Formation of Odisha | Odisha State PSC (OPSC): Preparation - OPSC OCS (Odisha) PDF Download

 Page 1


CHAPTER 17
The creation of separate province has a significant importance in
the history of modern Odisha. Odisha got disintegrated after
1568 into several regional kingdoms. The Bhois of Khurda, the
Bhanjas of Ghumsur and Mayurbhanj and the Chauhans of
Sambalpur gradually assumed political prominence. Later
Odisha became an independent province in British rule which
paved the way for the formation of the state of Odisha.
Odisha was conquered by the East India Company in a gradual manner; first the
Southern part, then the coastal region and lastly Sambalpur and the adjoining tracts.
It is an account of this conquest that the British rule could not be imposed upon a
united Odisha.
The Odia-Speaking people were placed under three different administration as
neglected, insignificant and minority groups. However, Odisha became a separate
province on 1st April, 1936. The formation became a reality due to the untiring
leadership of Madhusudan Das, Fakirmohan Senapati, Gangadhra Meher, Krushna
Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, Lingraj Panigrahi and many other leaders. The
resoultion for the formation of Odisha has been started by the Odia Movement in
the 19th century.
Odia Movement
l
It was a movement of Odia speaking people who wanted the unification of
Odia-speaking areas to safeguard the legitimate interests of their people and
preserve and develop the Odia language and culture.
l
Due to the division by the Britishers Odia speaking territories virtually became
attached to four provinces; Bengal, Madras, Central Provinces and Bihar, and
these territories reduced the status of linguistic minorities in all these provinces.
l
Due to these reasons and the domination of linguistic majorities, the Odia
movement was started by the prominent leaders of Odisha. It led to the growth of
socio-political associations and public organisations in 19th century Odisha.
Page 2


CHAPTER 17
The creation of separate province has a significant importance in
the history of modern Odisha. Odisha got disintegrated after
1568 into several regional kingdoms. The Bhois of Khurda, the
Bhanjas of Ghumsur and Mayurbhanj and the Chauhans of
Sambalpur gradually assumed political prominence. Later
Odisha became an independent province in British rule which
paved the way for the formation of the state of Odisha.
Odisha was conquered by the East India Company in a gradual manner; first the
Southern part, then the coastal region and lastly Sambalpur and the adjoining tracts.
It is an account of this conquest that the British rule could not be imposed upon a
united Odisha.
The Odia-Speaking people were placed under three different administration as
neglected, insignificant and minority groups. However, Odisha became a separate
province on 1st April, 1936. The formation became a reality due to the untiring
leadership of Madhusudan Das, Fakirmohan Senapati, Gangadhra Meher, Krushna
Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, Lingraj Panigrahi and many other leaders. The
resoultion for the formation of Odisha has been started by the Odia Movement in
the 19th century.
Odia Movement
l
It was a movement of Odia speaking people who wanted the unification of
Odia-speaking areas to safeguard the legitimate interests of their people and
preserve and develop the Odia language and culture.
l
Due to the division by the Britishers Odia speaking territories virtually became
attached to four provinces; Bengal, Madras, Central Provinces and Bihar, and
these territories reduced the status of linguistic minorities in all these provinces.
l
Due to these reasons and the domination of linguistic majorities, the Odia
movement was started by the prominent leaders of Odisha. It led to the growth of
socio-political associations and public organisations in 19th century Odisha.
l
In 1855, Henry Ricketts, the Commissioner of Odisha Division proposed the
merger of Sambalpur with the Odisha Division.
l
In 1868, Sir Stafford Northcote, the Secretary of State for India wanted that the
Odia speaking areas should be grouped into a single administrative unit for better
administration.
Role of Utkala Sammilani in Odia Movement
l
It played the key role for the Odia Movement as well as the formation of separate
province of Odisha.
l
It was formed during the first Odia National Conference which held on 30th-31st
December, 1903.
l
Under the leadership of Madhusudan Das, the Uktal Sammilani continued to
meet year after year in different places of Odisha.
l
The primary objective of Utkal Sammilani was the merger of Odia speaking areas.
l
The Sammilani also concerned itself with the all round development of Odias and
took up such issues as industrial development, spread of education, revival of
cottage industries, social reforms, development of agriculture and development of
Odia language and literature.
Merger of Sambalpur with Odisha Division
l
Sambalpur and the adjoining Feudatory States, included in Central Provinces in
1862 for administrative convenience, were shown as a part of ‘Natural Odisha’ in
Grierson’s survey and as ‘Odia country’ in Government Records.
l
The Chief Commissioner of Nagpur issued a notification on 15th January, 1895
replacing Odia by Hindi as the language of the offices, courts and schools.
l
This order was made effective from 1st January, 1896. There was sharp reaction
from the Odias against the notification.
l
The Sambalpur Hitaisini, a pre-Independence journal published by Nilamani
Vidyaratna protested against the order of replacing Odia by Hindi as unjust.
l
A memorial was presented to Viceroy Curzon in 1900. It suited the Viceroy’s
interests when the memoirialists of Sambalpur wanted inclusion of Sambalpur tract
with Odisha Division of Bengal. He was planning for a territorial reorganisation of
provinces like the Partition of Bengal.
l
Curzon directed the contemporary Chief Commissioner of Nagpur, Andrew
Fraser to conduct an enquiry. Fraser recommended for inclusion of Sambalpur
with Odisha and restoration of Odia as the official language.
l
A circular, (famous as Risley Circular), was issued restoring Odia as official
language in Sambalpur and the adjacent Feudatory States and transferring them to
Odisha Division in 1905.
184 Know Your State ODISHA
Page 3


CHAPTER 17
The creation of separate province has a significant importance in
the history of modern Odisha. Odisha got disintegrated after
1568 into several regional kingdoms. The Bhois of Khurda, the
Bhanjas of Ghumsur and Mayurbhanj and the Chauhans of
Sambalpur gradually assumed political prominence. Later
Odisha became an independent province in British rule which
paved the way for the formation of the state of Odisha.
Odisha was conquered by the East India Company in a gradual manner; first the
Southern part, then the coastal region and lastly Sambalpur and the adjoining tracts.
It is an account of this conquest that the British rule could not be imposed upon a
united Odisha.
The Odia-Speaking people were placed under three different administration as
neglected, insignificant and minority groups. However, Odisha became a separate
province on 1st April, 1936. The formation became a reality due to the untiring
leadership of Madhusudan Das, Fakirmohan Senapati, Gangadhra Meher, Krushna
Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, Lingraj Panigrahi and many other leaders. The
resoultion for the formation of Odisha has been started by the Odia Movement in
the 19th century.
Odia Movement
l
It was a movement of Odia speaking people who wanted the unification of
Odia-speaking areas to safeguard the legitimate interests of their people and
preserve and develop the Odia language and culture.
l
Due to the division by the Britishers Odia speaking territories virtually became
attached to four provinces; Bengal, Madras, Central Provinces and Bihar, and
these territories reduced the status of linguistic minorities in all these provinces.
l
Due to these reasons and the domination of linguistic majorities, the Odia
movement was started by the prominent leaders of Odisha. It led to the growth of
socio-political associations and public organisations in 19th century Odisha.
l
In 1855, Henry Ricketts, the Commissioner of Odisha Division proposed the
merger of Sambalpur with the Odisha Division.
l
In 1868, Sir Stafford Northcote, the Secretary of State for India wanted that the
Odia speaking areas should be grouped into a single administrative unit for better
administration.
Role of Utkala Sammilani in Odia Movement
l
It played the key role for the Odia Movement as well as the formation of separate
province of Odisha.
l
It was formed during the first Odia National Conference which held on 30th-31st
December, 1903.
l
Under the leadership of Madhusudan Das, the Uktal Sammilani continued to
meet year after year in different places of Odisha.
l
The primary objective of Utkal Sammilani was the merger of Odia speaking areas.
l
The Sammilani also concerned itself with the all round development of Odias and
took up such issues as industrial development, spread of education, revival of
cottage industries, social reforms, development of agriculture and development of
Odia language and literature.
Merger of Sambalpur with Odisha Division
l
Sambalpur and the adjoining Feudatory States, included in Central Provinces in
1862 for administrative convenience, were shown as a part of ‘Natural Odisha’ in
Grierson’s survey and as ‘Odia country’ in Government Records.
l
The Chief Commissioner of Nagpur issued a notification on 15th January, 1895
replacing Odia by Hindi as the language of the offices, courts and schools.
l
This order was made effective from 1st January, 1896. There was sharp reaction
from the Odias against the notification.
l
The Sambalpur Hitaisini, a pre-Independence journal published by Nilamani
Vidyaratna protested against the order of replacing Odia by Hindi as unjust.
l
A memorial was presented to Viceroy Curzon in 1900. It suited the Viceroy’s
interests when the memoirialists of Sambalpur wanted inclusion of Sambalpur tract
with Odisha Division of Bengal. He was planning for a territorial reorganisation of
provinces like the Partition of Bengal.
l
Curzon directed the contemporary Chief Commissioner of Nagpur, Andrew
Fraser to conduct an enquiry. Fraser recommended for inclusion of Sambalpur
with Odisha and restoration of Odia as the official language.
l
A circular, (famous as Risley Circular), was issued restoring Odia as official
language in Sambalpur and the adjacent Feudatory States and transferring them to
Odisha Division in 1905.
184 Know Your State ODISHA
Formation of Bihar-Odisha Province
l
Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy suggested the separation of the Hindi and the Odia
areas from Bengal. The Odisha Division was added to Bihar and Bihar-Odisha
Province was created in 1912, while Ganjam and Vizianagaram areas remained
under Madras Presidency/Province.
l
The Odias disliked ‘the birth of the twins’, Bihar and Odisha in which the Biharis
would dominate.
l
After the formation of Bihar-Odisha Province, Sinha Resolution, Philip-Duff
Committee and Boundary Commission played a significant role in creating
separate Odisha Province.
Sachchidanand Sinha Resolution of 1920
l
Sachchidanand Sinha on 20th February, 1920 moved a resolution in Imperial
Legislative Council. He recommended to formulate a scheme for amalgamation of
Odia speaking tracts to the British Government of India. It became famous as
Sinha Resolution.
Philip-Duff Committee of 1924
l
In December, 1924, British Government of India persuaded Madras Presidency to
appoint a Committee known as Philip–Duff Committee to examine the issue of
merger of Odia-speaking areas (Ganjam).
l
The Philip-Duff Committe gave recommendation in favour of the merger of
Odia-speaking areas for its better administration.
l
In 1927, this recommendation was submitted before the Simon Commission. The
commission accepted the recommendation.
l
It suggested government to set up a Boundary Commission to demarcate the
territorial extent of the Odia province.
l
In 1930, the issue of merger of Odia-speaking areas was also presented in the
Second Round Table Conference held at London by the Maharaja Krushna
Chandra Gajapati of Paralakhemundi.
l
Memorandum was presented to the British Government in favour of a separate
Odisha Province.
Boundary Commission of 1931
l
The Boundary Commission was constituted in 1931 with Samuel O’ Donnel as
Chairman, HM Mehta and TR Phukan as members; and Raja of Paralakhamundi,
SN Sinha and N Raju as associate members representing the Odias, the Biharis
and Telugus respectively.
l
The Boundary Commission recommended for a separate province which would
include Odisha Division, Angul, Padampur, Khariar Estate, the greater part of
Ganjam district and Vizagapatam. The new province would have an area of
33,000 square miles and a population of 82,77,000.
185 Formation of Odisha
Page 4


CHAPTER 17
The creation of separate province has a significant importance in
the history of modern Odisha. Odisha got disintegrated after
1568 into several regional kingdoms. The Bhois of Khurda, the
Bhanjas of Ghumsur and Mayurbhanj and the Chauhans of
Sambalpur gradually assumed political prominence. Later
Odisha became an independent province in British rule which
paved the way for the formation of the state of Odisha.
Odisha was conquered by the East India Company in a gradual manner; first the
Southern part, then the coastal region and lastly Sambalpur and the adjoining tracts.
It is an account of this conquest that the British rule could not be imposed upon a
united Odisha.
The Odia-Speaking people were placed under three different administration as
neglected, insignificant and minority groups. However, Odisha became a separate
province on 1st April, 1936. The formation became a reality due to the untiring
leadership of Madhusudan Das, Fakirmohan Senapati, Gangadhra Meher, Krushna
Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, Lingraj Panigrahi and many other leaders. The
resoultion for the formation of Odisha has been started by the Odia Movement in
the 19th century.
Odia Movement
l
It was a movement of Odia speaking people who wanted the unification of
Odia-speaking areas to safeguard the legitimate interests of their people and
preserve and develop the Odia language and culture.
l
Due to the division by the Britishers Odia speaking territories virtually became
attached to four provinces; Bengal, Madras, Central Provinces and Bihar, and
these territories reduced the status of linguistic minorities in all these provinces.
l
Due to these reasons and the domination of linguistic majorities, the Odia
movement was started by the prominent leaders of Odisha. It led to the growth of
socio-political associations and public organisations in 19th century Odisha.
l
In 1855, Henry Ricketts, the Commissioner of Odisha Division proposed the
merger of Sambalpur with the Odisha Division.
l
In 1868, Sir Stafford Northcote, the Secretary of State for India wanted that the
Odia speaking areas should be grouped into a single administrative unit for better
administration.
Role of Utkala Sammilani in Odia Movement
l
It played the key role for the Odia Movement as well as the formation of separate
province of Odisha.
l
It was formed during the first Odia National Conference which held on 30th-31st
December, 1903.
l
Under the leadership of Madhusudan Das, the Uktal Sammilani continued to
meet year after year in different places of Odisha.
l
The primary objective of Utkal Sammilani was the merger of Odia speaking areas.
l
The Sammilani also concerned itself with the all round development of Odias and
took up such issues as industrial development, spread of education, revival of
cottage industries, social reforms, development of agriculture and development of
Odia language and literature.
Merger of Sambalpur with Odisha Division
l
Sambalpur and the adjoining Feudatory States, included in Central Provinces in
1862 for administrative convenience, were shown as a part of ‘Natural Odisha’ in
Grierson’s survey and as ‘Odia country’ in Government Records.
l
The Chief Commissioner of Nagpur issued a notification on 15th January, 1895
replacing Odia by Hindi as the language of the offices, courts and schools.
l
This order was made effective from 1st January, 1896. There was sharp reaction
from the Odias against the notification.
l
The Sambalpur Hitaisini, a pre-Independence journal published by Nilamani
Vidyaratna protested against the order of replacing Odia by Hindi as unjust.
l
A memorial was presented to Viceroy Curzon in 1900. It suited the Viceroy’s
interests when the memoirialists of Sambalpur wanted inclusion of Sambalpur tract
with Odisha Division of Bengal. He was planning for a territorial reorganisation of
provinces like the Partition of Bengal.
l
Curzon directed the contemporary Chief Commissioner of Nagpur, Andrew
Fraser to conduct an enquiry. Fraser recommended for inclusion of Sambalpur
with Odisha and restoration of Odia as the official language.
l
A circular, (famous as Risley Circular), was issued restoring Odia as official
language in Sambalpur and the adjacent Feudatory States and transferring them to
Odisha Division in 1905.
184 Know Your State ODISHA
Formation of Bihar-Odisha Province
l
Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy suggested the separation of the Hindi and the Odia
areas from Bengal. The Odisha Division was added to Bihar and Bihar-Odisha
Province was created in 1912, while Ganjam and Vizianagaram areas remained
under Madras Presidency/Province.
l
The Odias disliked ‘the birth of the twins’, Bihar and Odisha in which the Biharis
would dominate.
l
After the formation of Bihar-Odisha Province, Sinha Resolution, Philip-Duff
Committee and Boundary Commission played a significant role in creating
separate Odisha Province.
Sachchidanand Sinha Resolution of 1920
l
Sachchidanand Sinha on 20th February, 1920 moved a resolution in Imperial
Legislative Council. He recommended to formulate a scheme for amalgamation of
Odia speaking tracts to the British Government of India. It became famous as
Sinha Resolution.
Philip-Duff Committee of 1924
l
In December, 1924, British Government of India persuaded Madras Presidency to
appoint a Committee known as Philip–Duff Committee to examine the issue of
merger of Odia-speaking areas (Ganjam).
l
The Philip-Duff Committe gave recommendation in favour of the merger of
Odia-speaking areas for its better administration.
l
In 1927, this recommendation was submitted before the Simon Commission. The
commission accepted the recommendation.
l
It suggested government to set up a Boundary Commission to demarcate the
territorial extent of the Odia province.
l
In 1930, the issue of merger of Odia-speaking areas was also presented in the
Second Round Table Conference held at London by the Maharaja Krushna
Chandra Gajapati of Paralakhemundi.
l
Memorandum was presented to the British Government in favour of a separate
Odisha Province.
Boundary Commission of 1931
l
The Boundary Commission was constituted in 1931 with Samuel O’ Donnel as
Chairman, HM Mehta and TR Phukan as members; and Raja of Paralakhamundi,
SN Sinha and N Raju as associate members representing the Odias, the Biharis
and Telugus respectively.
l
The Boundary Commission recommended for a separate province which would
include Odisha Division, Angul, Padampur, Khariar Estate, the greater part of
Ganjam district and Vizagapatam. The new province would have an area of
33,000 square miles and a population of 82,77,000.
185 Formation of Odisha
Creation of Separate Odisha Province
l
On the basis of Joint Select Committee’s report, a provision was made in the
Government of India Act, 1935 for the creation of the new state of Odisha.
l
The province was inaugurated on 1st April, 1936. There were only six districts in
it. The same day, Sir John Hubback took oath as the first Governor of Odisha.
l
The new province marked the end of the era of dismemberment, and beginning of
the era of consolidation and achievements in future course of time.
Merger of the Princely States of Odisha
l
The elections were held for the Odisha Provincial Legislative Assembly in which
the Congress got a majority. Harekrushna Mahatab was appointed Prime
Minister of Odisha on 3rd April, 1946.
l
The Cabinet Mission from Britain visited India during that year and Mahatab
presented the issues of the merger of the ‘Garajat’ states with the new Odisha
province.
l
A conference of the Prajamandal was convened on the eve of independence on
10th August, 1947. The people expressed their keen desire to merge with Odisha
and the proposal was formally accepted in this conference.
l
There was no internal peace in Nilgiri state. With the permission of Sardar Patel,
Harekrushna Mahatab ordered the Magistrate of Balasore and the Revenue
Minister of Odisha to take over the administration of the Nilgiri State.
l
On 14th December, 1947, Mahatab convened a meeting at Cuttack for the
purpose of the merger of the Garajat (Princely) States. Sardar Patel advised the
kings that signing the agreement on merger of their respective states would be
beneficial for all. This conference is famously remembered as Cuttack Conference.
l
On 23rd December, 1947, as per the Extra Provincial Jurisdiction Act, the
administration of the Garajat States was transferred to Government of Odisha. It
became operational from 1st January, 1948.
l
Mayurbhanj was the only Garajat state that merged with India on 16th October,
1948 and in 1949 the Central Government handed that state to the Government
of Odisha.
l
Saraikela and Kharasuna remained detached  (separated) from Odisha and were
merged with Bihar.
l
The merger of the Princely States with Odisha became possible due to the earnest
effort of Harekrushna Mahatab and the help provided by Sardar Patel and VP
Menon from the Central Government of India.
l
On 30th September, 1946, the motion was moved in Odisha Legislative Assembly
to shift the capital of Odisha from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar.
186 Know Your State ODISHA