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 Page 1


Physical 
Geography of 
India
Page 2


Physical 
Geography of 
India
Understanding Physiography
1
What is 
Physiography
Physiography reflects an 
area's structure, process, 
and developmental stage, 
with India displaying 
remarkable diversity 
across its landscape.
2
North vs South
The North features 
rugged mountain ranges, 
peaks, valleys, and gorges, 
while the South contains 
stable lands with plateaus 
and denuded rocks.
3
Major Divisions
India is divided into five 
physiographic zones: 
Northern and North-
Eastern Mountains, 
Northern Plain, 
Peninsular Plateau, Indian 
Desert, Coastal Plains, 
and Islands.
Page 3


Physical 
Geography of 
India
Understanding Physiography
1
What is 
Physiography
Physiography reflects an 
area's structure, process, 
and developmental stage, 
with India displaying 
remarkable diversity 
across its landscape.
2
North vs South
The North features 
rugged mountain ranges, 
peaks, valleys, and gorges, 
while the South contains 
stable lands with plateaus 
and denuded rocks.
3
Major Divisions
India is divided into five 
physiographic zones: 
Northern and North-
Eastern Mountains, 
Northern Plain, 
Peninsular Plateau, Indian 
Desert, Coastal Plains, 
and Islands.
The North and North-
Eastern Mountains
The Himalayas
Parallel ranges of fold 
mountains stretching across 
northern India.
Regional Divisions
Five main divisions: Kashmir 
(NW), Himachal and 
Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and 
Sikkim, Arunachal, and 
Eastern Hills.
Significance
Natural barrier against polar winds and source of major river 
systems that sustain the northern plains.
Page 4


Physical 
Geography of 
India
Understanding Physiography
1
What is 
Physiography
Physiography reflects an 
area's structure, process, 
and developmental stage, 
with India displaying 
remarkable diversity 
across its landscape.
2
North vs South
The North features 
rugged mountain ranges, 
peaks, valleys, and gorges, 
while the South contains 
stable lands with plateaus 
and denuded rocks.
3
Major Divisions
India is divided into five 
physiographic zones: 
Northern and North-
Eastern Mountains, 
Northern Plain, 
Peninsular Plateau, Indian 
Desert, Coastal Plains, 
and Islands.
The North and North-
Eastern Mountains
The Himalayas
Parallel ranges of fold 
mountains stretching across 
northern India.
Regional Divisions
Five main divisions: Kashmir 
(NW), Himachal and 
Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and 
Sikkim, Arunachal, and 
Eastern Hills.
Significance
Natural barrier against polar winds and source of major river 
systems that sustain the northern plains.
The Trans Himalayan Region
Location and Importance
Located north of the Great 
Himalayas, these mountains 
contain peaks like Mt. K2. The 
Indus and Brahmaputra rivers 
originate here.
Tibetan Connection
Mostly situated in Tibet (hence 
"Tibetan Himalayas"), these 
ranges form a critical boundary 
between the Indian 
subcontinent and Central Asia.
Major Ranges
Comprises four ranges: 
Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar, 
and Kailas. These feature some 
of Earth's most challenging 
terrains.
Page 5


Physical 
Geography of 
India
Understanding Physiography
1
What is 
Physiography
Physiography reflects an 
area's structure, process, 
and developmental stage, 
with India displaying 
remarkable diversity 
across its landscape.
2
North vs South
The North features 
rugged mountain ranges, 
peaks, valleys, and gorges, 
while the South contains 
stable lands with plateaus 
and denuded rocks.
3
Major Divisions
India is divided into five 
physiographic zones: 
Northern and North-
Eastern Mountains, 
Northern Plain, 
Peninsular Plateau, Indian 
Desert, Coastal Plains, 
and Islands.
The North and North-
Eastern Mountains
The Himalayas
Parallel ranges of fold 
mountains stretching across 
northern India.
Regional Divisions
Five main divisions: Kashmir 
(NW), Himachal and 
Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and 
Sikkim, Arunachal, and 
Eastern Hills.
Significance
Natural barrier against polar winds and source of major river 
systems that sustain the northern plains.
The Trans Himalayan Region
Location and Importance
Located north of the Great 
Himalayas, these mountains 
contain peaks like Mt. K2. The 
Indus and Brahmaputra rivers 
originate here.
Tibetan Connection
Mostly situated in Tibet (hence 
"Tibetan Himalayas"), these 
ranges form a critical boundary 
between the Indian 
subcontinent and Central Asia.
Major Ranges
Comprises four ranges: 
Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar, 
and Kailas. These feature some 
of Earth's most challenging 
terrains.
The North-Eastern Hills
1
2
3
Location
Southward extensions of the 
Himalayas along India's 
northeastern edge, forming a 
natural boundary with 
Myanmar.
Major Ranges
Comprises the Patkai Bum, 
Naga Hills, and Mizo Hills, each 
with distinct geological and 
ecological features.
Significance
Houses diverse tribal 
communities and rich 
biodiversity while influencing 
northeast India's climate 
patterns.