PPT: Classification of Organism | General Awareness for SSC CGL PDF Download

 Page 1


Biological 
Classification
Page 2


Biological 
Classification
What is Biological 
Classification?
Early 
Classification
Aristotle grouped 
plants as herbs, 
shrubs, and trees, 
and animals based 
on blood 
characteristics.
Two Kingdom 
System
Linnaeus divided 
organisms into 
Plantae and Animalia 
based on 
characteristics and 
evolutionary 
relationships.
Five Kingdom 
System
R.H. Whittaker's 
system classified 
organisms into 
Monera, Protista, 
Fungi, Plantae, and 
Animalia based on 
cell structure, 
complexity, nutrition, 
and ecology.
Page 3


Biological 
Classification
What is Biological 
Classification?
Early 
Classification
Aristotle grouped 
plants as herbs, 
shrubs, and trees, 
and animals based 
on blood 
characteristics.
Two Kingdom 
System
Linnaeus divided 
organisms into 
Plantae and Animalia 
based on 
characteristics and 
evolutionary 
relationships.
Five Kingdom 
System
R.H. Whittaker's 
system classified 
organisms into 
Monera, Protista, 
Fungi, Plantae, and 
Animalia based on 
cell structure, 
complexity, nutrition, 
and ecology.
Kingdom Monera
1
2
3
4
Kingdom Monera includes all bacteria with prokaryotic cells. Archaebacteria thrive in harsh environments: salty areas 
(halophiles), marshy regions (methanogens), and hot springs (thermoacidophiles). Methanogens in ruminant animals' guts 
produce biogas, showing their ecological importance.
Cellular Structure
Monerans are prokaryotic bacteria 
lacking a true nucleus
Bacterial Shapes
Come in various forms: spherical 
(cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), comma 
(vibrio), and spiral (spirilla)
Reproduction
Reproduce by fission, spore 
formation, and DNA transfer
Special Types
Include Mycoplasma (lacking cell 
walls) and Archaebacteria 
(extremophiles)
Page 4


Biological 
Classification
What is Biological 
Classification?
Early 
Classification
Aristotle grouped 
plants as herbs, 
shrubs, and trees, 
and animals based 
on blood 
characteristics.
Two Kingdom 
System
Linnaeus divided 
organisms into 
Plantae and Animalia 
based on 
characteristics and 
evolutionary 
relationships.
Five Kingdom 
System
R.H. Whittaker's 
system classified 
organisms into 
Monera, Protista, 
Fungi, Plantae, and 
Animalia based on 
cell structure, 
complexity, nutrition, 
and ecology.
Kingdom Monera
1
2
3
4
Kingdom Monera includes all bacteria with prokaryotic cells. Archaebacteria thrive in harsh environments: salty areas 
(halophiles), marshy regions (methanogens), and hot springs (thermoacidophiles). Methanogens in ruminant animals' guts 
produce biogas, showing their ecological importance.
Cellular Structure
Monerans are prokaryotic bacteria 
lacking a true nucleus
Bacterial Shapes
Come in various forms: spherical 
(cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), comma 
(vibrio), and spiral (spirilla)
Reproduction
Reproduce by fission, spore 
formation, and DNA transfer
Special Types
Include Mycoplasma (lacking cell 
walls) and Archaebacteria 
(extremophiles)
Staining and Nutrition in Bacteria
Gram Staining
Developed by Christian Gram, this differential staining 
technique categorizes bacteria as Gram-positive or 
Gram-negative based on their color retention. This 
distinction reflects fundamental differences in bacterial 
cell wall structure.
Nutritional Classification
Bacteria obtain energy in diverse ways: autotrophs 
produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume 
external nutrients. Heterotrophs include saprophytes 
(consuming dead matter), symbionts (forming 
partnerships with other organisms), and parasites 
(feeding on living hosts).
Page 5


Biological 
Classification
What is Biological 
Classification?
Early 
Classification
Aristotle grouped 
plants as herbs, 
shrubs, and trees, 
and animals based 
on blood 
characteristics.
Two Kingdom 
System
Linnaeus divided 
organisms into 
Plantae and Animalia 
based on 
characteristics and 
evolutionary 
relationships.
Five Kingdom 
System
R.H. Whittaker's 
system classified 
organisms into 
Monera, Protista, 
Fungi, Plantae, and 
Animalia based on 
cell structure, 
complexity, nutrition, 
and ecology.
Kingdom Monera
1
2
3
4
Kingdom Monera includes all bacteria with prokaryotic cells. Archaebacteria thrive in harsh environments: salty areas 
(halophiles), marshy regions (methanogens), and hot springs (thermoacidophiles). Methanogens in ruminant animals' guts 
produce biogas, showing their ecological importance.
Cellular Structure
Monerans are prokaryotic bacteria 
lacking a true nucleus
Bacterial Shapes
Come in various forms: spherical 
(cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), comma 
(vibrio), and spiral (spirilla)
Reproduction
Reproduce by fission, spore 
formation, and DNA transfer
Special Types
Include Mycoplasma (lacking cell 
walls) and Archaebacteria 
(extremophiles)
Staining and Nutrition in Bacteria
Gram Staining
Developed by Christian Gram, this differential staining 
technique categorizes bacteria as Gram-positive or 
Gram-negative based on their color retention. This 
distinction reflects fundamental differences in bacterial 
cell wall structure.
Nutritional Classification
Bacteria obtain energy in diverse ways: autotrophs 
produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume 
external nutrients. Heterotrophs include saprophytes 
(consuming dead matter), symbionts (forming 
partnerships with other organisms), and parasites 
(feeding on living hosts).
Reproduction in Bacteria
Asexual Reproduction
Bacteria primarily reproduce through 
binary fission, where a single cell 
divides into two identical daughter 
cells. Some species also reproduce 
through budding or spore formation.
Sexual Reproduction
Unlike conventional sexual 
reproduction, bacteria exchange 
genetic material through 
transformation, conjugation, and 
transduction - first proven by 
Lederberg and Tatum in 1946.
Genetic Exchange Methods
Transformation involves uptake of 
environmental DNA. Conjugation 
occurs through a direct tube 
connection between cells. 
Transduction uses bacteriophages as 
vectors to transfer DNA between 
bacteria.