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 Page 1


The Advent of 
Europeans in 
India
Page 2


The Advent of 
Europeans in 
India
Introduction: The European 
Arrival
1
Portuguese Pioneers
In the late 15th century, Portuguese navigator Vasco da 
Gama arrived on the Indian subcontinent, initiating maritime 
connections that heralded the beginning of European 
influence in the region.
2
European Competition
This was followed by expeditions from other European 
nations such as the Dutch, English, and French, which 
heightened competition for trade supremacy and territorial 
control.
3
Colonial Transformation
The creation of trading posts and colonies marked a 
transformative phase in India's history, driven by global 
interactions and culminating in the rise of British colonial 
rule.
Page 3


The Advent of 
Europeans in 
India
Introduction: The European 
Arrival
1
Portuguese Pioneers
In the late 15th century, Portuguese navigator Vasco da 
Gama arrived on the Indian subcontinent, initiating maritime 
connections that heralded the beginning of European 
influence in the region.
2
European Competition
This was followed by expeditions from other European 
nations such as the Dutch, English, and French, which 
heightened competition for trade supremacy and territorial 
control.
3
Colonial Transformation
The creation of trading posts and colonies marked a 
transformative phase in India's history, driven by global 
interactions and culminating in the rise of British colonial 
rule.
The Advent of Europeans in India
Vasco da Gama's 
Arrival
Portuguese explorer Vasco 
da Gama's 1498 arrival 
established the first direct 
sea route between Europe 
and India, initiating 
European trade dominance.
European Competition
Other European powers 
soon followed, competing for 
the lucrative spice trade and 
establishing coastal trading 
posts throughout India.
Social Impact
European presence 
facilitated cultural 
exchanges, triggered 
conflicts with local rulers, 
and transformed Indian 
society, beginning centuries 
of colonial influence.
Page 4


The Advent of 
Europeans in 
India
Introduction: The European 
Arrival
1
Portuguese Pioneers
In the late 15th century, Portuguese navigator Vasco da 
Gama arrived on the Indian subcontinent, initiating maritime 
connections that heralded the beginning of European 
influence in the region.
2
European Competition
This was followed by expeditions from other European 
nations such as the Dutch, English, and French, which 
heightened competition for trade supremacy and territorial 
control.
3
Colonial Transformation
The creation of trading posts and colonies marked a 
transformative phase in India's history, driven by global 
interactions and culminating in the rise of British colonial 
rule.
The Advent of Europeans in India
Vasco da Gama's 
Arrival
Portuguese explorer Vasco 
da Gama's 1498 arrival 
established the first direct 
sea route between Europe 
and India, initiating 
European trade dominance.
European Competition
Other European powers 
soon followed, competing for 
the lucrative spice trade and 
establishing coastal trading 
posts throughout India.
Social Impact
European presence 
facilitated cultural 
exchanges, triggered 
conflicts with local rulers, 
and transformed Indian 
society, beginning centuries 
of colonial influence.
The Advent of The Portuguese
1
After Roman Empire
Following the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of 
Constantinople in 1453, Arabs established dominance in 
Egypt and Persia, controlling trade routes to India and 
limiting European access to Indian commodities.
2
Renaissance Spirit
The 15th century witnessed growing European eagerness 
for adventurous sea voyages to the East, driven by 
Renaissance spirit and advancements in shipbuilding and 
navigation technology.
3
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of T ordesillas (1494) divided the non-Christian 
world between Portugal and Spain, granting Portugal 
eastern territories and Spain western territories, setting the 
stage for Portuguese incursions into Indian waters.
Page 5


The Advent of 
Europeans in 
India
Introduction: The European 
Arrival
1
Portuguese Pioneers
In the late 15th century, Portuguese navigator Vasco da 
Gama arrived on the Indian subcontinent, initiating maritime 
connections that heralded the beginning of European 
influence in the region.
2
European Competition
This was followed by expeditions from other European 
nations such as the Dutch, English, and French, which 
heightened competition for trade supremacy and territorial 
control.
3
Colonial Transformation
The creation of trading posts and colonies marked a 
transformative phase in India's history, driven by global 
interactions and culminating in the rise of British colonial 
rule.
The Advent of Europeans in India
Vasco da Gama's 
Arrival
Portuguese explorer Vasco 
da Gama's 1498 arrival 
established the first direct 
sea route between Europe 
and India, initiating 
European trade dominance.
European Competition
Other European powers 
soon followed, competing for 
the lucrative spice trade and 
establishing coastal trading 
posts throughout India.
Social Impact
European presence 
facilitated cultural 
exchanges, triggered 
conflicts with local rulers, 
and transformed Indian 
society, beginning centuries 
of colonial influence.
The Advent of The Portuguese
1
After Roman Empire
Following the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of 
Constantinople in 1453, Arabs established dominance in 
Egypt and Persia, controlling trade routes to India and 
limiting European access to Indian commodities.
2
Renaissance Spirit
The 15th century witnessed growing European eagerness 
for adventurous sea voyages to the East, driven by 
Renaissance spirit and advancements in shipbuilding and 
navigation technology.
3
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of T ordesillas (1494) divided the non-Christian 
world between Portugal and Spain, granting Portugal 
eastern territories and Spain western territories, setting the 
stage for Portuguese incursions into Indian waters.
The Portuguese Governors
Vasco da Gama
Da Gama's 1498 arrival in 
Calicut was welcomed by the 
Zamorin but viewed with 
suspicion by Arab traders. His 
return in 1501 and attempts to 
undermine Arab merchants 
prompted resistance from the 
Zamorin.
Francisco de Almeida 
(1505-1509)
As Governor of India, Almeida 
implemented the Blue Water 
Policy (Cartaze system) 
requiring naval trade licenses. 
After an initial defeat near Diu, 
he subsequently achieved 
victory the following year.
Alfonso de Albuquerque 
(1509-1515)
Albuquerque established 
strategic Portuguese bases, 
captured Goa in 1510, and 
encouraged Portuguese 
settlement in India. Under his 
leadership, Portuguese 
citizens became integrated 
into Indian society as 
landlords, artisans, and 
traders.