi.
Urdu Language
ItistheofficiallanguageofJammuandKashmir.Urdulanguageismainlyspoken
byMuslimpopulationinKashmirregion.ItismentionedintheIndia’s22scheduled
languages.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.AsperEthnologue’s2017
estimates,itisthethirdmostspokenlanguageintheworldalongwithstandard
HindiandthelanguagesoftheHindibelt.ItiswritteninArabicscriptofNaksh
Variant,ArabicscriptofNastaliqvariantandPersianscript.Importantdialectsof
thislanguageareDakhniandRekhta.
Hindi Language
ItismostlyspokenbyKashmiriPanditsandGujjarsintheKashmirvalley.It
belongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.Itisoneofthe22scheduledlanguagesof
India.ItiswritteninDevanagariscript.ImportantdialectsofHindiareMarwari,
Bundeli,Bhojpuri,Awadhi,Kanauji,etc.
Literature of Jammu and Kashmir
Accordingtohistorians,theKashmiriLiteraturewasstarted2500yearsbackalong
withSanskritandotherlanguage. ButtheoriginalKashmiri languageliteraturewas
startedabout750yearsago.Kashmiriisconsideredtheonly Dardiclanguagewhich
hasaliterature.Kalhana’sRajatarangini wastheearliestliteratureinwhich
Kashmirilanguagewasused(12thcenturyAD).ButitwastheKashmiri
compositionofShitikanthaAcharya,namely Mahanayaprakasa inwhichKashmiri
languagewasfirstusedextensively(13thcenturyAD).
ItwasthefirstworkofShavismintheKashmirilanguage.The nextimportantwork
inKashmirilanguagewasof Lalleshwarior Lal Ded(14thcentury),whowasa
Kashmirisaintandmysticpoetessandwrotemysticalverses intheVakhorfourline
coupletstyle.OtherimportantworksofKashmiriLiteratureincludeBhattavatara’s
BanasuravadhaearliestepicpoeminKashmiriGanakaPrasasta’s‘Sukhadukha
Charitam’etc.Uttasomawroteatreatiseonmusicnamely‘Manaka’,Yodhabhatta
wrote‘Jainacharita’and‘Jainaprakasa’Bhattavatarawrote‘Jainavilasa’.
TheseweretheimportantKashmiripoetsinthecourtofSultanZain-ul-Abidin.
DuringtheearlySultanperiodinKashmir,theKashmirilanguagegotahighstatus
inLiterature(1500-1800AD).HabbaKhatoon wasarenownedpoetess
(1554-1606AD).OthergreatpoetesseswereRupaBhavani(1621-1721AD)and
Arnimal(1800AD).
Page 4


LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
ItisalsoknownasKoshur.Itismostwidelyspokenlanguageinthestate.Itis
spokenintheKashmirvalleyandtheadjoininghillyregions.TheKashmiriisa
regionallanguagewhichismentionedinthe6thScheduleoftheConstitutionof
JammuandKashmirandisalsogotmentionedinthe22scheduledlanguagesofthe
IndianConstitution.
Thislanguagebelongstothesub-groupoftheIndo-European languages,namely
Dardiclanguageswhichisasub-groupofIndo-AryanSanskritlanguages.Later,the
influenceofDardiclanguagesslowlydeclinedwiththeadventofSanskritlanguage.
During14thcentury,KashmirilanguagewasinfluencedbyMedievalPersian
languageduetowhichsomeconsonantsoundsandvowelwereaddedintoit.
KishtwariisthemostpopulardialectofKashmirilanguagewhichismainlyspoken
inKishtwarvalleyinthestate.TheKashmirilanguagehasbeenmadeacompulsory
subjectinallsecondarylevelschoolsinthevalleyofKashmirsinceNovember,2008.
InmodernperiodKashmirilanguageiswrittenintwoscripts namelyPersoArabic
ScriptandDevanagariScript.
Dogri Language
DogrilanguageismainlyspokeninJammuregion ofthestate.Thislanguage
belongstoWesternPaharisub-groupoftheIndo-Aryanlanguages.Speakersofthe
Dogrilanguageareknownas‘Dogras’andtheDogrispeakingregioniscalled
Duggar.ThemajorgroupofthislanguageistheIndo-EuropeanLanguageGroup.
Earlier,DogrilanguagewaswrittenintheDogriscriptwhichwassimilartothe
TakriScript.Butinthemoderntimes,itiswritteninDevanagariScriptinIndia.It
isoneoftheIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.
Balti Language
ItisspokenintheNubravalleyofLehdistrictandKargildistrictofJammuand
Kashmir.ItbelongstoSino-TibetanlanguageGroupandisthearchaic/classical
formofTibetanlanguage.ThislanguageiscloselyrelatedtoLadakhi,Parikand
Zangskarilanguages.From727ADto14thcentury,BaltiwaswritteninTibetan
alphabeticstyle.After14thcentury,Persianalphaticstylecameintouse.Many
effortshavebeentakentorevivetheuseofTibetanalphabeticstyleagaininthis
language.Inthe1970,theCentralInstituteofIndianlanguagesdevisedawayof
writingBaltilanguagewiththeDevanagarialphaticstyle.Importantdialectofthis
languageisChorbat.
Punjabi Language
ItisspokeninJammu,KathuaandSambadistrictsofJammuregion.Itbelongsto
Indo-Aryanlanguagegroup.ItiswritteninGurmukhiscript inIndiaand
ShahmukhiscriptinPakistan.ItisoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuand
KashmirandoneamongIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.Importantdialectsofthis
languagesarePunjabiProper,Majhi,Doabi,Bhatiyana,Powadhi,Malwai,etc.
Pahari Language
ItisspokeninmanyareasofJammuandKashmire.g.wholeKashmirvalleyand
somedistrictsofJammuregion(Poonch,Rajaori,Doda,Reasi,Ramban,Udhampur,
Jammu,KathuaandSamba).ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguage group.Pahari
languagegroupisdividedintothreegroupsi.e.Eastern,CentralandWesternPahari.
Ladakhi Language
ItisspokeninLehdistrictofLadakhregion.ItbelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguage
group.ItismainlywritteninTibetanscript.Importantdialectsofthislanguageare
Lehskat,Shamskat,Stotskat,Nubra,Zangskari,Changthang,etc.
Gojri Language
ItismainlyspokeninAnantnag,Baramulla,Ganderbal,Kulgam,Kupwara,Pulwama
andShopiandistrictsofKashmirvalley.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.It
ismainlyspokenbyMuslimGujjarsofthestate.
IthasbecomeoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuandKashmirbythe
ConstitutionofJammuandKashmir(26thAmendment)Act,1999.Important
dialectsofthislanguageareAjiriandPoonchi.
Urdu Language
ItistheofficiallanguageofJammuandKashmir.Urdulanguageismainlyspoken
byMuslimpopulationinKashmirregion.ItismentionedintheIndia’s22scheduled
languages.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.AsperEthnologue’s2017
estimates,itisthethirdmostspokenlanguageintheworldalongwithstandard
HindiandthelanguagesoftheHindibelt.ItiswritteninArabicscriptofNaksh
Variant,ArabicscriptofNastaliqvariantandPersianscript.Importantdialectsof
thislanguageareDakhniandRekhta.
Hindi Language
ItismostlyspokenbyKashmiriPanditsandGujjarsintheKashmirvalley.It
belongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.Itisoneofthe22scheduledlanguagesof
India.ItiswritteninDevanagariscript.ImportantdialectsofHindiareMarwari,
Bundeli,Bhojpuri,Awadhi,Kanauji,etc.
Literature of Jammu and Kashmir
Accordingtohistorians,theKashmiriLiteraturewasstarted2500yearsbackalong
withSanskritandotherlanguage. ButtheoriginalKashmiri languageliteraturewas
startedabout750yearsago.Kashmiriisconsideredtheonly Dardiclanguagewhich
hasaliterature.Kalhana’sRajatarangini wastheearliestliteratureinwhich
Kashmirilanguagewasused(12thcenturyAD).ButitwastheKashmiri
compositionofShitikanthaAcharya,namely Mahanayaprakasa inwhichKashmiri
languagewasfirstusedextensively(13thcenturyAD).
ItwasthefirstworkofShavismintheKashmirilanguage.The nextimportantwork
inKashmirilanguagewasof Lalleshwarior Lal Ded(14thcentury),whowasa
Kashmirisaintandmysticpoetessandwrotemysticalverses intheVakhorfourline
coupletstyle.OtherimportantworksofKashmiriLiteratureincludeBhattavatara’s
BanasuravadhaearliestepicpoeminKashmiriGanakaPrasasta’s‘Sukhadukha
Charitam’etc.Uttasomawroteatreatiseonmusicnamely‘Manaka’,Yodhabhatta
wrote‘Jainacharita’and‘Jainaprakasa’Bhattavatarawrote‘Jainavilasa’.
TheseweretheimportantKashmiripoetsinthecourtofSultanZain-ul-Abidin.
DuringtheearlySultanperiodinKashmir,theKashmirilanguagegotahighstatus
inLiterature(1500-1800AD).HabbaKhatoon wasarenownedpoetess
(1554-1606AD).OthergreatpoetesseswereRupaBhavani(1621-1721AD)and
Arnimal(1800AD).
AHindupoetSahibKaul(duringtheperiodofJahangir)wrote‘Krishnavatara’and
‘Janamcharita’.Prakasaramawrote‘Ramavataracharita’(EpicofLordRama)and
‘Lavakusacharita’.Duringmid-19thcentury,translation ofPersianliteraryworks
intoKashmirilanguageweredonebypoetslikeMahmudGamiandWaliullah
Mutoo.ThiswasthetimewhenMasnavis(coupletsexpressing one’semotion)and
Ghazalswerecreatedandpopularised.
InthisperiodmanyLegendaryLovetalesalsocameinKashmirilanguagelike
Laila-Majnu,ShirinandFarhad,Sohrab-Rustum.Inthisperiod,Lila-poetrywas
alsocreatedinwhich thenameofParamananda(1791-1864AD) isveryfamous.
UrduandEnglishlanguagesalsoinfluencedKashmiriliteratureaftertheperiodsof
1800AD.
Development of Modern Literature in Jammu and Kashmir
Duringtheearlydecadesof20thcentury,mysticalandsecularpoetry,ghazals,
masnavisandgeetswerewritten.ManynarrativepoemswerewrittenbyParamanada
like‘Radhaswaymvara’,‘Sudamacharita’and‘Sivalagan’.AbdulWahabPare
(1845–1913AD)translatedFirdaus’sShahnamaandAkbarnama intoKashmiri
language.
TwoEuropeanscholars,namely,KFBurkhardandGeorgeAbrahamAGrierson
promotedKashmiriliteratureduringthisperiod.GeorgeAbrahamGriersonwrote
that,‘KashmiriistheonlyoneoftheDardiclanguagesthathasaliterature’.Oneof
theearliestnationalisticpoetsofKashmirwas PirzadaGhulamAhmadMahjoor
(1885-1952AD)whowroteseverallyricalandpatrioticpoemswithpolitical
themes.ThefamouspoetanddramatistofKashmiriliteraturewasNandlalKaul.
Hewroteveryfamousdramaslike‘RamunRaj’,‘SatachKahwath’,‘Dayalal’and
‘PrahladaBhagat’.BhagwadGitawasrenderedintoKashmiri byPanditNarayan
Khar.
ThePost-Independenceperiodalsogavemanyrenownedworks intheKashmiri
Literature.Forexample,manypoemswerewritteninKashmiribyDinanathNadim
like‘Yirada’,‘BaGyavnaAz’and‘ZindabadShymji’.Healso wontheSahitya
AkademiAwardin1986forhisworkShihal-Kul.RahmanRahialsowonSahitya
AkademiAward(1961)forhiswork‘Nauroz-i-Saba’.AkhtarMohiuddinwrote
‘Sathsangar’(collectionofshortstories)whoalsogotthe SahityaAkademiAward
(1958)forthiswork.OtherworkofMahiuddinwere,twonovelsnamely‘DodDag’
and‘ZuvtaZolana’andacollectionofpoemscalled‘Swanzal’.Thus,theKashmiri
literaturehasflourishedbytheeffortsofmanypoetsandwritersfromthehistoric
periodstopresenttime.
Page 5


LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is a multilingual state. Generally,
the state is divided into three regions Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh.
People living in Kashmir mostly speak Kashmiri language, people
of Jammu mainly speak Dogri, whereas people residing in Ladakh
mostly use Ladakhi language. Literature of Kashmir has a long
history. Today a number of well educated youth write in Kashmiri
language.
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Some important languages spoken by the people of Jammu and Kashmir are as follows:
Kashmiri Language
ItisalsoknownasKoshur.Itismostwidelyspokenlanguageinthestate.Itis
spokenintheKashmirvalleyandtheadjoininghillyregions.TheKashmiriisa
regionallanguagewhichismentionedinthe6thScheduleoftheConstitutionof
JammuandKashmirandisalsogotmentionedinthe22scheduledlanguagesofthe
IndianConstitution.
Thislanguagebelongstothesub-groupoftheIndo-European languages,namely
Dardiclanguageswhichisasub-groupofIndo-AryanSanskritlanguages.Later,the
influenceofDardiclanguagesslowlydeclinedwiththeadventofSanskritlanguage.
During14thcentury,KashmirilanguagewasinfluencedbyMedievalPersian
languageduetowhichsomeconsonantsoundsandvowelwereaddedintoit.
KishtwariisthemostpopulardialectofKashmirilanguagewhichismainlyspoken
inKishtwarvalleyinthestate.TheKashmirilanguagehasbeenmadeacompulsory
subjectinallsecondarylevelschoolsinthevalleyofKashmirsinceNovember,2008.
InmodernperiodKashmirilanguageiswrittenintwoscripts namelyPersoArabic
ScriptandDevanagariScript.
Dogri Language
DogrilanguageismainlyspokeninJammuregion ofthestate.Thislanguage
belongstoWesternPaharisub-groupoftheIndo-Aryanlanguages.Speakersofthe
Dogrilanguageareknownas‘Dogras’andtheDogrispeakingregioniscalled
Duggar.ThemajorgroupofthislanguageistheIndo-EuropeanLanguageGroup.
Earlier,DogrilanguagewaswrittenintheDogriscriptwhichwassimilartothe
TakriScript.Butinthemoderntimes,itiswritteninDevanagariScriptinIndia.It
isoneoftheIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.
Balti Language
ItisspokenintheNubravalleyofLehdistrictandKargildistrictofJammuand
Kashmir.ItbelongstoSino-TibetanlanguageGroupandisthearchaic/classical
formofTibetanlanguage.ThislanguageiscloselyrelatedtoLadakhi,Parikand
Zangskarilanguages.From727ADto14thcentury,BaltiwaswritteninTibetan
alphabeticstyle.After14thcentury,Persianalphaticstylecameintouse.Many
effortshavebeentakentorevivetheuseofTibetanalphabeticstyleagaininthis
language.Inthe1970,theCentralInstituteofIndianlanguagesdevisedawayof
writingBaltilanguagewiththeDevanagarialphaticstyle.Importantdialectofthis
languageisChorbat.
Punjabi Language
ItisspokeninJammu,KathuaandSambadistrictsofJammuregion.Itbelongsto
Indo-Aryanlanguagegroup.ItiswritteninGurmukhiscript inIndiaand
ShahmukhiscriptinPakistan.ItisoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuand
KashmirandoneamongIndia’s22scheduledlanguages.Importantdialectsofthis
languagesarePunjabiProper,Majhi,Doabi,Bhatiyana,Powadhi,Malwai,etc.
Pahari Language
ItisspokeninmanyareasofJammuandKashmire.g.wholeKashmirvalleyand
somedistrictsofJammuregion(Poonch,Rajaori,Doda,Reasi,Ramban,Udhampur,
Jammu,KathuaandSamba).ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguage group.Pahari
languagegroupisdividedintothreegroupsi.e.Eastern,CentralandWesternPahari.
Ladakhi Language
ItisspokeninLehdistrictofLadakhregion.ItbelongstoSino-Tibetanlanguage
group.ItismainlywritteninTibetanscript.Importantdialectsofthislanguageare
Lehskat,Shamskat,Stotskat,Nubra,Zangskari,Changthang,etc.
Gojri Language
ItismainlyspokeninAnantnag,Baramulla,Ganderbal,Kulgam,Kupwara,Pulwama
andShopiandistrictsofKashmirvalley.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.It
ismainlyspokenbyMuslimGujjarsofthestate.
IthasbecomeoneoftheregionallanguagesofJammuandKashmirbythe
ConstitutionofJammuandKashmir(26thAmendment)Act,1999.Important
dialectsofthislanguageareAjiriandPoonchi.
Urdu Language
ItistheofficiallanguageofJammuandKashmir.Urdulanguageismainlyspoken
byMuslimpopulationinKashmirregion.ItismentionedintheIndia’s22scheduled
languages.ItbelongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.AsperEthnologue’s2017
estimates,itisthethirdmostspokenlanguageintheworldalongwithstandard
HindiandthelanguagesoftheHindibelt.ItiswritteninArabicscriptofNaksh
Variant,ArabicscriptofNastaliqvariantandPersianscript.Importantdialectsof
thislanguageareDakhniandRekhta.
Hindi Language
ItismostlyspokenbyKashmiriPanditsandGujjarsintheKashmirvalley.It
belongstoIndo-Aryanlanguagegroup.Itisoneofthe22scheduledlanguagesof
India.ItiswritteninDevanagariscript.ImportantdialectsofHindiareMarwari,
Bundeli,Bhojpuri,Awadhi,Kanauji,etc.
Literature of Jammu and Kashmir
Accordingtohistorians,theKashmiriLiteraturewasstarted2500yearsbackalong
withSanskritandotherlanguage. ButtheoriginalKashmiri languageliteraturewas
startedabout750yearsago.Kashmiriisconsideredtheonly Dardiclanguagewhich
hasaliterature.Kalhana’sRajatarangini wastheearliestliteratureinwhich
Kashmirilanguagewasused(12thcenturyAD).ButitwastheKashmiri
compositionofShitikanthaAcharya,namely Mahanayaprakasa inwhichKashmiri
languagewasfirstusedextensively(13thcenturyAD).
ItwasthefirstworkofShavismintheKashmirilanguage.The nextimportantwork
inKashmirilanguagewasof Lalleshwarior Lal Ded(14thcentury),whowasa
Kashmirisaintandmysticpoetessandwrotemysticalverses intheVakhorfourline
coupletstyle.OtherimportantworksofKashmiriLiteratureincludeBhattavatara’s
BanasuravadhaearliestepicpoeminKashmiriGanakaPrasasta’s‘Sukhadukha
Charitam’etc.Uttasomawroteatreatiseonmusicnamely‘Manaka’,Yodhabhatta
wrote‘Jainacharita’and‘Jainaprakasa’Bhattavatarawrote‘Jainavilasa’.
TheseweretheimportantKashmiripoetsinthecourtofSultanZain-ul-Abidin.
DuringtheearlySultanperiodinKashmir,theKashmirilanguagegotahighstatus
inLiterature(1500-1800AD).HabbaKhatoon wasarenownedpoetess
(1554-1606AD).OthergreatpoetesseswereRupaBhavani(1621-1721AD)and
Arnimal(1800AD).
AHindupoetSahibKaul(duringtheperiodofJahangir)wrote‘Krishnavatara’and
‘Janamcharita’.Prakasaramawrote‘Ramavataracharita’(EpicofLordRama)and
‘Lavakusacharita’.Duringmid-19thcentury,translation ofPersianliteraryworks
intoKashmirilanguageweredonebypoetslikeMahmudGamiandWaliullah
Mutoo.ThiswasthetimewhenMasnavis(coupletsexpressing one’semotion)and
Ghazalswerecreatedandpopularised.
InthisperiodmanyLegendaryLovetalesalsocameinKashmirilanguagelike
Laila-Majnu,ShirinandFarhad,Sohrab-Rustum.Inthisperiod,Lila-poetrywas
alsocreatedinwhich thenameofParamananda(1791-1864AD) isveryfamous.
UrduandEnglishlanguagesalsoinfluencedKashmiriliteratureaftertheperiodsof
1800AD.
Development of Modern Literature in Jammu and Kashmir
Duringtheearlydecadesof20thcentury,mysticalandsecularpoetry,ghazals,
masnavisandgeetswerewritten.ManynarrativepoemswerewrittenbyParamanada
like‘Radhaswaymvara’,‘Sudamacharita’and‘Sivalagan’.AbdulWahabPare
(1845–1913AD)translatedFirdaus’sShahnamaandAkbarnama intoKashmiri
language.
TwoEuropeanscholars,namely,KFBurkhardandGeorgeAbrahamAGrierson
promotedKashmiriliteratureduringthisperiod.GeorgeAbrahamGriersonwrote
that,‘KashmiriistheonlyoneoftheDardiclanguagesthathasaliterature’.Oneof
theearliestnationalisticpoetsofKashmirwas PirzadaGhulamAhmadMahjoor
(1885-1952AD)whowroteseverallyricalandpatrioticpoemswithpolitical
themes.ThefamouspoetanddramatistofKashmiriliteraturewasNandlalKaul.
Hewroteveryfamousdramaslike‘RamunRaj’,‘SatachKahwath’,‘Dayalal’and
‘PrahladaBhagat’.BhagwadGitawasrenderedintoKashmiri byPanditNarayan
Khar.
ThePost-Independenceperiodalsogavemanyrenownedworks intheKashmiri
Literature.Forexample,manypoemswerewritteninKashmiribyDinanathNadim
like‘Yirada’,‘BaGyavnaAz’and‘ZindabadShymji’.Healso wontheSahitya
AkademiAwardin1986forhisworkShihal-Kul.RahmanRahialsowonSahitya
AkademiAward(1961)forhiswork‘Nauroz-i-Saba’.AkhtarMohiuddinwrote
‘Sathsangar’(collectionofshortstories)whoalsogotthe SahityaAkademiAward
(1958)forthiswork.OtherworkofMahiuddinwere,twonovelsnamely‘DodDag’
and‘ZuvtaZolana’andacollectionofpoemscalled‘Swanzal’.Thus,theKashmiri
literaturehasflourishedbytheeffortsofmanypoetsandwritersfromthehistoric
periodstopresenttime.
Writers and Poets of
Jammu and Kashmir
Lal Ded
Shewasbornin1320AD.Lalleshwari
wasaKashmirisaintandmysticpoetess
ofKashmiriShaivismschoolof
philosophy.ShewasalsoknownasLal
Ded,MotherLalla,LallaAarifa,Lal
Diddi,Lalishri,etc.Shewasbornin
PandrethaninSrinagarin1320AD.
Shewrotemysticalversesin‘Vakh’or
‘Vatsun’meaning‘Speech’.Herverses
knownas‘LalVakhs’,areoneofthe
earliestcompositionsintheKashmiri
language.Duringherlife,sheinspired
andinteractedwithmanysufisof
Kashmir,oneofthemwasSheikh
Noor-ud-dinWaliorNundaRishi.She
diedin1392AD.
Nund Reshi
Hewasbornin1377ADinKulgam
district.HewasknownasSheikh
Noor-ud-dinWaliorSheikh
Noor-ud-dinNoorani.Hewasafamous
MuslimKashmirimysticsaint.Hewas
thefounderofthe‘Reshiorder’in
Kashmir. Hewrote‘Shrukhs’which
werepreservedinabook‘NurNama’.It
waswrittenbyBabaNasib-ud-din
GhaziPersian.Thisbookispreservedin
theShrineofNur-ud-dinat
Charar-i-ShariefinSrinagar.Hediedin
1440AD.
Habba Khatoon
Shewasbornin1554inChandrahar
villageinKashmir.Shewasoneofthe
greatmysticpoetessesofherera.Shewas
thewifeofChakrulerYusufShahChak.
HabbaKhatoonintroduced‘Lol’lyric
intoKashmiripoetry.
‘SongsofHabbaKhatoon’arestillvery
popularinKashmiriwhichshowthe
desireofreunionwithherhusband
YusufShahChak,whowasarrestedby
Akbar,thegreatMughalRuler.Shedied
in1609AD.
Mahmud Gami
Hewasbornin1765ADinahistorical
townofDoruShahabadinSouth
Kashmir.Hewasarenownedpoetand
introducedthePersianformsofthe
MasnaviandGhazalinKashmiri.His
workisfoundmostlyinKashmiri
language.Hisimportantworkis‘Yusuf
Zulaikha’(poem)whichwasthefirst
andmostpopularmasnaviinKashmiri.
Otherimportantworksare‘Shirin-
Khusro’,‘Laila-Majnu’.Heisrenowned
forhisGhazalswhichwerebasedon
Sufianaandlovethemes.Hediedin
1855AD.
Rasool Mir
HewasbornatDoruShahabadin
Anantnagdistrict.Hewasoneofthe
renownedKashmiripoet.Hewasalso
knownas‘JohnKeats’ofKashmir.Itis
believedthathebroughtGhazalto
Kashmiripoetry.Hisghazalswerebased
onthemeslikerivers,valleys,birds,fruits
andimageryofKashmir.Hediedin
1870AD.
Paramananda
Hewasbornin1791inSeervillagenear
Mattan(Anantnagdistrict)inJammu
andKashmir.Hewasafamoussaint
poetandphilosopherofKashmir.
Earlierinhislife,hewrotepoetryin
Persianunderthepoetictitleof
‘Gharib’.Hisimportantworksare
‘Radhaswaymvara’,‘Sudamacharita’and
‘Sivalagan’.Hediedin1864AD.

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FAQs on Language and Literature of Jammu and Kashmir - JKPSC KAS (Jammu and Kashmir): Preparation Course

1. What are some notable works of literature from Jammu and Kashmir?

Ans. Some notable works of literature from Jammu and Kashmir include "The Valley of Kashmir" by Sir Walter Lawrence, "Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations" by Sumantra Bose, and "The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda" by Sankar.

2. How does the language of Jammu and Kashmir contribute to its rich cultural heritage?

Ans. The language of Jammu and Kashmir, which includes Kashmiri, Dogri, and Ladakhi, plays a significant role in preserving the region's cultural heritage. These languages are used in literature, poetry, and folklore, reflecting the unique traditions and history of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

3. What is the significance of Jammu and Kashmir literature in the Indian literary landscape?

Ans. Jammu and Kashmir literature holds a special place in the Indian literary landscape due to its diverse range of themes, styles, and languages. It provides a unique perspective on the region's history, culture, and society, contributing to the overall richness of Indian literature.

4. How has the Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC) promoted language and literature in the region?

Ans. The Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission (JKPSC) plays a crucial role in promoting language and literature in the region by conducting exams like the KAS (Kashmir Administrative Service) that focus on these subjects. This helps in recognizing and nurturing local talent in the field of language and literature.

5. What role does the study of language and literature play in the KAS exam conducted by the JKPSC?

Ans. The study of language and literature is an essential component of the KAS exam conducted by the JKPSC. Candidates are expected to have a good understanding of the language and literary traditions of Jammu and Kashmir to succeed in the exam, as it reflects the region's cultural heritage and identity.

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