Kurukshetra Magazine October 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 2


NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
1
TOPIC  1:  THE ROLE OF 
TRADITIONAL AND INDIGENOUS 
KNOWLEDGE IN COMBATING 
MALNUTRITION IN RURAL INDIA
Introduction Introduction
• Malnutrition remains a critical public health 
issue in rural India, where many face food 
insecurity, limited healthcare access, and 
inadequate nutrition.
•	Despite modernization, traditional and 
indigenous knowledge can be key in tackling 
malnutrition. This knowledge, passed through 
generations, is deeply tied to local culture, 
environment, and food practices that have 
supported rural communities for centuries.
Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition
a. Balanced Nutritional Intake
•	 Traditional diets in rural India include locally 
sourced foods like millets, pulses, vegetables, 
fruits, and herbs, rich in essential nutrients.
•	 These diets ensure a balanced intake of 
vitamins, minerals, proteins, and dietary 
fiber , addressing both macronutrient and 
micronutrient deficiencies.
• Example: In Karnataka and Maharashtra, the 
consumption of Ragi (finger millet) and Jowar 
(sorghum) is common. These grains are rich 
in calcium, iron, and dietary fiber , vital for 
fighting malnutrition in children and women.
b. Health Benefits of Indigenous Foods
•	 Indigenous foods, such as leafy greens and 
wild edibles, are often rich in micronutrients 
like iron, vitamin A, and calcium.
• Example: In Odisha, tribal communities 
consume white leafy greens like amaranth 
and drumstick leaves, which are high in 
iron and help reduce anemia, a widespread 
problem in rural areas.
Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural 
Practices Practices
a. Resilient Farming Techniques
•	 Traditional practices such as crop rotation, 
intercropping, and organic farming help 
ensure soil fertility, biodiversity, and a stable 
supply of nutritious food.
• Example: In the tribal regions of Madhya 
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, mixed cropping 
and agroforestry systems provide diverse 
crops and protect against crop failure, 
ensuring food availability throughout the 
year.
b. Promotion of Indigenous Crops
•	 Indigenous crops like millets and pulses 
are drought-resistant and require fewer 
inputs, making them ideal for cultivation 
in arid regions.
• Example: In Rajasthan, Bajra (pearl 
millet) is a staple, thriving in dry climates. 
It is rich in iron and dietary fiber and 
plays a crucial role in local diets, especially 
during droughts.
Cultural Relevance and Acceptance Cultural Relevance and Acceptance
a. Integration with Local Traditions
•	 Traditional food practices are deeply linked 
to local customs, festivals, and religious 
rituals, ensuring their wide acceptance and 
easy integration into daily life, improving 
nutrition.
• Example: In Kerala, the use of turmeric and 
ginger in cooking is part of cultural heritage, 
known for their anti-inflammatory and 
immune-boosting properties.
b. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
•	 Traditional diets help preserve indigenous 
knowledge, including food preparation 
and preservation methods that maximize 
nutritional value.
• Example: In the Northeastern states, 
fermenting bamboo shoots and fish 
improves their nutritional profile and 
promotes gut health.
Adaptability to Local Environments Adaptability to Local Environments
a. Climate-Resilient Food Systems
•	 Indigenous knowledge includes strategies like 
drought-resistant crops, water conservation, 
and organic fertilizers to maintain food 
production despite climate change. 
Example: In Gujarat, traditional stepwells 
Page 3


NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
1
TOPIC  1:  THE ROLE OF 
TRADITIONAL AND INDIGENOUS 
KNOWLEDGE IN COMBATING 
MALNUTRITION IN RURAL INDIA
Introduction Introduction
• Malnutrition remains a critical public health 
issue in rural India, where many face food 
insecurity, limited healthcare access, and 
inadequate nutrition.
•	Despite modernization, traditional and 
indigenous knowledge can be key in tackling 
malnutrition. This knowledge, passed through 
generations, is deeply tied to local culture, 
environment, and food practices that have 
supported rural communities for centuries.
Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition
a. Balanced Nutritional Intake
•	 Traditional diets in rural India include locally 
sourced foods like millets, pulses, vegetables, 
fruits, and herbs, rich in essential nutrients.
•	 These diets ensure a balanced intake of 
vitamins, minerals, proteins, and dietary 
fiber , addressing both macronutrient and 
micronutrient deficiencies.
• Example: In Karnataka and Maharashtra, the 
consumption of Ragi (finger millet) and Jowar 
(sorghum) is common. These grains are rich 
in calcium, iron, and dietary fiber , vital for 
fighting malnutrition in children and women.
b. Health Benefits of Indigenous Foods
•	 Indigenous foods, such as leafy greens and 
wild edibles, are often rich in micronutrients 
like iron, vitamin A, and calcium.
• Example: In Odisha, tribal communities 
consume white leafy greens like amaranth 
and drumstick leaves, which are high in 
iron and help reduce anemia, a widespread 
problem in rural areas.
Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural 
Practices Practices
a. Resilient Farming Techniques
•	 Traditional practices such as crop rotation, 
intercropping, and organic farming help 
ensure soil fertility, biodiversity, and a stable 
supply of nutritious food.
• Example: In the tribal regions of Madhya 
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, mixed cropping 
and agroforestry systems provide diverse 
crops and protect against crop failure, 
ensuring food availability throughout the 
year.
b. Promotion of Indigenous Crops
•	 Indigenous crops like millets and pulses 
are drought-resistant and require fewer 
inputs, making them ideal for cultivation 
in arid regions.
• Example: In Rajasthan, Bajra (pearl 
millet) is a staple, thriving in dry climates. 
It is rich in iron and dietary fiber and 
plays a crucial role in local diets, especially 
during droughts.
Cultural Relevance and Acceptance Cultural Relevance and Acceptance
a. Integration with Local Traditions
•	 Traditional food practices are deeply linked 
to local customs, festivals, and religious 
rituals, ensuring their wide acceptance and 
easy integration into daily life, improving 
nutrition.
• Example: In Kerala, the use of turmeric and 
ginger in cooking is part of cultural heritage, 
known for their anti-inflammatory and 
immune-boosting properties.
b. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
•	 Traditional diets help preserve indigenous 
knowledge, including food preparation 
and preservation methods that maximize 
nutritional value.
• Example: In the Northeastern states, 
fermenting bamboo shoots and fish 
improves their nutritional profile and 
promotes gut health.
Adaptability to Local Environments Adaptability to Local Environments
a. Climate-Resilient Food Systems
•	 Indigenous knowledge includes strategies like 
drought-resistant crops, water conservation, 
and organic fertilizers to maintain food 
production despite climate change. 
Example: In Gujarat, traditional stepwells 
NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
2
and rainwater harvesting support agriculture 
in arid conditions.
b. Utilization of Wild Foods
•	 Rural communities often rely on wild foods 
like fruits, nuts, and tubers, rich in nutrients 
and crucial during food shortages.
• Example: In Jharkhand, tribal communities 
gather wild mushrooms, berries, and tubers, 
providing essential nutrients during lean 
seasons.
Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental 
Stewardship Stewardship
a. Conservation of Biodiversity
•	 Traditional farming promotes biodiversity, 
crucial for food security. By cultivating 
a variety of crops and using seed-saving 
methods, rural communities conserve genetic 
diversity .
• Example: In Tamil Nadu, saving and 
exchanging indigenous rice strains helps 
maintain agricultural biodiversity, with 
varieties more nutritious and better adapted 
to local conditions.
b. Low Environmental Impact
•	 Indigenous agricultural practices rely on 
organic inputs, avoiding chemical fertilizers 
and pesticides, and prioritize soil health, 
promoting sustainable food production.
• Example: In the Sikkim Himalayas, shifting 
cultivation (Jhum) is managed to allow land 
regeneration, maintaining soil fertility.
Health Benefi ts and Disease Prevention Health Benefits and Disease Prevention
a. Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Foods
•	 Many traditional foods have medicinal 
properties, helping manage chronic diseases.
• Example: In Andhra Pradesh , tamarind is 
used in cooking for its antioxidants, aiding 
digestion and managing blood sugar levels.
b. Traditional Dietary Practices and Gut Health
•	 Fermented foods in traditional diets support 
gut health, crucial for nutrient absorption 
and immunity.
• Example: In Nagaland, fermented soybean 
(axone) is rich in protein and probiotics, 
enhancing gut health.
Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition
a.  W omen as Custodians of T raditional Knowledge
•	 In many rural communities, women are the 
primary keepers of traditional knowledge 
related to food production, preparation, and 
preservation.
• Example: In Rajasthan, women manage 
traditional kitchens, and kitchen garden 
initiatives have improved family nutrition.
b. Role in Maternal and Child Health
•	 Traditional knowledge is vital in maternal 
and child health, addressing nutritional 
needs during pregnancy, lactation, and early 
childhood.
• Example: In Uttar Pradesh, postpartum diets 
include sesame seeds, jaggery, and ghee, 
believed to aid recovery and lactation.
Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge 
Sharing Sharing
a.  Revival of Traditional Foods through 
Community Efforts
•	Community-led initiatives are reviving 
traditional food practices, especially in areas 
where they were neglected.
• Example: In Odisha, efforts to revive millets 
like kodo and kutki have improved child 
nutrition.
b. Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
•	 Traditional knowledge is shared through 
community networks, festivals, and social 
gatherings, ensuring its transmission to 
younger generations.
• Example: Festivals like Bihu in Assam and 
Chapchar Kut in Mizoram serve as platforms 
for sharing agricultural and food knowledge.
Integration with Modern Nutritional Integration with Modern Nutritional 
Interventions Interventions
a.  Complementary Role in Government 
Programs
•	 Traditional knowledge complements modern 
nutritional programs by offering culturally 
appropriate and locally sourced solutions to 
malnutrition.
• Example: In Karnataka, traditional foods 
like millet are integrated into midday meal 
programs, improving children’s nutrition.
Page 4


NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
1
TOPIC  1:  THE ROLE OF 
TRADITIONAL AND INDIGENOUS 
KNOWLEDGE IN COMBATING 
MALNUTRITION IN RURAL INDIA
Introduction Introduction
• Malnutrition remains a critical public health 
issue in rural India, where many face food 
insecurity, limited healthcare access, and 
inadequate nutrition.
•	Despite modernization, traditional and 
indigenous knowledge can be key in tackling 
malnutrition. This knowledge, passed through 
generations, is deeply tied to local culture, 
environment, and food practices that have 
supported rural communities for centuries.
Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition
a. Balanced Nutritional Intake
•	 Traditional diets in rural India include locally 
sourced foods like millets, pulses, vegetables, 
fruits, and herbs, rich in essential nutrients.
•	 These diets ensure a balanced intake of 
vitamins, minerals, proteins, and dietary 
fiber , addressing both macronutrient and 
micronutrient deficiencies.
• Example: In Karnataka and Maharashtra, the 
consumption of Ragi (finger millet) and Jowar 
(sorghum) is common. These grains are rich 
in calcium, iron, and dietary fiber , vital for 
fighting malnutrition in children and women.
b. Health Benefits of Indigenous Foods
•	 Indigenous foods, such as leafy greens and 
wild edibles, are often rich in micronutrients 
like iron, vitamin A, and calcium.
• Example: In Odisha, tribal communities 
consume white leafy greens like amaranth 
and drumstick leaves, which are high in 
iron and help reduce anemia, a widespread 
problem in rural areas.
Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural 
Practices Practices
a. Resilient Farming Techniques
•	 Traditional practices such as crop rotation, 
intercropping, and organic farming help 
ensure soil fertility, biodiversity, and a stable 
supply of nutritious food.
• Example: In the tribal regions of Madhya 
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, mixed cropping 
and agroforestry systems provide diverse 
crops and protect against crop failure, 
ensuring food availability throughout the 
year.
b. Promotion of Indigenous Crops
•	 Indigenous crops like millets and pulses 
are drought-resistant and require fewer 
inputs, making them ideal for cultivation 
in arid regions.
• Example: In Rajasthan, Bajra (pearl 
millet) is a staple, thriving in dry climates. 
It is rich in iron and dietary fiber and 
plays a crucial role in local diets, especially 
during droughts.
Cultural Relevance and Acceptance Cultural Relevance and Acceptance
a. Integration with Local Traditions
•	 Traditional food practices are deeply linked 
to local customs, festivals, and religious 
rituals, ensuring their wide acceptance and 
easy integration into daily life, improving 
nutrition.
• Example: In Kerala, the use of turmeric and 
ginger in cooking is part of cultural heritage, 
known for their anti-inflammatory and 
immune-boosting properties.
b. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
•	 Traditional diets help preserve indigenous 
knowledge, including food preparation 
and preservation methods that maximize 
nutritional value.
• Example: In the Northeastern states, 
fermenting bamboo shoots and fish 
improves their nutritional profile and 
promotes gut health.
Adaptability to Local Environments Adaptability to Local Environments
a. Climate-Resilient Food Systems
•	 Indigenous knowledge includes strategies like 
drought-resistant crops, water conservation, 
and organic fertilizers to maintain food 
production despite climate change. 
Example: In Gujarat, traditional stepwells 
NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
2
and rainwater harvesting support agriculture 
in arid conditions.
b. Utilization of Wild Foods
•	 Rural communities often rely on wild foods 
like fruits, nuts, and tubers, rich in nutrients 
and crucial during food shortages.
• Example: In Jharkhand, tribal communities 
gather wild mushrooms, berries, and tubers, 
providing essential nutrients during lean 
seasons.
Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental 
Stewardship Stewardship
a. Conservation of Biodiversity
•	 Traditional farming promotes biodiversity, 
crucial for food security. By cultivating 
a variety of crops and using seed-saving 
methods, rural communities conserve genetic 
diversity .
• Example: In Tamil Nadu, saving and 
exchanging indigenous rice strains helps 
maintain agricultural biodiversity, with 
varieties more nutritious and better adapted 
to local conditions.
b. Low Environmental Impact
•	 Indigenous agricultural practices rely on 
organic inputs, avoiding chemical fertilizers 
and pesticides, and prioritize soil health, 
promoting sustainable food production.
• Example: In the Sikkim Himalayas, shifting 
cultivation (Jhum) is managed to allow land 
regeneration, maintaining soil fertility.
Health Benefi ts and Disease Prevention Health Benefits and Disease Prevention
a. Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Foods
•	 Many traditional foods have medicinal 
properties, helping manage chronic diseases.
• Example: In Andhra Pradesh , tamarind is 
used in cooking for its antioxidants, aiding 
digestion and managing blood sugar levels.
b. Traditional Dietary Practices and Gut Health
•	 Fermented foods in traditional diets support 
gut health, crucial for nutrient absorption 
and immunity.
• Example: In Nagaland, fermented soybean 
(axone) is rich in protein and probiotics, 
enhancing gut health.
Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition
a.  W omen as Custodians of T raditional Knowledge
•	 In many rural communities, women are the 
primary keepers of traditional knowledge 
related to food production, preparation, and 
preservation.
• Example: In Rajasthan, women manage 
traditional kitchens, and kitchen garden 
initiatives have improved family nutrition.
b. Role in Maternal and Child Health
•	 Traditional knowledge is vital in maternal 
and child health, addressing nutritional 
needs during pregnancy, lactation, and early 
childhood.
• Example: In Uttar Pradesh, postpartum diets 
include sesame seeds, jaggery, and ghee, 
believed to aid recovery and lactation.
Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge 
Sharing Sharing
a.  Revival of Traditional Foods through 
Community Efforts
•	Community-led initiatives are reviving 
traditional food practices, especially in areas 
where they were neglected.
• Example: In Odisha, efforts to revive millets 
like kodo and kutki have improved child 
nutrition.
b. Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
•	 Traditional knowledge is shared through 
community networks, festivals, and social 
gatherings, ensuring its transmission to 
younger generations.
• Example: Festivals like Bihu in Assam and 
Chapchar Kut in Mizoram serve as platforms 
for sharing agricultural and food knowledge.
Integration with Modern Nutritional Integration with Modern Nutritional 
Interventions Interventions
a.  Complementary Role in Government 
Programs
•	 Traditional knowledge complements modern 
nutritional programs by offering culturally 
appropriate and locally sourced solutions to 
malnutrition.
• Example: In Karnataka, traditional foods 
like millet are integrated into midday meal 
programs, improving children’s nutrition.
NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
3
b. Incorporation into Public Health Campaigns
•	Public health campaigns that promote 
traditional diets can address malnutrition 
while preserving cultural heritage.
• Example: In Maharashtra, campaigns 
promoting local foods like bhakri (millet 
flatbread) and varan (lentil stew) have increased 
awareness of their nutritional benefits.
Government Measures Government Measures
•	 Various government schemes promote the 
cultivation and consumption of traditional 
foods, integrating indigenous knowledge to 
fight malnutrition.
•	Strengthening these programs with 
education, market access, and knowledge 
preservation can further enhance their 
effectiveness.
Challenges in Incorporating Traditional Challenges in Incorporating Traditional 
Knowledge Knowledge
a. Erosion of Traditional Knowledge
• Modernization, urban migration, and 
Western diets are causing the loss of traditional 
knowledge, especially among younger 
generations.
• Solution: Revive traditional knowledge 
through education and community programs.
b. Lack of Market Access for Indigenous Crops
•	 Farmers growing indigenous crops face 
market access challenges, making these 
crops less profitable.
• Solution: Improve market access by 
incorporating indigenous crops into public 
distribution systems (PDS).
c. Stigma Around Traditional Foods
• Traditional foods are often viewed as “poor 
man’s food,” especially among younger 
generations.
• Solution: Use public campaigns and 
initiatives like Poshan Abhiyan to promote 
their health benefits.
d.  Lack of Integration with Modern Nutrition 
Programs
•	Many government programs focus on 
fortified foods , ignoring traditional, locally 
available options.
• Solution: Programs like PM POSHAN , which 
incorporates millets, should be expanded 
nationwide.
e.  Climate Change and Environmental 
Degradation
• Climate change affects the cultivation of 
traditional crops.
• Solution: Promote climate-resilient 
traditional crops through government 
incentives and agricultural research.
Conclusion Conclusion
• Traditional and indigenous knowledge 
offers sustainable, culturally appropriate 
solutions to malnutrition in rural India.
•	 Overcoming challenges such as modernization, 
market access, and stigma requires targeted 
efforts in education, community initiatives, 
and government support.
•	 Integrating traditional practices with modern 
interventions can enhance nutrition and food 
security for future generations.
TOPIC 2: FUTURE REFORMS FOR 
INDIA’S HEALTH SYSTEMS
Introduction Introduction
•	India has made significant strides in 
healthcare, with over 500 million citizens 
benefiting from the Ayushman Bharat 
Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (AB-
PMJAY).
•	 The establishment of 1,73,000 Ayushman 
Aarogya Mandirs (AAMs) has enhanced 
primary healthcare.
•	 Medical education has expanded, doubling 
the availability of undergraduate and 
postgraduate seats over the last decade.
• Out-of-pocket healthcare expenses have 
reduced from 63% in 2014 to 39% in 2024.
•	 Despite progress, India still faces challenges 
in achieving global health standards as it 
works toward Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Health Indicators: A Global Comparison Health Indicators: A Global Comparison
a. Life Expectancy
•	 India’s life expectancy: 71 years.
Page 5


NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
1
TOPIC  1:  THE ROLE OF 
TRADITIONAL AND INDIGENOUS 
KNOWLEDGE IN COMBATING 
MALNUTRITION IN RURAL INDIA
Introduction Introduction
• Malnutrition remains a critical public health 
issue in rural India, where many face food 
insecurity, limited healthcare access, and 
inadequate nutrition.
•	Despite modernization, traditional and 
indigenous knowledge can be key in tackling 
malnutrition. This knowledge, passed through 
generations, is deeply tied to local culture, 
environment, and food practices that have 
supported rural communities for centuries.
Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition Nutrient-Rich Diets Rooted in Tradition
a. Balanced Nutritional Intake
•	 Traditional diets in rural India include locally 
sourced foods like millets, pulses, vegetables, 
fruits, and herbs, rich in essential nutrients.
•	 These diets ensure a balanced intake of 
vitamins, minerals, proteins, and dietary 
fiber , addressing both macronutrient and 
micronutrient deficiencies.
• Example: In Karnataka and Maharashtra, the 
consumption of Ragi (finger millet) and Jowar 
(sorghum) is common. These grains are rich 
in calcium, iron, and dietary fiber , vital for 
fighting malnutrition in children and women.
b. Health Benefits of Indigenous Foods
•	 Indigenous foods, such as leafy greens and 
wild edibles, are often rich in micronutrients 
like iron, vitamin A, and calcium.
• Example: In Odisha, tribal communities 
consume white leafy greens like amaranth 
and drumstick leaves, which are high in 
iron and help reduce anemia, a widespread 
problem in rural areas.
Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural Food Security through Sustainable Agricultural 
Practices Practices
a. Resilient Farming Techniques
•	 Traditional practices such as crop rotation, 
intercropping, and organic farming help 
ensure soil fertility, biodiversity, and a stable 
supply of nutritious food.
• Example: In the tribal regions of Madhya 
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, mixed cropping 
and agroforestry systems provide diverse 
crops and protect against crop failure, 
ensuring food availability throughout the 
year.
b. Promotion of Indigenous Crops
•	 Indigenous crops like millets and pulses 
are drought-resistant and require fewer 
inputs, making them ideal for cultivation 
in arid regions.
• Example: In Rajasthan, Bajra (pearl 
millet) is a staple, thriving in dry climates. 
It is rich in iron and dietary fiber and 
plays a crucial role in local diets, especially 
during droughts.
Cultural Relevance and Acceptance Cultural Relevance and Acceptance
a. Integration with Local Traditions
•	 Traditional food practices are deeply linked 
to local customs, festivals, and religious 
rituals, ensuring their wide acceptance and 
easy integration into daily life, improving 
nutrition.
• Example: In Kerala, the use of turmeric and 
ginger in cooking is part of cultural heritage, 
known for their anti-inflammatory and 
immune-boosting properties.
b. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
•	 Traditional diets help preserve indigenous 
knowledge, including food preparation 
and preservation methods that maximize 
nutritional value.
• Example: In the Northeastern states, 
fermenting bamboo shoots and fish 
improves their nutritional profile and 
promotes gut health.
Adaptability to Local Environments Adaptability to Local Environments
a. Climate-Resilient Food Systems
•	 Indigenous knowledge includes strategies like 
drought-resistant crops, water conservation, 
and organic fertilizers to maintain food 
production despite climate change. 
Example: In Gujarat, traditional stepwells 
NEW DELHI | AHMEDABAD | ANAND | BHUBANESWAR | CHANDIGARH | DEHRADUN | GANDHINAGAR | HYDERABAD | INDORE | 
JAIPUR | KANPUR | KOLKAT A | LUCKNOW | MUMBAI | PATNA | RAIPUR | RAJKOT | SURAT | THANE | VADODARA | VARANASI
KURUKSHETRA OCTOBER 2024- HEAL TH & NUTRITION
2
and rainwater harvesting support agriculture 
in arid conditions.
b. Utilization of Wild Foods
•	 Rural communities often rely on wild foods 
like fruits, nuts, and tubers, rich in nutrients 
and crucial during food shortages.
• Example: In Jharkhand, tribal communities 
gather wild mushrooms, berries, and tubers, 
providing essential nutrients during lean 
seasons.
Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental Sustainable Food Systems and Environmental 
Stewardship Stewardship
a. Conservation of Biodiversity
•	 Traditional farming promotes biodiversity, 
crucial for food security. By cultivating 
a variety of crops and using seed-saving 
methods, rural communities conserve genetic 
diversity .
• Example: In Tamil Nadu, saving and 
exchanging indigenous rice strains helps 
maintain agricultural biodiversity, with 
varieties more nutritious and better adapted 
to local conditions.
b. Low Environmental Impact
•	 Indigenous agricultural practices rely on 
organic inputs, avoiding chemical fertilizers 
and pesticides, and prioritize soil health, 
promoting sustainable food production.
• Example: In the Sikkim Himalayas, shifting 
cultivation (Jhum) is managed to allow land 
regeneration, maintaining soil fertility.
Health Benefi ts and Disease Prevention Health Benefits and Disease Prevention
a. Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Foods
•	 Many traditional foods have medicinal 
properties, helping manage chronic diseases.
• Example: In Andhra Pradesh , tamarind is 
used in cooking for its antioxidants, aiding 
digestion and managing blood sugar levels.
b. Traditional Dietary Practices and Gut Health
•	 Fermented foods in traditional diets support 
gut health, crucial for nutrient absorption 
and immunity.
• Example: In Nagaland, fermented soybean 
(axone) is rich in protein and probiotics, 
enhancing gut health.
Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition Environmental and Gender Roles in Nutrition
a.  W omen as Custodians of T raditional Knowledge
•	 In many rural communities, women are the 
primary keepers of traditional knowledge 
related to food production, preparation, and 
preservation.
• Example: In Rajasthan, women manage 
traditional kitchens, and kitchen garden 
initiatives have improved family nutrition.
b. Role in Maternal and Child Health
•	 Traditional knowledge is vital in maternal 
and child health, addressing nutritional 
needs during pregnancy, lactation, and early 
childhood.
• Example: In Uttar Pradesh, postpartum diets 
include sesame seeds, jaggery, and ghee, 
believed to aid recovery and lactation.
Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge Community-Led Initiatives and Knowledge 
Sharing Sharing
a.  Revival of Traditional Foods through 
Community Efforts
•	Community-led initiatives are reviving 
traditional food practices, especially in areas 
where they were neglected.
• Example: In Odisha, efforts to revive millets 
like kodo and kutki have improved child 
nutrition.
b. Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
•	 Traditional knowledge is shared through 
community networks, festivals, and social 
gatherings, ensuring its transmission to 
younger generations.
• Example: Festivals like Bihu in Assam and 
Chapchar Kut in Mizoram serve as platforms 
for sharing agricultural and food knowledge.
Integration with Modern Nutritional Integration with Modern Nutritional 
Interventions Interventions
a.  Complementary Role in Government 
Programs
•	 Traditional knowledge complements modern 
nutritional programs by offering culturally 
appropriate and locally sourced solutions to 
malnutrition.
• Example: In Karnataka, traditional foods 
like millet are integrated into midday meal 
programs, improving children’s nutrition.
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b. Incorporation into Public Health Campaigns
•	Public health campaigns that promote 
traditional diets can address malnutrition 
while preserving cultural heritage.
• Example: In Maharashtra, campaigns 
promoting local foods like bhakri (millet 
flatbread) and varan (lentil stew) have increased 
awareness of their nutritional benefits.
Government Measures Government Measures
•	 Various government schemes promote the 
cultivation and consumption of traditional 
foods, integrating indigenous knowledge to 
fight malnutrition.
•	Strengthening these programs with 
education, market access, and knowledge 
preservation can further enhance their 
effectiveness.
Challenges in Incorporating Traditional Challenges in Incorporating Traditional 
Knowledge Knowledge
a. Erosion of Traditional Knowledge
• Modernization, urban migration, and 
Western diets are causing the loss of traditional 
knowledge, especially among younger 
generations.
• Solution: Revive traditional knowledge 
through education and community programs.
b. Lack of Market Access for Indigenous Crops
•	 Farmers growing indigenous crops face 
market access challenges, making these 
crops less profitable.
• Solution: Improve market access by 
incorporating indigenous crops into public 
distribution systems (PDS).
c. Stigma Around Traditional Foods
• Traditional foods are often viewed as “poor 
man’s food,” especially among younger 
generations.
• Solution: Use public campaigns and 
initiatives like Poshan Abhiyan to promote 
their health benefits.
d.  Lack of Integration with Modern Nutrition 
Programs
•	Many government programs focus on 
fortified foods , ignoring traditional, locally 
available options.
• Solution: Programs like PM POSHAN , which 
incorporates millets, should be expanded 
nationwide.
e.  Climate Change and Environmental 
Degradation
• Climate change affects the cultivation of 
traditional crops.
• Solution: Promote climate-resilient 
traditional crops through government 
incentives and agricultural research.
Conclusion Conclusion
• Traditional and indigenous knowledge 
offers sustainable, culturally appropriate 
solutions to malnutrition in rural India.
•	 Overcoming challenges such as modernization, 
market access, and stigma requires targeted 
efforts in education, community initiatives, 
and government support.
•	 Integrating traditional practices with modern 
interventions can enhance nutrition and food 
security for future generations.
TOPIC 2: FUTURE REFORMS FOR 
INDIA’S HEALTH SYSTEMS
Introduction Introduction
•	India has made significant strides in 
healthcare, with over 500 million citizens 
benefiting from the Ayushman Bharat 
Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (AB-
PMJAY).
•	 The establishment of 1,73,000 Ayushman 
Aarogya Mandirs (AAMs) has enhanced 
primary healthcare.
•	 Medical education has expanded, doubling 
the availability of undergraduate and 
postgraduate seats over the last decade.
• Out-of-pocket healthcare expenses have 
reduced from 63% in 2014 to 39% in 2024.
•	 Despite progress, India still faces challenges 
in achieving global health standards as it 
works toward Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Health Indicators: A Global Comparison Health Indicators: A Global Comparison
a. Life Expectancy
•	 India’s life expectancy: 71 years.
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• Comparisons:
 ¾ China: 77 years
 ¾ Japan: 84 years
 ¾ Brazil: 75 years
b. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
•	 India’s IMR: 28 per 1,000 live births.
•	 Comparisons:
 ¾ China: 5 per 1,000 live births
 ¾ Japan: Less than 2 per 1,000 live births
c. Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure
•	 India: 39%.
•	 Comparison:
 ¾ South Africa: 8%
Obstacles in Implementing Healthcare Obstacles in Implementing Healthcare 
Reforms Reforms
a. Funding and Financial Constraints
•	 Inconsistent and insufficient funding for 
healthcare programs due to competing 
demands for limited resources.
b. Infrastructure Deficiencies
•	 Many rural and remote areas lack adequate 
healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, 
clinics, and diagnostic facilities, requiring 
substantial investment.
c. Bureaucratic and Regulatory Barriers
•	Complex regulations and bureaucratic 
processes delay timely reform implementation, 
necessitating streamlined procedures.
d. Public Awareness and Education
•	 Low public awareness about new healthcare 
initiatives leads to underutilization of 
services.
e. Technology Integration Challenges
•	 Issues with interoperability and data security 
arise as healthcare systems embrace technology .
f. Healthcare Professional Shortage
•	 India has 10 doctors and 17 nurses/midwives 
per 10,000 people compared to:
 ¾ China: 17 doctors, 40 nurses/midwives
 ¾ Brazil: 17 doctors, 40 nurses/midwives
 ¾ USA and Australia: 39 doctors, 120 
nurses/midwives
Workforce Expansion and Development Workforce Expansion and Development
a. Increasing Medical Education
•	 Expanding the number of institutions and 
increasing student intake to build a larger 
workforce.
b. Enhancing Working Conditions
•	 Better salaries, job security, and working 
conditions for health professionals, especially 
in rural areas.
c. Deployment of Community Health Workers
•	 Trained community health workers can fill 
gaps in underserved regions.
d.  Attracting Healthcare Professionals Back to 
India
•	 Policies to encourage Indian healthcare 
professionals abroad to return home and 
work.
e. Public-Private Sector Collaborations
•	 Private sector involvement in enhancing 
healthcare access and training.
f. Telemedicine
•	 Leveraging telemedicine to improve efficiency 
and access in healthcare services.
Public Healthcare Expenditure Public Healthcare Expenditure
a. National Health Policy (NHP 2017) Targets
•	 NHP 2017 recommends raising healthcare 
spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2024-25.
•	 States have varied in meeting the 8% 
healthcare expenditure target.
b. Investment in Nutrition and Sanitation
•	 Investments in nutrition, clean drinking 
water, and sanitation are critical for 
addressing childhood undernutrition and 
anemia in women and children.
Addressing Health of Children and Addressing Health of Children and 
Adolescents Adolescents
a. Early Childhood Development
•	 Focus on the first 1,000 days of life for 
nutrition and care (from pregnancy to the 
child’s second birthday).
•	 Strengthening 1.4 million Anganwadi 
centers with better training for staff on child 
development.
b. School-Age Health
•	 Health and nutrition initiatives for 255