PPT: Assertive Sentence | English Grammar Advanced - Class 10 PDF Download

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Assertive Sentence
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Assertive Sentence
Present and Future Tense 
Reporting
1
Present or Future Tense Reporting
If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of 
the verbs in the reported speech remains the same.
2
Examples
Direct: He says, "I am playing." Indirect: He says that he is 
playing.
Direct: Ahmed will say, "I go to the market." Indirect: Ahmed 
will say that he goes to the market.
Direct: The boy has said, "Coffee is ready." Indirect: The boy 
has said that coffee is ready.
Direct: Mother says, "I am washing clothes." Indirect: Mother 
says that she is washing clothes.
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Assertive Sentence
Present and Future Tense 
Reporting
1
Present or Future Tense Reporting
If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of 
the verbs in the reported speech remains the same.
2
Examples
Direct: He says, "I am playing." Indirect: He says that he is 
playing.
Direct: Ahmed will say, "I go to the market." Indirect: Ahmed 
will say that he goes to the market.
Direct: The boy has said, "Coffee is ready." Indirect: The boy 
has said that coffee is ready.
Direct: Mother says, "I am washing clothes." Indirect: Mother 
says that she is washing clothes.
Past Tense Reporting
Past Tense Changes
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses in the reported speech will change accordingly. Consider the 
following:
Present Indefinite (do/ does) Changes into Past Indefinite (did)
Present Continuous (is/ are/ am) Changes into Past Continuous (was/ were)
Present Perfect (has/ have) Changes into Past Perfect (had)
Past Indefinite (did) Changes into Past Perfect (had done)
Past Perfect (had done) Changes into Past Perfect (no change) (had 
done)
Past Continuous Changes into Past Perfect Continuous
shall Changes into should
will Changes into would
may Changes into might
can Changes into could
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Assertive Sentence
Present and Future Tense 
Reporting
1
Present or Future Tense Reporting
If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of 
the verbs in the reported speech remains the same.
2
Examples
Direct: He says, "I am playing." Indirect: He says that he is 
playing.
Direct: Ahmed will say, "I go to the market." Indirect: Ahmed 
will say that he goes to the market.
Direct: The boy has said, "Coffee is ready." Indirect: The boy 
has said that coffee is ready.
Direct: Mother says, "I am washing clothes." Indirect: Mother 
says that she is washing clothes.
Past Tense Reporting
Past Tense Changes
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses in the reported speech will change accordingly. Consider the 
following:
Present Indefinite (do/ does) Changes into Past Indefinite (did)
Present Continuous (is/ are/ am) Changes into Past Continuous (was/ were)
Present Perfect (has/ have) Changes into Past Perfect (had)
Past Indefinite (did) Changes into Past Perfect (had done)
Past Perfect (had done) Changes into Past Perfect (no change) (had 
done)
Past Continuous Changes into Past Perfect Continuous
shall Changes into should
will Changes into would
may Changes into might
can Changes into could
Past Tense Reporting
Examples
Direct: Father said, "I go to the office." Indirect: Father said that he went to the office.
Direct: He said, "Amit does his work." Indirect: He said that Amit did his work.
Direct: The gardener said, "I am watering plants." Indirect: The gardener said that he was watering plants.
Direct: The boy said, "My mother is going to the market." Indirect: The boy said that his mother was going to 
the market.
Direct: Hari said, "I have lost my pen." Indirect: Hari said that he had lost his pen.
Direct: The teacher said, "The Principal delivered a speech". Indirect: The teacher said that the Principal had 
delivered a speech.
Direct: Joya said,"My friend had broken the window." Indirect: Joya said that her friend had broken the 
window.
Direct: Ruchi said, "My father was driving a car." Indirect: Ruchi said that her father had been driving a car.
Direct: Divesh said, "Shobhit can lift this box." Indirect: Divesh said that Shobhit could lift that box.
Direct: He said, "I would help my friend." Indirect: He said that he would have helped his friend.
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Assertive Sentence
Present and Future Tense 
Reporting
1
Present or Future Tense Reporting
If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of 
the verbs in the reported speech remains the same.
2
Examples
Direct: He says, "I am playing." Indirect: He says that he is 
playing.
Direct: Ahmed will say, "I go to the market." Indirect: Ahmed 
will say that he goes to the market.
Direct: The boy has said, "Coffee is ready." Indirect: The boy 
has said that coffee is ready.
Direct: Mother says, "I am washing clothes." Indirect: Mother 
says that she is washing clothes.
Past Tense Reporting
Past Tense Changes
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses in the reported speech will change accordingly. Consider the 
following:
Present Indefinite (do/ does) Changes into Past Indefinite (did)
Present Continuous (is/ are/ am) Changes into Past Continuous (was/ were)
Present Perfect (has/ have) Changes into Past Perfect (had)
Past Indefinite (did) Changes into Past Perfect (had done)
Past Perfect (had done) Changes into Past Perfect (no change) (had 
done)
Past Continuous Changes into Past Perfect Continuous
shall Changes into should
will Changes into would
may Changes into might
can Changes into could
Past Tense Reporting
Examples
Direct: Father said, "I go to the office." Indirect: Father said that he went to the office.
Direct: He said, "Amit does his work." Indirect: He said that Amit did his work.
Direct: The gardener said, "I am watering plants." Indirect: The gardener said that he was watering plants.
Direct: The boy said, "My mother is going to the market." Indirect: The boy said that his mother was going to 
the market.
Direct: Hari said, "I have lost my pen." Indirect: Hari said that he had lost his pen.
Direct: The teacher said, "The Principal delivered a speech". Indirect: The teacher said that the Principal had 
delivered a speech.
Direct: Joya said,"My friend had broken the window." Indirect: Joya said that her friend had broken the 
window.
Direct: Ruchi said, "My father was driving a car." Indirect: Ruchi said that her father had been driving a car.
Direct: Divesh said, "Shobhit can lift this box." Indirect: Divesh said that Shobhit could lift that box.
Direct: He said, "I would help my friend." Indirect: He said that he would have helped his friend.
Exceptions to Tense Changes
Exceptions
If the reported speech expresses a universal truth, 
a habitual action, a historical fact, a geographical 
fact or a scientific fact, its tense is not changed. 
These are exceptions to the above rule.
Examples
Direct: Father said, "The earth revolves round 
the sun." Indirect: Father said that the earth 
revolves round the sun.
Direct: The teacher said, "The sun rises in the 
east." Indirect: The teacher said that the sun 
rises in the east.
Direct: Grandfather said, "I go for a morning 
walk daily." Indirect: Grandfather said that he 
goes for a morning walk daily.
Direct: He said, "Honesty is the best policy." 
Indirect: He said that honesty is the best policy.