CBSE Textbook: Training in Sports | Physical Education Class 12(XII) - Notes & Model Test Papers - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

 Page 1


353
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
X
Overview
 W Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
 W Introduction to Sports Training Cycle – Micro, Meso, Macro Cycle.
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Strength, Endurance, and Speed 
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Flexibility and Coordinative Ability  
Students will
 W understand the concept of talent identification and methods 
used for talent development in sports 
 W understand sports training and the different cycle used in the 
training process.
 W understand different types & methods to develop –strength, 
endurance, and speed in sports training.
 W understand different types & methods to develop – flexibility and 
coordinative ability.  
FLYING SIKH, HIS TOUGH FITNESS ROUTINE
Milkha Singh was born in 1929 in Gobindpura village in the Muzaffargarh district 
of Pakistan. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. Singh lost his 14 siblings to 
poverty, poor health, and lack of medical attention. During the 1947 partition, he 
became an orphan and moved to India. He earned his living by working in a roadside 
restaurant before joining the army in 1951. During his military training, he realized 
his sprinting abilities. Hawaldar Gurudev Singh persuaded him to run a cross-country 
race as a part of military training. He practiced hard and came to the limelight 
during the National Games at Patiala in 1956. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records 
in the National Games at Cuttack in 1958.
TRAINING IN SPORTS
Page 2


353
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
X
Overview
 W Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
 W Introduction to Sports Training Cycle – Micro, Meso, Macro Cycle.
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Strength, Endurance, and Speed 
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Flexibility and Coordinative Ability  
Students will
 W understand the concept of talent identification and methods 
used for talent development in sports 
 W understand sports training and the different cycle used in the 
training process.
 W understand different types & methods to develop –strength, 
endurance, and speed in sports training.
 W understand different types & methods to develop – flexibility and 
coordinative ability.  
FLYING SIKH, HIS TOUGH FITNESS ROUTINE
Milkha Singh was born in 1929 in Gobindpura village in the Muzaffargarh district 
of Pakistan. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. Singh lost his 14 siblings to 
poverty, poor health, and lack of medical attention. During the 1947 partition, he 
became an orphan and moved to India. He earned his living by working in a roadside 
restaurant before joining the army in 1951. During his military training, he realized 
his sprinting abilities. Hawaldar Gurudev Singh persuaded him to run a cross-country 
race as a part of military training. He practiced hard and came to the limelight 
during the National Games at Patiala in 1956. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records 
in the National Games at Cuttack in 1958.
TRAINING IN SPORTS
354
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Milkha Singh, the Flying Sikh, remained passionate about his fitness routine throughout 
his life, including playing 18 holes of golf at the 7,202-yard-long Chandigarh Golf 
Course and running light sprints at Sukhna Lake; the legendary athlete would also 
offer his insights to budding and national athletes.
‘No royal road goes till success. To reach the world level, I at least did not find any 
such road. Running is such a meditation that one must leave all the world’s goods to 
achieve success and make your body ready to take on the challenge. Concentration, 
strategy, and effort are long processes. I used to run 365 days a year, whether on 
rainy or windy day; nothing could stop me from running. I did not find any work more 
important than my practice, and there was a time when I would see myself running 
even in my dreams,” Singh writes in his memoir.
From running three miles ranging from running the first mile slowly and then increasing 
pace each mile before his training in the off-season schedule, Singh would run three 
400m races followed by one slow-paced 200m race followed by three 400m races 
fast followed by another 200m race slowly in the morning.
During the season schedule, 10 sprints of 150m on Mondays, six 200m sprints on 
Tuesdays, four 300m sprints on Wednesdays, two 500m races on Thursdays, two 600m 
races on Friday, running 350m or 500m once on Saturdays followed by complete rest 
on Sundays. According to the memoir, Singh would alternate training days to adjust 
to various strategies during his Olympic training.
He is the only athlete to win a gold medal in the 400 meters race at the Commonwealth 
Games and the Asian Games. Milkha Singh set a national record in the 1960 Olympics 
by winning fourth place in the 400m race in 45.73 seconds. This record remained for 
almost 40 years.
1
During his sports career, Padma Shree Milkha Singh achieved 
many medals, including the gold medal in 200 meters in 1958 
Asian Games, 400 meters in 1958 Asian Games, 440 yards 
in 1958 Asian Games, 400 meters in 1962 Asian Games, the 
4×400-meter relay in 1962 Asian Games, and silver in 400 
meters 1964 Calcutta National Games.
2
 Apart from these achievements, in 1960, he was persuaded by then Prime Minister 
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to run against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, whom he defeated. 
He then received the title of “the Flying Sikh” by General Ayub.
3
Page 3


353
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
X
Overview
 W Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
 W Introduction to Sports Training Cycle – Micro, Meso, Macro Cycle.
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Strength, Endurance, and Speed 
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Flexibility and Coordinative Ability  
Students will
 W understand the concept of talent identification and methods 
used for talent development in sports 
 W understand sports training and the different cycle used in the 
training process.
 W understand different types & methods to develop –strength, 
endurance, and speed in sports training.
 W understand different types & methods to develop – flexibility and 
coordinative ability.  
FLYING SIKH, HIS TOUGH FITNESS ROUTINE
Milkha Singh was born in 1929 in Gobindpura village in the Muzaffargarh district 
of Pakistan. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. Singh lost his 14 siblings to 
poverty, poor health, and lack of medical attention. During the 1947 partition, he 
became an orphan and moved to India. He earned his living by working in a roadside 
restaurant before joining the army in 1951. During his military training, he realized 
his sprinting abilities. Hawaldar Gurudev Singh persuaded him to run a cross-country 
race as a part of military training. He practiced hard and came to the limelight 
during the National Games at Patiala in 1956. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records 
in the National Games at Cuttack in 1958.
TRAINING IN SPORTS
354
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Milkha Singh, the Flying Sikh, remained passionate about his fitness routine throughout 
his life, including playing 18 holes of golf at the 7,202-yard-long Chandigarh Golf 
Course and running light sprints at Sukhna Lake; the legendary athlete would also 
offer his insights to budding and national athletes.
‘No royal road goes till success. To reach the world level, I at least did not find any 
such road. Running is such a meditation that one must leave all the world’s goods to 
achieve success and make your body ready to take on the challenge. Concentration, 
strategy, and effort are long processes. I used to run 365 days a year, whether on 
rainy or windy day; nothing could stop me from running. I did not find any work more 
important than my practice, and there was a time when I would see myself running 
even in my dreams,” Singh writes in his memoir.
From running three miles ranging from running the first mile slowly and then increasing 
pace each mile before his training in the off-season schedule, Singh would run three 
400m races followed by one slow-paced 200m race followed by three 400m races 
fast followed by another 200m race slowly in the morning.
During the season schedule, 10 sprints of 150m on Mondays, six 200m sprints on 
Tuesdays, four 300m sprints on Wednesdays, two 500m races on Thursdays, two 600m 
races on Friday, running 350m or 500m once on Saturdays followed by complete rest 
on Sundays. According to the memoir, Singh would alternate training days to adjust 
to various strategies during his Olympic training.
He is the only athlete to win a gold medal in the 400 meters race at the Commonwealth 
Games and the Asian Games. Milkha Singh set a national record in the 1960 Olympics 
by winning fourth place in the 400m race in 45.73 seconds. This record remained for 
almost 40 years.
1
During his sports career, Padma Shree Milkha Singh achieved 
many medals, including the gold medal in 200 meters in 1958 
Asian Games, 400 meters in 1958 Asian Games, 440 yards 
in 1958 Asian Games, 400 meters in 1962 Asian Games, the 
4×400-meter relay in 1962 Asian Games, and silver in 400 
meters 1964 Calcutta National Games.
2
 Apart from these achievements, in 1960, he was persuaded by then Prime Minister 
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to run against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, whom he defeated. 
He then received the title of “the Flying Sikh” by General Ayub.
3
355
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Introduction
Talent identification and development have become increasingly relevant in sports 
performance (Sarmento, Anguera, Pereira, Araújo, 2018), especially in the last 20 
years. A significant body of scientific research discusses longitudinal and nonlinear 
talent identification and development processes, the qualities that underpin elite 
sports performance, and how coaches could facilitate talented athletes’ development 
through the sports system. 
Discussion
Select anyone sports of your choice and identify four qualities required for optimum 
performance in those sports. Write down the advantages of the qualities in the 
table below. Discuss why talent identification is essential in sports and games
S.No. Qualities Advantage Why this will improve 
your sports performance
Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
Talent can be defined as adequate aptitude or ability in one direction, above the 
normal average. Thus, someone who has talent can do something without trying 
hard.
Talent identification can also be defined as “the process by which children are 
encouraged to participate in the sport they are most likely to succeed, based 
on selected parameters. These parameters are designed to predict performance 
capacity, considering the child’s current level of fitness and maturity.” As talent 
identification is often confused with latent development, keeping the above 
definition clearly in mind is necessary. Identifying is the first step in progressing 
from beginner to a successful international athlete; talent development follows this 
as the next critical phase in achieving sporting success. 
The figure below illustrates the various stages comprising the long-term talent 
identification system in sports and games.
Page 4


353
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
X
Overview
 W Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
 W Introduction to Sports Training Cycle – Micro, Meso, Macro Cycle.
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Strength, Endurance, and Speed 
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Flexibility and Coordinative Ability  
Students will
 W understand the concept of talent identification and methods 
used for talent development in sports 
 W understand sports training and the different cycle used in the 
training process.
 W understand different types & methods to develop –strength, 
endurance, and speed in sports training.
 W understand different types & methods to develop – flexibility and 
coordinative ability.  
FLYING SIKH, HIS TOUGH FITNESS ROUTINE
Milkha Singh was born in 1929 in Gobindpura village in the Muzaffargarh district 
of Pakistan. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. Singh lost his 14 siblings to 
poverty, poor health, and lack of medical attention. During the 1947 partition, he 
became an orphan and moved to India. He earned his living by working in a roadside 
restaurant before joining the army in 1951. During his military training, he realized 
his sprinting abilities. Hawaldar Gurudev Singh persuaded him to run a cross-country 
race as a part of military training. He practiced hard and came to the limelight 
during the National Games at Patiala in 1956. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records 
in the National Games at Cuttack in 1958.
TRAINING IN SPORTS
354
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Milkha Singh, the Flying Sikh, remained passionate about his fitness routine throughout 
his life, including playing 18 holes of golf at the 7,202-yard-long Chandigarh Golf 
Course and running light sprints at Sukhna Lake; the legendary athlete would also 
offer his insights to budding and national athletes.
‘No royal road goes till success. To reach the world level, I at least did not find any 
such road. Running is such a meditation that one must leave all the world’s goods to 
achieve success and make your body ready to take on the challenge. Concentration, 
strategy, and effort are long processes. I used to run 365 days a year, whether on 
rainy or windy day; nothing could stop me from running. I did not find any work more 
important than my practice, and there was a time when I would see myself running 
even in my dreams,” Singh writes in his memoir.
From running three miles ranging from running the first mile slowly and then increasing 
pace each mile before his training in the off-season schedule, Singh would run three 
400m races followed by one slow-paced 200m race followed by three 400m races 
fast followed by another 200m race slowly in the morning.
During the season schedule, 10 sprints of 150m on Mondays, six 200m sprints on 
Tuesdays, four 300m sprints on Wednesdays, two 500m races on Thursdays, two 600m 
races on Friday, running 350m or 500m once on Saturdays followed by complete rest 
on Sundays. According to the memoir, Singh would alternate training days to adjust 
to various strategies during his Olympic training.
He is the only athlete to win a gold medal in the 400 meters race at the Commonwealth 
Games and the Asian Games. Milkha Singh set a national record in the 1960 Olympics 
by winning fourth place in the 400m race in 45.73 seconds. This record remained for 
almost 40 years.
1
During his sports career, Padma Shree Milkha Singh achieved 
many medals, including the gold medal in 200 meters in 1958 
Asian Games, 400 meters in 1958 Asian Games, 440 yards 
in 1958 Asian Games, 400 meters in 1962 Asian Games, the 
4×400-meter relay in 1962 Asian Games, and silver in 400 
meters 1964 Calcutta National Games.
2
 Apart from these achievements, in 1960, he was persuaded by then Prime Minister 
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to run against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, whom he defeated. 
He then received the title of “the Flying Sikh” by General Ayub.
3
355
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Introduction
Talent identification and development have become increasingly relevant in sports 
performance (Sarmento, Anguera, Pereira, Araújo, 2018), especially in the last 20 
years. A significant body of scientific research discusses longitudinal and nonlinear 
talent identification and development processes, the qualities that underpin elite 
sports performance, and how coaches could facilitate talented athletes’ development 
through the sports system. 
Discussion
Select anyone sports of your choice and identify four qualities required for optimum 
performance in those sports. Write down the advantages of the qualities in the 
table below. Discuss why talent identification is essential in sports and games
S.No. Qualities Advantage Why this will improve 
your sports performance
Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
Talent can be defined as adequate aptitude or ability in one direction, above the 
normal average. Thus, someone who has talent can do something without trying 
hard.
Talent identification can also be defined as “the process by which children are 
encouraged to participate in the sport they are most likely to succeed, based 
on selected parameters. These parameters are designed to predict performance 
capacity, considering the child’s current level of fitness and maturity.” As talent 
identification is often confused with latent development, keeping the above 
definition clearly in mind is necessary. Identifying is the first step in progressing 
from beginner to a successful international athlete; talent development follows this 
as the next critical phase in achieving sporting success. 
The figure below illustrates the various stages comprising the long-term talent 
identification system in sports and games.
356
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Table 10.1: Talent Identification System Related to Talent  
Development and Recreational Sports
The best way to ensure that a talent identification programme reaches the maximum 
possible number of children is to cooperate closely with schools. 
The first stage of the process could occur between the ages of 10 and 12, using 
essential fields tests that are easy to administer. These tests should be carried out 
in schools and administered by the teachers if the selection is made early. Those 
who seem talented could then be encouraged to participate in general training in 
schools and clubs. 
The second phase of the selection procedure could occur between 13 and 16. Again, 
the tests should be carried out in schools and be easy to administer. Those selected at 
this stage would then be invited to undergo more sophisticated tests, administered 
by specialists in the area or state centres, consisting of field tests and laboratory tests 
depending on the facilities available. The test battery should include background 
information, training history, competition results, anthropometric measurements, 
and psychological and physiological tests. 
Finally, those selected should be allocated to elite junior programmes on an event-
group basis. Those who show promising results in the second-stage tests but are not 
ultimately selected should be encouraged to participate in club training programmes. 
There should always be the possibility of entering the selection to produce good 
competition performance. All the tested youths should be encouraged to participate 
in recreational sports. It is essential to promote the youth competition structure 
in developing countries. Tests in these countries should be adapted to take into 
account local conditions, but should be standardized across the whole country.
Page 5


353
Physical EDUCATION-XII
UNIT 
X
Overview
 W Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
 W Introduction to Sports Training Cycle – Micro, Meso, Macro Cycle.
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Strength, Endurance, and Speed 
 W Types & Methods to Develop – Flexibility and Coordinative Ability  
Students will
 W understand the concept of talent identification and methods 
used for talent development in sports 
 W understand sports training and the different cycle used in the 
training process.
 W understand different types & methods to develop –strength, 
endurance, and speed in sports training.
 W understand different types & methods to develop – flexibility and 
coordinative ability.  
FLYING SIKH, HIS TOUGH FITNESS ROUTINE
Milkha Singh was born in 1929 in Gobindpura village in the Muzaffargarh district 
of Pakistan. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. Singh lost his 14 siblings to 
poverty, poor health, and lack of medical attention. During the 1947 partition, he 
became an orphan and moved to India. He earned his living by working in a roadside 
restaurant before joining the army in 1951. During his military training, he realized 
his sprinting abilities. Hawaldar Gurudev Singh persuaded him to run a cross-country 
race as a part of military training. He practiced hard and came to the limelight 
during the National Games at Patiala in 1956. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records 
in the National Games at Cuttack in 1958.
TRAINING IN SPORTS
354
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Milkha Singh, the Flying Sikh, remained passionate about his fitness routine throughout 
his life, including playing 18 holes of golf at the 7,202-yard-long Chandigarh Golf 
Course and running light sprints at Sukhna Lake; the legendary athlete would also 
offer his insights to budding and national athletes.
‘No royal road goes till success. To reach the world level, I at least did not find any 
such road. Running is such a meditation that one must leave all the world’s goods to 
achieve success and make your body ready to take on the challenge. Concentration, 
strategy, and effort are long processes. I used to run 365 days a year, whether on 
rainy or windy day; nothing could stop me from running. I did not find any work more 
important than my practice, and there was a time when I would see myself running 
even in my dreams,” Singh writes in his memoir.
From running three miles ranging from running the first mile slowly and then increasing 
pace each mile before his training in the off-season schedule, Singh would run three 
400m races followed by one slow-paced 200m race followed by three 400m races 
fast followed by another 200m race slowly in the morning.
During the season schedule, 10 sprints of 150m on Mondays, six 200m sprints on 
Tuesdays, four 300m sprints on Wednesdays, two 500m races on Thursdays, two 600m 
races on Friday, running 350m or 500m once on Saturdays followed by complete rest 
on Sundays. According to the memoir, Singh would alternate training days to adjust 
to various strategies during his Olympic training.
He is the only athlete to win a gold medal in the 400 meters race at the Commonwealth 
Games and the Asian Games. Milkha Singh set a national record in the 1960 Olympics 
by winning fourth place in the 400m race in 45.73 seconds. This record remained for 
almost 40 years.
1
During his sports career, Padma Shree Milkha Singh achieved 
many medals, including the gold medal in 200 meters in 1958 
Asian Games, 400 meters in 1958 Asian Games, 440 yards 
in 1958 Asian Games, 400 meters in 1962 Asian Games, the 
4×400-meter relay in 1962 Asian Games, and silver in 400 
meters 1964 Calcutta National Games.
2
 Apart from these achievements, in 1960, he was persuaded by then Prime Minister 
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to run against Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan, whom he defeated. 
He then received the title of “the Flying Sikh” by General Ayub.
3
355
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Introduction
Talent identification and development have become increasingly relevant in sports 
performance (Sarmento, Anguera, Pereira, Araújo, 2018), especially in the last 20 
years. A significant body of scientific research discusses longitudinal and nonlinear 
talent identification and development processes, the qualities that underpin elite 
sports performance, and how coaches could facilitate talented athletes’ development 
through the sports system. 
Discussion
Select anyone sports of your choice and identify four qualities required for optimum 
performance in those sports. Write down the advantages of the qualities in the 
table below. Discuss why talent identification is essential in sports and games
S.No. Qualities Advantage Why this will improve 
your sports performance
Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in Sports 
Talent can be defined as adequate aptitude or ability in one direction, above the 
normal average. Thus, someone who has talent can do something without trying 
hard.
Talent identification can also be defined as “the process by which children are 
encouraged to participate in the sport they are most likely to succeed, based 
on selected parameters. These parameters are designed to predict performance 
capacity, considering the child’s current level of fitness and maturity.” As talent 
identification is often confused with latent development, keeping the above 
definition clearly in mind is necessary. Identifying is the first step in progressing 
from beginner to a successful international athlete; talent development follows this 
as the next critical phase in achieving sporting success. 
The figure below illustrates the various stages comprising the long-term talent 
identification system in sports and games.
356
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Table 10.1: Talent Identification System Related to Talent  
Development and Recreational Sports
The best way to ensure that a talent identification programme reaches the maximum 
possible number of children is to cooperate closely with schools. 
The first stage of the process could occur between the ages of 10 and 12, using 
essential fields tests that are easy to administer. These tests should be carried out 
in schools and administered by the teachers if the selection is made early. Those 
who seem talented could then be encouraged to participate in general training in 
schools and clubs. 
The second phase of the selection procedure could occur between 13 and 16. Again, 
the tests should be carried out in schools and be easy to administer. Those selected at 
this stage would then be invited to undergo more sophisticated tests, administered 
by specialists in the area or state centres, consisting of field tests and laboratory tests 
depending on the facilities available. The test battery should include background 
information, training history, competition results, anthropometric measurements, 
and psychological and physiological tests. 
Finally, those selected should be allocated to elite junior programmes on an event-
group basis. Those who show promising results in the second-stage tests but are not 
ultimately selected should be encouraged to participate in club training programmes. 
There should always be the possibility of entering the selection to produce good 
competition performance. All the tested youths should be encouraged to participate 
in recreational sports. It is essential to promote the youth competition structure 
in developing countries. Tests in these countries should be adapted to take into 
account local conditions, but should be standardized across the whole country.
357
Physical EDUCATION-XII
Process of Talent Identification and Development is classified into five stages as 
follows:
1. Talent Detection: This is the discovery of potential performers who are not 
currently involved in the sport in question.
2. Talent Identification: Recognizing participants with the potential at an earlier 
age to become elite performers in the future.
3. Talent Development: Provides athletes with a suitable learning environment 
to accelerate or realize their potential
4. Talent Selection: The ongoing process of identifying individuals at various 
stages of development who demonstrate pre-requisite performance levels. 
5. Talent Transfer: Focuses on transfer from one sport to another sport where 
there are more significant opportunities to succeed 
These five steps are common across sporting in Talent Identification and Development 
System and are often operationalized within the everyday practice (i.e., identification 
or selection for the next step of a programme is influenced by performance in the 
previous development environment).
Importance of Talent identification 
 h Discovery of the great talent 
 h Recognition of the hidden talent
 h By recognizing the talent at the early stage, the children can show their 
skills at their extreme 
 h Talent identification helps in finding a significant asset for the country
Components of Talent Identification 
The main components of Talent Identification (TID) can be divided into the following 
categories: 
 h Physiological attributes
 h Physical attributes
 h Psychological attributes
 h Technical/Tactical attributes
 h Results 
 h Intangibles