Yojana Magazine August 2024 - 2 (Hindi) | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

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24 ????? 2024
tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk
1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq 
iafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fo#¼ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhlh dh enn 
ysus ls budkj dj fn;kA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk Dohu osyq ufp;kj osQ vuq;k;h 
Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ dgus ij fdjk, osQ lSfudksa okyh 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj 
nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] =kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 
'kkldksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA 16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us ,d  
?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa lHkh ns'kHkDr ukxfjdksa ls ,dtqV gksdj ;wjksih; 
mifuos'kokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+us dh vihy dh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igys 
dHkh ,slk ugha gqvk fd fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh gks vkSj mlosQ 
tokc esa rhu tokch ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZ gksaA
MkW ,e jktsaæu
lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vkSj rfey miU;kl ^dkykikuh* osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj (2022) ls lEekfurA 
bZesy% dr.mrajendran@gmail.com
24 ????? 2024
Page 2


24 ????? 2024
tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk
1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq 
iafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fo#¼ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhlh dh enn 
ysus ls budkj dj fn;kA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk Dohu osyq ufp;kj osQ vuq;k;h 
Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ dgus ij fdjk, osQ lSfudksa okyh 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj 
nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] =kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 
'kkldksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA 16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us ,d  
?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa lHkh ns'kHkDr ukxfjdksa ls ,dtqV gksdj ;wjksih; 
mifuos'kokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+us dh vihy dh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igys 
dHkh ,slk ugha gqvk fd fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh gks vkSj mlosQ 
tokc esa rhu tokch ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZ gksaA
MkW ,e jktsaæu
lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vkSj rfey miU;kl ^dkykikuh* osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj (2022) ls lEekfurA 
bZesy% dr.mrajendran@gmail.com
24 ????? 2024 25 ????? 2024
twu] 1801 dks nf{k.k Hkkjr dk fo+Qyk 'kgj 
fr#fpjkiYyh vkSj mlosQ tqM+oka 'kgj vkSj  
}hi] 4 fd-eh- nwj] Jhjaxe] ,d gLrfyf•r 
nhokj iksLVj osQ lkFk tkx`r gks mBs] ftlesa lkekU; :i 
ls ;wjksih; yksxksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks 
pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd os tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh; çk;}hi) NksM+ 
nsa] LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lÙkk lkSai nsa ;k ifj.kke Hkqxrus osQ 
fy, rS;kj jgsaA
ogka nks gLrfyf•r iksLVj FksA ,d fr#fpjkiYyh fo+Qys 
dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk Fkk vkSj nwljk Jhjaxe }hi ij 
çfl¼ oS".ko eafnj dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk FkkA blosQ 
ys•d fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj Fks] tks f'koxaxk jkT; osQ okLrfod 
'kkld FksA okLrfod 'kkld osaxbZ isfj;k mn;;ku Fksoj Fks] 
tks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ cM+s HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq ikafM;kj 
osQ nkekn FksA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk jkuh osyq ukfp;kj 
osQ vuq;k;h Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ 
cgdkus ij lSfud bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA 
fo#ik{kh (f'koxaxk ls 100 fd-eh- nwj) osQ igkM+ksa esa 8 lky 
osQ fuokZlu osQ ckn] fo#ik{kh 'kkld xksiky uk;dj vkSj gSnj 
vyh osQ nkekn vkSj fMaMhxqy osQ xouZj dh enn ls jkuh 
ukfp;kj us vkdksZV uokc vkSj muosQ ,tsaV] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh 
osQ tfj, f'koxaxk ij dCt+k dj fy;k vkSj f'koxaxk ij viuk 
'kklu fiQj ls 'kq: fd;kA
muosQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku] nks e#èkq ikafM;kj jkuh osQ djhch 
lg;ksxh cu x, vkSj ea=kh in vkSj lsuk tujy osQ in laHkky 
fy,A 26 fnlacj] 1796 dks] jkuh osyq ukfp;kj dh e`R;q gks 
xbZ] os vius nkekn osaxbZ isfj;k mn;u Fksoj dks f'koxaxk osQ 
'kkld osQ :i esa NksM+ xb±A e#èkq Hkkb;ksa us u, jktk dk 
ekxZn'kZu djuk tkjh j•kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] bl le; rd] 
vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh •ku okyktkg osQ ,tsaV osQ :i 
esa dke djrh Fkh vkSj muosQ }kjk bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ lkFk 
16
o"kZ 1763] 1781] 1785] 1787 vkSj 1792 esa dh xbZ lafèk;ksa 
us vkdksZV uokc dks 'kfDrghu cuk fn;kA o"kZ 1792 esa tc 
okyktkg vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp vafre lafèk ij 
gLrk{kj fd, x,] rks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us igys dh lafèk;ksa 
dks iwjh rjg ls myV fn;k vkSj vkdksZV uokc osQ LFkku ij 
mls 'kkld dk ntkZ ns fn;kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us vkdksZV 
uokc dks ek=k isa'kuHkksxh cuk fn;k vkSj mUgsa njfdukj dj 
fn;kA
tc 16 vDVwcj] 1795 dks uokc okyktkg dh e`R;q gqbZ] 
rks og cgqr nq%•h O;fDr osQ :i esa ejkA mudh e`R;q ls nks 
lky igys] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks irk pyk fd og bZLV 
bafM;k oaQiuh osQ nq'eu Vhiw lqYrku osQ lkFk i=kkpkj dj jgs 
FksA okyktkg dh e`R;q osQ le;] ;g viQokg Fkh fd mUgsa 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tgj nsdj ekj fn;k FkkA 
vxys vkdkZsV uokc] menÙk&my&mejk dks muosQ 
eq[;ky; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k vkSj 1795&1801 o"kks± 
osQ nkSjku fr#fpjkiYyh esa jgus osQ fy, dgk x;kA tc  
16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] 
ml le; 'kfDrghu uokc fr#fpjkiYyh esa chekj Fks vkSj nks 
eghus ckn 15 vxLr] 1801 dks mudh e`R;q gks xbZA mudh 
e`R;q osQ le;] e#èkq caèkq] dyS;kj dksfoy ;q¼ esa bZLV bafM;k 
oaQiuh ls eqdkcyk dj jgs FksA 
mn~?kks"k.kk og gksrh gS tks 'kkld }kjk fdlh egRoiw.kZ 
le; ij dh tkrh gSA 'kkld viuh çtk dks ;q¼ dh 
vko';drk vkSj liQy gksus osQ ykHkksa ls voxr djkrk gSA 
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa] blls igys dHkh fdlh 'kkld }kjk 
mn~?kks"k.kk ugha dh xbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa] osQoy nks voljksa ij 
mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA ,d vesfjdh jkT;ksa }kjk viuh ekr`Hkwfe] 
vFkkZr baXySaM osQ fo#¼] tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk ls 25 lky 
igys dh xbZ mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA nwljh mn~?kks"k.kk Úkalhlh yksxksa  
}kjk vius 'kkld yqbZ lksygosa osQ f•ykiQ] fpÂk e#èkq 
25 ????? 2024
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24 ????? 2024
tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk
1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq 
iafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fo#¼ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhlh dh enn 
ysus ls budkj dj fn;kA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk Dohu osyq ufp;kj osQ vuq;k;h 
Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ dgus ij fdjk, osQ lSfudksa okyh 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj 
nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] =kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 
'kkldksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA 16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us ,d  
?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa lHkh ns'kHkDr ukxfjdksa ls ,dtqV gksdj ;wjksih; 
mifuos'kokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+us dh vihy dh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igys 
dHkh ,slk ugha gqvk fd fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh gks vkSj mlosQ 
tokc esa rhu tokch ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZ gksaA
MkW ,e jktsaæu
lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vkSj rfey miU;kl ^dkykikuh* osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj (2022) ls lEekfurA 
bZesy% dr.mrajendran@gmail.com
24 ????? 2024 25 ????? 2024
twu] 1801 dks nf{k.k Hkkjr dk fo+Qyk 'kgj 
fr#fpjkiYyh vkSj mlosQ tqM+oka 'kgj vkSj  
}hi] 4 fd-eh- nwj] Jhjaxe] ,d gLrfyf•r 
nhokj iksLVj osQ lkFk tkx`r gks mBs] ftlesa lkekU; :i 
ls ;wjksih; yksxksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks 
pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd os tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh; çk;}hi) NksM+ 
nsa] LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lÙkk lkSai nsa ;k ifj.kke Hkqxrus osQ 
fy, rS;kj jgsaA
ogka nks gLrfyf•r iksLVj FksA ,d fr#fpjkiYyh fo+Qys 
dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk Fkk vkSj nwljk Jhjaxe }hi ij 
çfl¼ oS".ko eafnj dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk FkkA blosQ 
ys•d fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj Fks] tks f'koxaxk jkT; osQ okLrfod 
'kkld FksA okLrfod 'kkld osaxbZ isfj;k mn;;ku Fksoj Fks] 
tks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ cM+s HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq ikafM;kj 
osQ nkekn FksA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk jkuh osyq ukfp;kj 
osQ vuq;k;h Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ 
cgdkus ij lSfud bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA 
fo#ik{kh (f'koxaxk ls 100 fd-eh- nwj) osQ igkM+ksa esa 8 lky 
osQ fuokZlu osQ ckn] fo#ik{kh 'kkld xksiky uk;dj vkSj gSnj 
vyh osQ nkekn vkSj fMaMhxqy osQ xouZj dh enn ls jkuh 
ukfp;kj us vkdksZV uokc vkSj muosQ ,tsaV] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh 
osQ tfj, f'koxaxk ij dCt+k dj fy;k vkSj f'koxaxk ij viuk 
'kklu fiQj ls 'kq: fd;kA
muosQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku] nks e#èkq ikafM;kj jkuh osQ djhch 
lg;ksxh cu x, vkSj ea=kh in vkSj lsuk tujy osQ in laHkky 
fy,A 26 fnlacj] 1796 dks] jkuh osyq ukfp;kj dh e`R;q gks 
xbZ] os vius nkekn osaxbZ isfj;k mn;u Fksoj dks f'koxaxk osQ 
'kkld osQ :i esa NksM+ xb±A e#èkq Hkkb;ksa us u, jktk dk 
ekxZn'kZu djuk tkjh j•kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] bl le; rd] 
vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh •ku okyktkg osQ ,tsaV osQ :i 
esa dke djrh Fkh vkSj muosQ }kjk bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ lkFk 
16
o"kZ 1763] 1781] 1785] 1787 vkSj 1792 esa dh xbZ lafèk;ksa 
us vkdksZV uokc dks 'kfDrghu cuk fn;kA o"kZ 1792 esa tc 
okyktkg vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp vafre lafèk ij 
gLrk{kj fd, x,] rks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us igys dh lafèk;ksa 
dks iwjh rjg ls myV fn;k vkSj vkdksZV uokc osQ LFkku ij 
mls 'kkld dk ntkZ ns fn;kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us vkdksZV 
uokc dks ek=k isa'kuHkksxh cuk fn;k vkSj mUgsa njfdukj dj 
fn;kA
tc 16 vDVwcj] 1795 dks uokc okyktkg dh e`R;q gqbZ] 
rks og cgqr nq%•h O;fDr osQ :i esa ejkA mudh e`R;q ls nks 
lky igys] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks irk pyk fd og bZLV 
bafM;k oaQiuh osQ nq'eu Vhiw lqYrku osQ lkFk i=kkpkj dj jgs 
FksA okyktkg dh e`R;q osQ le;] ;g viQokg Fkh fd mUgsa 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tgj nsdj ekj fn;k FkkA 
vxys vkdkZsV uokc] menÙk&my&mejk dks muosQ 
eq[;ky; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k vkSj 1795&1801 o"kks± 
osQ nkSjku fr#fpjkiYyh esa jgus osQ fy, dgk x;kA tc  
16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] 
ml le; 'kfDrghu uokc fr#fpjkiYyh esa chekj Fks vkSj nks 
eghus ckn 15 vxLr] 1801 dks mudh e`R;q gks xbZA mudh 
e`R;q osQ le;] e#èkq caèkq] dyS;kj dksfoy ;q¼ esa bZLV bafM;k 
oaQiuh ls eqdkcyk dj jgs FksA 
mn~?kks"k.kk og gksrh gS tks 'kkld }kjk fdlh egRoiw.kZ 
le; ij dh tkrh gSA 'kkld viuh çtk dks ;q¼ dh 
vko';drk vkSj liQy gksus osQ ykHkksa ls voxr djkrk gSA 
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa] blls igys dHkh fdlh 'kkld }kjk 
mn~?kks"k.kk ugha dh xbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa] osQoy nks voljksa ij 
mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA ,d vesfjdh jkT;ksa }kjk viuh ekr`Hkwfe] 
vFkkZr baXySaM osQ fo#¼] tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk ls 25 lky 
igys dh xbZ mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA nwljh mn~?kks"k.kk Úkalhlh yksxksa  
}kjk vius 'kkld yqbZ lksygosa osQ f•ykiQ] fpÂk e#èkq 
25 ????? 2024 26 ????? 2024
ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls 11 lky igys dh xbZ FkhA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls pkj fnu igys] eækl 
osQ xouZj us fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ ,d ?kks"k.kk dhA ;g 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kHkDrksa] iapkyaoqQfjph 
ÅeSnqjbZ] muosQ HkkbZ lsoFkS;k] fo#ik{kh xksiky uk;dj] jkeukn 
veynkj] txÂkFk vÕ;j vkSj dks;acVwj 'ks• gqlSu osQ fy, 
,d •rjk FkkA fpÂk e#èkq osQ HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq dks xouZj us 
enqjS esa ,d vPNh vkthfodk dh is'kd'k dh Fkh] vxj og 
vius HkkbZ fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj ls vyx gks tk,A ns'kHkDrksa us 
egku jkWcVZ Dykbo osQ csVs xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo }kjk nh xbZ 
lHkh èkefd;ksa dks •kfjt dj fn;kA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq 
osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh]  
=kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 'kkldksa osQ chp 
;q¼ fNM+ x;kA ns'kHkDrksa us if'peh Hkkjr osQ iq.ks ls Hkkjr 
osQ lqnwj nf{k.kh Nksj ukaxqusjh rd yxHkx 1]400 foQyksehVj 
dh nwjh r; djrs gq,] dyS;kj dksfoy osQ taxyksa esa 4 eghus 
ls vfèkd le; rd bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk osQ 
f•ykiQ tksjnkj yM+kbZ yM+hA
;q¼ osQ nkSjku] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk dh 
deku laHkky jgs tujy duZy ,XU;w us ,d vkSj ?kks"k.kk tkjh 
dh ftlesa ns'kHkDrksa dks èkedk;k x;k vkSj ,d dBiqryh 
xkSjh oYyHk Fksoj dks u;k f'koxaxk 'kkld fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 
igyh ckj] Hkkjrh; ;q¼ esa] taxy ;q¼ esa oqQ'ky eysf'k;kbZ 
lSfudksa dk bLrseky fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ fd;k 
x;kA ns'kHkDr ;q¼ gkj x, vkSj mUgsa muosQ çHkko okys {ks=kksa 
esa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj iQkalh ns nh xbZA 
xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo us fiQj ls ,d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh 
ftlesa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh Js’ ;q¼ 'kfDr dk c•ku fd;k 
x;k vkSj turk dks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ 
vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus dh lykg nh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 
esa igys dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh ugha 
dh vkSj mlosQ tokc esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us rhu tokch 
?kks"k.kk,a dhaA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk osQ egRo dks 
le>us osQ fy,] ml ij ,d ljljh ut+j Mkyuk vko';d 
gSA ;gka oqQN va'k fn, x, gSa%
¶tks dksbZ Hkh bls i<+s] og iwjs è;ku ls i<+sA**
tEcw}hi osQ çk;}hi esa jgus okys lHkh czkã.kksa] {kf=k;ksa] 
oS';ksa] 'kwæksa vkSj tkfr ls foHkkftr yksxksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ 
fy, ;g ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
^egkefge vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh us ew•ZrkiwoZd 
;wjksfi;ksa dks dke djus osQ fy, txg ns nh gS] vc os foèkok 
dh rjg jg jgs gSaA ;wjksfi;ksa us vius oknksa dks rksM+dj] èkks•s 
ls gekjs jkT; dks viuk cuk fy;k gS vkSj ;gka osQ fuokfl;ksa 
dks oqQÙks dh rjg le> jgs gSaA os ge ij vfèkdkj trkrs gSaA 
gekjs chp dksbZ ,drk vkSj fe=krk ugha gS vkSj u gh ge bu 
;wjksfi;ksa dh oqQfVyrk dks tkurs gSaA ge u osQoy ,d&nwljs 
osQ fo#¼ gSa] cfYd geus vius jkT;ksa dks iwjh rjg ls ;wjksfi;ksa 
osQ gokys dj fn;k gSA ;gka osQ fuoklh xjhc gks x, gSa vkSj 
gekjs }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk dBksj pkoy •jkc gksdj 
ikuhnkj pkoy cu x;k gSA ;|fi ge d‘ Hkksxrs gSa] fiQj Hkh 
ge viuh n;uh; fLFkfr dks ugha le>rsA
çR;sd vkneh dks fuf'pr :i ls ,d fnu ejuk gh gSA 
ysfdu tc rd lwjt vkSj pkan jgsaxs] mldh dhfrZ ges'kk 
vej jgsxhA blfy, mu lHkh dks NksM+dj osQoy os ftudk 
•wu ;wjksfi;ksa osQ •wu ls nwf"kr ugha gqvk gS] ,d gks tk,aA 
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24 ????? 2024
tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk
1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq 
iafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fo#¼ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhlh dh enn 
ysus ls budkj dj fn;kA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk Dohu osyq ufp;kj osQ vuq;k;h 
Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ dgus ij fdjk, osQ lSfudksa okyh 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj 
nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] =kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 
'kkldksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA 16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us ,d  
?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa lHkh ns'kHkDr ukxfjdksa ls ,dtqV gksdj ;wjksih; 
mifuos'kokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+us dh vihy dh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igys 
dHkh ,slk ugha gqvk fd fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh gks vkSj mlosQ 
tokc esa rhu tokch ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZ gksaA
MkW ,e jktsaæu
lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vkSj rfey miU;kl ^dkykikuh* osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj (2022) ls lEekfurA 
bZesy% dr.mrajendran@gmail.com
24 ????? 2024 25 ????? 2024
twu] 1801 dks nf{k.k Hkkjr dk fo+Qyk 'kgj 
fr#fpjkiYyh vkSj mlosQ tqM+oka 'kgj vkSj  
}hi] 4 fd-eh- nwj] Jhjaxe] ,d gLrfyf•r 
nhokj iksLVj osQ lkFk tkx`r gks mBs] ftlesa lkekU; :i 
ls ;wjksih; yksxksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks 
pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd os tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh; çk;}hi) NksM+ 
nsa] LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lÙkk lkSai nsa ;k ifj.kke Hkqxrus osQ 
fy, rS;kj jgsaA
ogka nks gLrfyf•r iksLVj FksA ,d fr#fpjkiYyh fo+Qys 
dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk Fkk vkSj nwljk Jhjaxe }hi ij 
çfl¼ oS".ko eafnj dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk FkkA blosQ 
ys•d fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj Fks] tks f'koxaxk jkT; osQ okLrfod 
'kkld FksA okLrfod 'kkld osaxbZ isfj;k mn;;ku Fksoj Fks] 
tks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ cM+s HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq ikafM;kj 
osQ nkekn FksA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk jkuh osyq ukfp;kj 
osQ vuq;k;h Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ 
cgdkus ij lSfud bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA 
fo#ik{kh (f'koxaxk ls 100 fd-eh- nwj) osQ igkM+ksa esa 8 lky 
osQ fuokZlu osQ ckn] fo#ik{kh 'kkld xksiky uk;dj vkSj gSnj 
vyh osQ nkekn vkSj fMaMhxqy osQ xouZj dh enn ls jkuh 
ukfp;kj us vkdksZV uokc vkSj muosQ ,tsaV] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh 
osQ tfj, f'koxaxk ij dCt+k dj fy;k vkSj f'koxaxk ij viuk 
'kklu fiQj ls 'kq: fd;kA
muosQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku] nks e#èkq ikafM;kj jkuh osQ djhch 
lg;ksxh cu x, vkSj ea=kh in vkSj lsuk tujy osQ in laHkky 
fy,A 26 fnlacj] 1796 dks] jkuh osyq ukfp;kj dh e`R;q gks 
xbZ] os vius nkekn osaxbZ isfj;k mn;u Fksoj dks f'koxaxk osQ 
'kkld osQ :i esa NksM+ xb±A e#èkq Hkkb;ksa us u, jktk dk 
ekxZn'kZu djuk tkjh j•kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] bl le; rd] 
vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh •ku okyktkg osQ ,tsaV osQ :i 
esa dke djrh Fkh vkSj muosQ }kjk bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ lkFk 
16
o"kZ 1763] 1781] 1785] 1787 vkSj 1792 esa dh xbZ lafèk;ksa 
us vkdksZV uokc dks 'kfDrghu cuk fn;kA o"kZ 1792 esa tc 
okyktkg vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp vafre lafèk ij 
gLrk{kj fd, x,] rks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us igys dh lafèk;ksa 
dks iwjh rjg ls myV fn;k vkSj vkdksZV uokc osQ LFkku ij 
mls 'kkld dk ntkZ ns fn;kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us vkdksZV 
uokc dks ek=k isa'kuHkksxh cuk fn;k vkSj mUgsa njfdukj dj 
fn;kA
tc 16 vDVwcj] 1795 dks uokc okyktkg dh e`R;q gqbZ] 
rks og cgqr nq%•h O;fDr osQ :i esa ejkA mudh e`R;q ls nks 
lky igys] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks irk pyk fd og bZLV 
bafM;k oaQiuh osQ nq'eu Vhiw lqYrku osQ lkFk i=kkpkj dj jgs 
FksA okyktkg dh e`R;q osQ le;] ;g viQokg Fkh fd mUgsa 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tgj nsdj ekj fn;k FkkA 
vxys vkdkZsV uokc] menÙk&my&mejk dks muosQ 
eq[;ky; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k vkSj 1795&1801 o"kks± 
osQ nkSjku fr#fpjkiYyh esa jgus osQ fy, dgk x;kA tc  
16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] 
ml le; 'kfDrghu uokc fr#fpjkiYyh esa chekj Fks vkSj nks 
eghus ckn 15 vxLr] 1801 dks mudh e`R;q gks xbZA mudh 
e`R;q osQ le;] e#èkq caèkq] dyS;kj dksfoy ;q¼ esa bZLV bafM;k 
oaQiuh ls eqdkcyk dj jgs FksA 
mn~?kks"k.kk og gksrh gS tks 'kkld }kjk fdlh egRoiw.kZ 
le; ij dh tkrh gSA 'kkld viuh çtk dks ;q¼ dh 
vko';drk vkSj liQy gksus osQ ykHkksa ls voxr djkrk gSA 
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa] blls igys dHkh fdlh 'kkld }kjk 
mn~?kks"k.kk ugha dh xbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa] osQoy nks voljksa ij 
mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA ,d vesfjdh jkT;ksa }kjk viuh ekr`Hkwfe] 
vFkkZr baXySaM osQ fo#¼] tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk ls 25 lky 
igys dh xbZ mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA nwljh mn~?kks"k.kk Úkalhlh yksxksa  
}kjk vius 'kkld yqbZ lksygosa osQ f•ykiQ] fpÂk e#èkq 
25 ????? 2024 26 ????? 2024
ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls 11 lky igys dh xbZ FkhA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls pkj fnu igys] eækl 
osQ xouZj us fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ ,d ?kks"k.kk dhA ;g 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kHkDrksa] iapkyaoqQfjph 
ÅeSnqjbZ] muosQ HkkbZ lsoFkS;k] fo#ik{kh xksiky uk;dj] jkeukn 
veynkj] txÂkFk vÕ;j vkSj dks;acVwj 'ks• gqlSu osQ fy, 
,d •rjk FkkA fpÂk e#èkq osQ HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq dks xouZj us 
enqjS esa ,d vPNh vkthfodk dh is'kd'k dh Fkh] vxj og 
vius HkkbZ fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj ls vyx gks tk,A ns'kHkDrksa us 
egku jkWcVZ Dykbo osQ csVs xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo }kjk nh xbZ 
lHkh èkefd;ksa dks •kfjt dj fn;kA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq 
osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh]  
=kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 'kkldksa osQ chp 
;q¼ fNM+ x;kA ns'kHkDrksa us if'peh Hkkjr osQ iq.ks ls Hkkjr 
osQ lqnwj nf{k.kh Nksj ukaxqusjh rd yxHkx 1]400 foQyksehVj 
dh nwjh r; djrs gq,] dyS;kj dksfoy osQ taxyksa esa 4 eghus 
ls vfèkd le; rd bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk osQ 
f•ykiQ tksjnkj yM+kbZ yM+hA
;q¼ osQ nkSjku] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk dh 
deku laHkky jgs tujy duZy ,XU;w us ,d vkSj ?kks"k.kk tkjh 
dh ftlesa ns'kHkDrksa dks èkedk;k x;k vkSj ,d dBiqryh 
xkSjh oYyHk Fksoj dks u;k f'koxaxk 'kkld fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 
igyh ckj] Hkkjrh; ;q¼ esa] taxy ;q¼ esa oqQ'ky eysf'k;kbZ 
lSfudksa dk bLrseky fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ fd;k 
x;kA ns'kHkDr ;q¼ gkj x, vkSj mUgsa muosQ çHkko okys {ks=kksa 
esa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj iQkalh ns nh xbZA 
xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo us fiQj ls ,d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh 
ftlesa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh Js’ ;q¼ 'kfDr dk c•ku fd;k 
x;k vkSj turk dks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ 
vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus dh lykg nh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 
esa igys dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh ugha 
dh vkSj mlosQ tokc esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us rhu tokch 
?kks"k.kk,a dhaA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk osQ egRo dks 
le>us osQ fy,] ml ij ,d ljljh ut+j Mkyuk vko';d 
gSA ;gka oqQN va'k fn, x, gSa%
¶tks dksbZ Hkh bls i<+s] og iwjs è;ku ls i<+sA**
tEcw}hi osQ çk;}hi esa jgus okys lHkh czkã.kksa] {kf=k;ksa] 
oS';ksa] 'kwæksa vkSj tkfr ls foHkkftr yksxksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ 
fy, ;g ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
^egkefge vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh us ew•ZrkiwoZd 
;wjksfi;ksa dks dke djus osQ fy, txg ns nh gS] vc os foèkok 
dh rjg jg jgs gSaA ;wjksfi;ksa us vius oknksa dks rksM+dj] èkks•s 
ls gekjs jkT; dks viuk cuk fy;k gS vkSj ;gka osQ fuokfl;ksa 
dks oqQÙks dh rjg le> jgs gSaA os ge ij vfèkdkj trkrs gSaA 
gekjs chp dksbZ ,drk vkSj fe=krk ugha gS vkSj u gh ge bu 
;wjksfi;ksa dh oqQfVyrk dks tkurs gSaA ge u osQoy ,d&nwljs 
osQ fo#¼ gSa] cfYd geus vius jkT;ksa dks iwjh rjg ls ;wjksfi;ksa 
osQ gokys dj fn;k gSA ;gka osQ fuoklh xjhc gks x, gSa vkSj 
gekjs }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk dBksj pkoy •jkc gksdj 
ikuhnkj pkoy cu x;k gSA ;|fi ge d‘ Hkksxrs gSa] fiQj Hkh 
ge viuh n;uh; fLFkfr dks ugha le>rsA
çR;sd vkneh dks fuf'pr :i ls ,d fnu ejuk gh gSA 
ysfdu tc rd lwjt vkSj pkan jgsaxs] mldh dhfrZ ges'kk 
vej jgsxhA blfy, mu lHkh dks NksM+dj osQoy os ftudk 
•wu ;wjksfi;ksa osQ •wu ls nwf"kr ugha gqvk gS] ,d gks tk,aA 
27 ????? 2024
;g ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS fd Hkfo"; esa gj ,d dks vius 
oa'kkuqxr vfèkdkj feysaxsA egkefge uokc vkdksZV lqHkk] enqjk 
osQ fot;k jkeukFk fr#ekyk uk;d vkSj ratkSj ejkBk jktkvksa 
dks mudh oSèk laçHkqrk okil feyuh pkfg,A ;wjksfi;ksa dks •qn 
dks osQoy vkfJr lsok rd gh lhfer j•uk pkfg,A pwafd 
;wjksfi;ksa dk vfèkdkj tYn gh u‘ gks tk,xk] blfy, gesa 
fcuk vkalw cgk, fujarj •q'kh feysxhA 
tks dksbZ Hkh bls nhokj ls gVkrk gS] tgka ;g fpidk gqvk 
gS] mls ikap lcls cM+s ikiksa dk nks"kh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A lHkh 
yksx bl ?kks"k.kki=k dks i<+sa vkSj bldh ,d çfr ysaA¸
18oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr dks ,d jkԻ osQ :i esa ugha tkuk 
tkrk FkkA ml le; Hkkjr esa cekZ] ckaXykns'k] ikfdLrku] 
Jhyadk vkSj viQxkfuLrku osQ oqQN fgLls 'kkfey FksA fpÂk 
e#èkq ikafM;kj us viuh mn~?kks"k.kk esa tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh;  
çk;}hi) esa jgus okys lHkh yksxksa ls vkàku fd;kA mu fnuksa 
,d etcwr rfey ijaijk Fkh fd esjB osQ ikl gfLrukiqje 
fganqvksa dk eq[;ky; FkkA gfLrukiqje us fouk'k ns•k vkSj ckn 
esa tSu èkeZ dk eq[;ky; cu x;kA gfLrukiqje esa dbZ tSu eB 
LFkkfir fd, x,A blfy, fganqvksa us viuh iwtk gfLrukiqje 
ls tEcw}hi xkao esa LFkkukarfjr dj nh] tks gfLrukiqje ls fliQZ 
4 fd-eh- nwj gSA fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us Hkys gh tEcw}hi dh 
;k=kk ugha dh gks ysfdu muosQ ikl bl LFkku osQ fo"k; esa 
HkkSxksfyd vkSj èkkfeZd Kku FkkA 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ vaxzstksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ esa jS;r] 
vke yksx] xkao osQ eqf•;k] veynkj vkSj NksVh fj;klrksa osQ 
'kkldksa dh LoSfPNd Hkkxhnkjh 'kkfey FkhA ;q¼ fpÂk e#èkq 
ikafM;kj dh ,dy deku osQ rgr yM+k x;k FkkA iq.ks ls ysdj 
Hkkjr osQ lcls nf{k.kh Nksj ij ukaxqusjh rd osQ yksxksa us yxHkx 
1400 foQyksehVj dh nwjh r; djosQ 1801 osQ ;q¼ esa Hkkx 
fy;kA fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dh gkj osQ ckn] 543 ns'kHkDrksa dks 
fFk#IiFkqj fo+Qys esa iQkalh nh xbZ vkSj 73 yksxksa dks eysf'k;k 
osQ isukax }hi ij fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjr esa] ;g fdlh 
fons'kh ns'k esa jktuhfrd o+SQfn;ksa dk igyk fuokZlu FkkA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dks ;g Hkh irk Fkk fd Hkkjr osQ 
rRdkyhu 'kkld vFkkZr fczfV'k] Mp] iqrZxkyh vkSj Úkalhlh] 
lHkh dks ;wjksih; yksxksa osQ :i esa ,d gh Js.kh esa j•k tk ldrk 
gSA 1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk 
osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ 
f•ykiQ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhfl;ksa dh enn ysus ls budkj 
dj fn;k] D;ksafd og gj ;wjksih; dks cqjk ekurs FksA bl rjg] 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj vius le; ls cgqr vkxs FksA mUgksaus tks 
oqQN Hkh ?kks"k.kk esa crk;k] og rc liQy ugha gqvkA 56 lky 
ckn] ;g flikgh foæksg osQ ekè;e ls lkdkj gqvkA fnypLi 
ckr ;g gS fd foæksg dh 'kq#vkr esjB tEcw}hi ls gqbZ FkhA ?
isfj;k e#/q ikafM;kj vkSj fpUuk e#/q ikafM;kj
Page 5


24 ????? 2024
tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk
1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq 
iafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fo#¼ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhlh dh enn 
ysus ls budkj dj fn;kA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk Dohu osyq ufp;kj osQ vuq;k;h 
Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ dgus ij fdjk, osQ lSfudksa okyh 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj 
nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] =kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 
'kkldksa osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA 16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us ,d  
?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa lHkh ns'kHkDr ukxfjdksa ls ,dtqV gksdj ;wjksih; 
mifuos'kokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+us dh vihy dh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igys 
dHkh ,slk ugha gqvk fd fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh gks vkSj mlosQ 
tokc esa rhu tokch ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZ gksaA
MkW ,e jktsaæu
lsokfuo`Ùk vkbZ,,l vfèkdkjh vkSj rfey miU;kl ^dkykikuh* osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj (2022) ls lEekfurA 
bZesy% dr.mrajendran@gmail.com
24 ????? 2024 25 ????? 2024
twu] 1801 dks nf{k.k Hkkjr dk fo+Qyk 'kgj 
fr#fpjkiYyh vkSj mlosQ tqM+oka 'kgj vkSj  
}hi] 4 fd-eh- nwj] Jhjaxe] ,d gLrfyf•r 
nhokj iksLVj osQ lkFk tkx`r gks mBs] ftlesa lkekU; :i 
ls ;wjksih; yksxksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks 
pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd os tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh; çk;}hi) NksM+ 
nsa] LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lÙkk lkSai nsa ;k ifj.kke Hkqxrus osQ 
fy, rS;kj jgsaA
ogka nks gLrfyf•r iksLVj FksA ,d fr#fpjkiYyh fo+Qys 
dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk Fkk vkSj nwljk Jhjaxe }hi ij 
çfl¼ oS".ko eafnj dh nhokj ij fpidk gqvk FkkA blosQ 
ys•d fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj Fks] tks f'koxaxk jkT; osQ okLrfod 
'kkld FksA okLrfod 'kkld osaxbZ isfj;k mn;;ku Fksoj Fks] 
tks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ cM+s HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq ikafM;kj 
osQ nkekn FksA nksuksa e#èkq HkkbZ f'koxaxk jkuh osyq ukfp;kj 
osQ vuq;k;h Fks] ftUgsa 25 twu] 1772 dks vkdksZV uokc osQ 
cgdkus ij lSfud bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us inP;qr dj fn;k FkkA 
fo#ik{kh (f'koxaxk ls 100 fd-eh- nwj) osQ igkM+ksa esa 8 lky 
osQ fuokZlu osQ ckn] fo#ik{kh 'kkld xksiky uk;dj vkSj gSnj 
vyh osQ nkekn vkSj fMaMhxqy osQ xouZj dh enn ls jkuh 
ukfp;kj us vkdksZV uokc vkSj muosQ ,tsaV] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh 
osQ tfj, f'koxaxk ij dCt+k dj fy;k vkSj f'koxaxk ij viuk 
'kklu fiQj ls 'kq: fd;kA
muosQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku] nks e#èkq ikafM;kj jkuh osQ djhch 
lg;ksxh cu x, vkSj ea=kh in vkSj lsuk tujy osQ in laHkky 
fy,A 26 fnlacj] 1796 dks] jkuh osyq ukfp;kj dh e`R;q gks 
xbZ] os vius nkekn osaxbZ isfj;k mn;u Fksoj dks f'koxaxk osQ 
'kkld osQ :i esa NksM+ xb±A e#èkq Hkkb;ksa us u, jktk dk 
ekxZn'kZu djuk tkjh j•kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh] bl le; rd] 
vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh •ku okyktkg osQ ,tsaV osQ :i 
esa dke djrh Fkh vkSj muosQ }kjk bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ lkFk 
16
o"kZ 1763] 1781] 1785] 1787 vkSj 1792 esa dh xbZ lafèk;ksa 
us vkdksZV uokc dks 'kfDrghu cuk fn;kA o"kZ 1792 esa tc 
okyktkg vkSj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ chp vafre lafèk ij 
gLrk{kj fd, x,] rks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us igys dh lafèk;ksa 
dks iwjh rjg ls myV fn;k vkSj vkdksZV uokc osQ LFkku ij 
mls 'kkld dk ntkZ ns fn;kA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us vkdksZV 
uokc dks ek=k isa'kuHkksxh cuk fn;k vkSj mUgsa njfdukj dj 
fn;kA
tc 16 vDVwcj] 1795 dks uokc okyktkg dh e`R;q gqbZ] 
rks og cgqr nq%•h O;fDr osQ :i esa ejkA mudh e`R;q ls nks 
lky igys] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks irk pyk fd og bZLV 
bafM;k oaQiuh osQ nq'eu Vhiw lqYrku osQ lkFk i=kkpkj dj jgs 
FksA okyktkg dh e`R;q osQ le;] ;g viQokg Fkh fd mUgsa 
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us tgj nsdj ekj fn;k FkkA 
vxys vkdkZsV uokc] menÙk&my&mejk dks muosQ 
eq[;ky; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k vkSj 1795&1801 o"kks± 
osQ nkSjku fr#fpjkiYyh esa jgus osQ fy, dgk x;kA tc  
16 twu] 1801 dks fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] 
ml le; 'kfDrghu uokc fr#fpjkiYyh esa chekj Fks vkSj nks 
eghus ckn 15 vxLr] 1801 dks mudh e`R;q gks xbZA mudh 
e`R;q osQ le;] e#èkq caèkq] dyS;kj dksfoy ;q¼ esa bZLV bafM;k 
oaQiuh ls eqdkcyk dj jgs FksA 
mn~?kks"k.kk og gksrh gS tks 'kkld }kjk fdlh egRoiw.kZ 
le; ij dh tkrh gSA 'kkld viuh çtk dks ;q¼ dh 
vko';drk vkSj liQy gksus osQ ykHkksa ls voxr djkrk gSA 
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa] blls igys dHkh fdlh 'kkld }kjk 
mn~?kks"k.kk ugha dh xbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa] osQoy nks voljksa ij 
mn~?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA ,d vesfjdh jkT;ksa }kjk viuh ekr`Hkwfe] 
vFkkZr baXySaM osQ fo#¼] tEcw}hi mn~?kks"k.kk ls 25 lky 
igys dh xbZ mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA nwljh mn~?kks"k.kk Úkalhlh yksxksa  
}kjk vius 'kkld yqbZ lksygosa osQ f•ykiQ] fpÂk e#èkq 
25 ????? 2024 26 ????? 2024
ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls 11 lky igys dh xbZ FkhA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dh ?kks"k.kk ls pkj fnu igys] eækl 
osQ xouZj us fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ ,d ?kks"k.kk dhA ;g 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kHkDrksa] iapkyaoqQfjph 
ÅeSnqjbZ] muosQ HkkbZ lsoFkS;k] fo#ik{kh xksiky uk;dj] jkeukn 
veynkj] txÂkFk vÕ;j vkSj dks;acVwj 'ks• gqlSu osQ fy, 
,d •rjk FkkA fpÂk e#èkq osQ HkkbZ isfj;k e#èkq dks xouZj us 
enqjS esa ,d vPNh vkthfodk dh is'kd'k dh Fkh] vxj og 
vius HkkbZ fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj ls vyx gks tk,A ns'kHkDrksa us 
egku jkWcVZ Dykbo osQ csVs xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo }kjk nh xbZ 
lHkh èkefd;ksa dks •kfjt dj fn;kA ,d rjiQ fpÂk e#èkq 
osQ lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj nwljh rjiQ fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh]  
=kko.kdksj] iqnqdksV~VbZ vkSj ,V~Vk;iqje osQ 'kkldksa osQ chp 
;q¼ fNM+ x;kA ns'kHkDrksa us if'peh Hkkjr osQ iq.ks ls Hkkjr 
osQ lqnwj nf{k.kh Nksj ukaxqusjh rd yxHkx 1]400 foQyksehVj 
dh nwjh r; djrs gq,] dyS;kj dksfoy osQ taxyksa esa 4 eghus 
ls vfèkd le; rd bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk osQ 
f•ykiQ tksjnkj yM+kbZ yM+hA
;q¼ osQ nkSjku] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh la;qDr lsuk dh 
deku laHkky jgs tujy duZy ,XU;w us ,d vkSj ?kks"k.kk tkjh 
dh ftlesa ns'kHkDrksa dks èkedk;k x;k vkSj ,d dBiqryh 
xkSjh oYyHk Fksoj dks u;k f'koxaxk 'kkld fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 
igyh ckj] Hkkjrh; ;q¼ esa] taxy ;q¼ esa oqQ'ky eysf'k;kbZ 
lSfudksa dk bLrseky fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ fo#¼ fd;k 
x;kA ns'kHkDr ;q¼ gkj x, vkSj mUgsa muosQ çHkko okys {ks=kksa 
esa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj iQkalh ns nh xbZA 
xouZj ,MoMZ Dykbo us fiQj ls ,d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh 
ftlesa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh Js’ ;q¼ 'kfDr dk c•ku fd;k 
x;k vkSj turk dks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ 
vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus dh lykg nh xbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 
esa igys dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkkjrh; 'kkld us ?kks"k.kk tkjh ugha 
dh vkSj mlosQ tokc esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us rhu tokch 
?kks"k.kk,a dhaA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk osQ egRo dks 
le>us osQ fy,] ml ij ,d ljljh ut+j Mkyuk vko';d 
gSA ;gka oqQN va'k fn, x, gSa%
¶tks dksbZ Hkh bls i<+s] og iwjs è;ku ls i<+sA**
tEcw}hi osQ çk;}hi esa jgus okys lHkh czkã.kksa] {kf=k;ksa] 
oS';ksa] 'kwæksa vkSj tkfr ls foHkkftr yksxksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ 
fy, ;g ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
^egkefge vkdksZV uokc eksgEen vyh us ew•ZrkiwoZd 
;wjksfi;ksa dks dke djus osQ fy, txg ns nh gS] vc os foèkok 
dh rjg jg jgs gSaA ;wjksfi;ksa us vius oknksa dks rksM+dj] èkks•s 
ls gekjs jkT; dks viuk cuk fy;k gS vkSj ;gka osQ fuokfl;ksa 
dks oqQÙks dh rjg le> jgs gSaA os ge ij vfèkdkj trkrs gSaA 
gekjs chp dksbZ ,drk vkSj fe=krk ugha gS vkSj u gh ge bu 
;wjksfi;ksa dh oqQfVyrk dks tkurs gSaA ge u osQoy ,d&nwljs 
osQ fo#¼ gSa] cfYd geus vius jkT;ksa dks iwjh rjg ls ;wjksfi;ksa 
osQ gokys dj fn;k gSA ;gka osQ fuoklh xjhc gks x, gSa vkSj 
gekjs }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk dBksj pkoy •jkc gksdj 
ikuhnkj pkoy cu x;k gSA ;|fi ge d‘ Hkksxrs gSa] fiQj Hkh 
ge viuh n;uh; fLFkfr dks ugha le>rsA
çR;sd vkneh dks fuf'pr :i ls ,d fnu ejuk gh gSA 
ysfdu tc rd lwjt vkSj pkan jgsaxs] mldh dhfrZ ges'kk 
vej jgsxhA blfy, mu lHkh dks NksM+dj osQoy os ftudk 
•wu ;wjksfi;ksa osQ •wu ls nwf"kr ugha gqvk gS] ,d gks tk,aA 
27 ????? 2024
;g ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS fd Hkfo"; esa gj ,d dks vius 
oa'kkuqxr vfèkdkj feysaxsA egkefge uokc vkdksZV lqHkk] enqjk 
osQ fot;k jkeukFk fr#ekyk uk;d vkSj ratkSj ejkBk jktkvksa 
dks mudh oSèk laçHkqrk okil feyuh pkfg,A ;wjksfi;ksa dks •qn 
dks osQoy vkfJr lsok rd gh lhfer j•uk pkfg,A pwafd 
;wjksfi;ksa dk vfèkdkj tYn gh u‘ gks tk,xk] blfy, gesa 
fcuk vkalw cgk, fujarj •q'kh feysxhA 
tks dksbZ Hkh bls nhokj ls gVkrk gS] tgka ;g fpidk gqvk 
gS] mls ikap lcls cM+s ikiksa dk nks"kh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A lHkh 
yksx bl ?kks"k.kki=k dks i<+sa vkSj bldh ,d çfr ysaA¸
18oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr dks ,d jkԻ osQ :i esa ugha tkuk 
tkrk FkkA ml le; Hkkjr esa cekZ] ckaXykns'k] ikfdLrku] 
Jhyadk vkSj viQxkfuLrku osQ oqQN fgLls 'kkfey FksA fpÂk 
e#èkq ikafM;kj us viuh mn~?kks"k.kk esa tEcw}hi (Hkkjrh;  
çk;}hi) esa jgus okys lHkh yksxksa ls vkàku fd;kA mu fnuksa 
,d etcwr rfey ijaijk Fkh fd esjB osQ ikl gfLrukiqje 
fganqvksa dk eq[;ky; FkkA gfLrukiqje us fouk'k ns•k vkSj ckn 
esa tSu èkeZ dk eq[;ky; cu x;kA gfLrukiqje esa dbZ tSu eB 
LFkkfir fd, x,A blfy, fganqvksa us viuh iwtk gfLrukiqje 
ls tEcw}hi xkao esa LFkkukarfjr dj nh] tks gfLrukiqje ls fliQZ 
4 fd-eh- nwj gSA fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us Hkys gh tEcw}hi dh 
;k=kk ugha dh gks ysfdu muosQ ikl bl LFkku osQ fo"k; esa 
HkkSxksfyd vkSj èkkfeZd Kku FkkA 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj osQ vaxzstksa osQ fo#¼ ;q¼ esa jS;r] 
vke yksx] xkao osQ eqf•;k] veynkj vkSj NksVh fj;klrksa osQ 
'kkldksa dh LoSfPNd Hkkxhnkjh 'kkfey FkhA ;q¼ fpÂk e#èkq 
ikafM;kj dh ,dy deku osQ rgr yM+k x;k FkkA iq.ks ls ysdj 
Hkkjr osQ lcls nf{k.kh Nksj ij ukaxqusjh rd osQ yksxksa us yxHkx 
1400 foQyksehVj dh nwjh r; djosQ 1801 osQ ;q¼ esa Hkkx 
fy;kA fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dh gkj osQ ckn] 543 ns'kHkDrksa dks 
fFk#IiFkqj fo+Qys esa iQkalh nh xbZ vkSj 73 yksxksa dks eysf'k;k 
osQ isukax }hi ij fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjr esa] ;g fdlh 
fons'kh ns'k esa jktuhfrd o+SQfn;ksa dk igyk fuokZlu FkkA
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj dks ;g Hkh irk Fkk fd Hkkjr osQ 
rRdkyhu 'kkld vFkkZr fczfV'k] Mp] iqrZxkyh vkSj Úkalhlh] 
lHkh dks ;wjksih; yksxksa osQ :i esa ,d gh Js.kh esa j•k tk ldrk 
gSA 1801 osQ ;q¼ osQ le;] Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dh lkekU; çFkk 
osQ foijhr] fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj us fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ 
f•ykiQ iqrZxkyh] Mp vkSj Úkalhfl;ksa dh enn ysus ls budkj 
dj fn;k] D;ksafd og gj ;wjksih; dks cqjk ekurs FksA bl rjg] 
fpÂk e#èkq ikafM;kj vius le; ls cgqr vkxs FksA mUgksaus tks 
oqQN Hkh ?kks"k.kk esa crk;k] og rc liQy ugha gqvkA 56 lky 
ckn] ;g flikgh foæksg osQ ekè;e ls lkdkj gqvkA fnypLi 
ckr ;g gS fd foæksg dh 'kq#vkr esjB tEcw}hi ls gqbZ FkhA ?
isfj;k e#/q ikafM;kj vkSj fpUuk e#/q ikafM;kj
29 ????? 2024
jy 'kq: ls gh ,d Lora=k HkkSxksfyd vkSj 
jktuhfrd bdkbZ jgk gS] blfy, Lora=krk laxzke 
esa mldh ,d vyx igpku gSA 18oha lnh 
osQ var vkSj 19oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa osQjy osQ rhu {ks=kksa] 
ekykckj] dksphu (ftls vc dksfPp osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk 
gS) vkSj =kko.kdksj esa fczfV'k 'kklu osQ f•ykiQ foæksg gq, FksA 
ekykckj esa foæksg dk usr`Ro LFkkuh; jktoqQekj osQjy oekZ 
i"k+f''k jktk us fd;k Fkk] tcfd dksphu esa foæksg dk usr`Ro 
dksphu jkT; osQ çèkkuea=kh ify;kFk vpu us fd;k Fkk vkSj 
=kko.kdksj esa jkT; osQ çèkkuea=kh osyqFkEih nyok usA vaxzstksa us 
bu lHkh foæksgksa dks fgald rjhosQ ls nck fn;kA
1885 esa Hkkjrh; jkԻh; dkaxzsl osQ xBu osQ lkFk gh osQjy 
osQ yksxksa us jk‘ªh; vkanksyu esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysuk 'kq: 
dj fn;kA eækl LVSaMMZ osQ laiknd th ih fiYybZ] =kko.kdksj 
jkT; esa ukxfjd vfèkdkj vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djus okys osQjy 
osQ igys usrk FksA 
osQjy dk Lora=krk vkanksyu yksxksa] •kldj fganw vkcknh 
osQ fupys rcosQ osQ yksxksa osQ chp yacs le; ls pyh vk 
jgh vkdka{kk ls mitk FkkA yksx vlekurk vkSj lkekftd 
osQ
vftr osfUu;wj
ofj’ i=kdkj] ys•d vkSj jktHkou] dksydkrk esa lapkj çeq•A 
bZesy% communication.wbrajbhavan@gmail.com
vU;k; dk eqdkcyk 
djuk pkgrs FksA os 
vrhr esa jkt?kjkuksa vkSj 
lgÏkfCn;ksa }kjk LFkkfir 
neudkjh tkfr O;oLFkk 
vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa ls 
eqfDr pkgrs FksA
bl v'kkar okrkoj.k 
le; osQ nkSjku] egkRek 
xkaèkh us osQjy dh ikap 
;k=kk,a dha] vkSj çR;sd 
;k=kk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i 
rhuksa çkarksa& =kko.kdksj] dksfPp vkSj ekykckj & osQ fofHk oxks± 
osQ yksxksa] ftUgsa rRdkyhu çpfyr tkfr O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k 
vyx j•k x;k Fkk] dks ,dtqV djosQ lekt esa egRoiw.kZ 
ifjorZu gq,A
dbZ {ks=kh; vkanksyu vkSj la?k"kZ fodflr gq, vkSj bu 
vkanksyuksa ls oqQN f'kf{kr vkSj oqQyhu O;fDr mHkjs tks ckn 
esa jkԻh; vkanksyu osQ usrk cu x,A th-ih- fiYybZ] lj lh- 
ds dsyIiu% ,d lefiZr Lora=krk lsukuh 
vkSj ,d l'kDr lekt lqèkkjd
osQ osQyIiu (1889&1971)] ftUgsa ^osQjy xkaèkh* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ,d çeq• 
Lora=krk lsukuh] xkaèkhoknh lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ] lkaln] ç'kkld] lektoknh fopkjd] 
f'k{kkfon~] laiknd vkSj lekt lqèkkjd FksA os lekt lqèkkj vkSj lekurk osQ çcy leFkZd 
FksA Lora=krk] lekt lqèkkj vkSj lekurk dh yM+kbZ esa muosQ vFkd ç;klksa us osQjy osQ 
bfrgkl vkSj O;kid Hkkjrh; vk[;ku ij ,d vfeV Nki NksM+hA os osQjy ls egkRek 
xkaèkh osQ O;fDrxr lR;kxzg vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus okys igys lR;kxzgh FksA Hkkjr NksM+ks 
vkanksyu lfgr eqfDr laxzke osQ nkSjku mUgsa dbZ ckj tsy tkuk iM+kA osQyIiu] ,d vU; 
lqçfl¼ lekt lqèkkjd eÂr iÁukHku osQ ekxZn'kZu esa 1914 esa LFkkfir uk;j lHkk] ftls 
ckn esa uk;j lfoZl lkslkbVh (,u,l,l) osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk] osQ lg&laLFkkid 
vkSj igys vè;{k FksA osQyIiu us dHkh Hkh lÙkk ;k in dh vkdka{kk ugha dhA mudk iwjk 
thou jk‘ª osQ çfr fuLokFkZ lsok dh xkFkk FkhA