Selina Textbook Solutions: Heat Transfer | Physics Class 8 ICSE PDF Download

 Page 1


6. Heat Transfer 
? Heat is a form of energy. When two bodies are in contact heat flows from body at 
higher temperature to body at lower temperature till the lower temperature of both 
is same. 
? When a body is heated, its molecules move faster about their means position and 
kinetic energy increases and with fall in temperature their K.E. decreases. 
? When a substance is heated 
(i) It expands i.e. a change in size takes place 
(ii) Change in temperature takes place. 
(iii) Change in state takes place. 
? CHANGE OF STATE : “The process of change from one state to another at a 
constant temperature is called change of state.” 
? Solid on heating changes into LIQUID. LIQUID on absorbing heat changes to 
VAPOURS some SOLIDS on heating DIRECTLY change in vapours called 
SUBLIMATION. Substance is called SUBLIMATE. 
SOLIDIFICATION on cooling when a vapours change into SOLID. GAS OR 
VAPOURS on cooling  changes to LIQUID also called LIQUIFACTION. 
? MELTING: Change of solid into liquid at constant temperature. FUSION ? 
FREEZING is change of LIQUID into SOLID at constant temperature and change 
of solid into liquid at a constant _ temperature is called FUSION. 
? EVAPORATION: “Change liquid to gas at ALLTEMPERATURES” It is surface 
phenomenon. “ 
? VAPOURIZATION : “Change of liquid into vapours at fixed temperature”. 
? METING POINT: “Is the temperature at which a solid starts melting and remains 
constant till the whole of solid melts.” 
M.P. is same as freezing point. 
M.P. of ice is 0°C or freezing point, of water is 0°C. 
? BOILING POINT: “Is the temperature of a liquid at which it start, boiling i.e. 
change into vapours or gaseous state.” 
B .P. of pure water is 100°C. 
? ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The temperature at which molecular motion completely 
ceases.” 
? FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION : 
(i) Temperature: Increases with increase in temperature 
(ii) S.A.: Increases with increase in S.A. 
(iii) BLOWING AIR—Renewal of air increases evaporation. 
(iv) NATURE—Some liquids like spirit, alcohol, petrol evaporate easily. 
? EVAPOURATION ? produces coolness, BOILING produces Hotness. 
? LINEAR EXPANSION: When a solid rod (metal) is heated change in length takes 
place, which depends upon 
(i) original length (L 0) 
(ii) Increase in temperature 
(iii) Material of rod. 
Let L0 be the original length at 0°C, when heated to T°C final length becomes L 
Increase in length (L t – L 0) a L 0 (T – 0) 
Page 2


6. Heat Transfer 
? Heat is a form of energy. When two bodies are in contact heat flows from body at 
higher temperature to body at lower temperature till the lower temperature of both 
is same. 
? When a body is heated, its molecules move faster about their means position and 
kinetic energy increases and with fall in temperature their K.E. decreases. 
? When a substance is heated 
(i) It expands i.e. a change in size takes place 
(ii) Change in temperature takes place. 
(iii) Change in state takes place. 
? CHANGE OF STATE : “The process of change from one state to another at a 
constant temperature is called change of state.” 
? Solid on heating changes into LIQUID. LIQUID on absorbing heat changes to 
VAPOURS some SOLIDS on heating DIRECTLY change in vapours called 
SUBLIMATION. Substance is called SUBLIMATE. 
SOLIDIFICATION on cooling when a vapours change into SOLID. GAS OR 
VAPOURS on cooling  changes to LIQUID also called LIQUIFACTION. 
? MELTING: Change of solid into liquid at constant temperature. FUSION ? 
FREEZING is change of LIQUID into SOLID at constant temperature and change 
of solid into liquid at a constant _ temperature is called FUSION. 
? EVAPORATION: “Change liquid to gas at ALLTEMPERATURES” It is surface 
phenomenon. “ 
? VAPOURIZATION : “Change of liquid into vapours at fixed temperature”. 
? METING POINT: “Is the temperature at which a solid starts melting and remains 
constant till the whole of solid melts.” 
M.P. is same as freezing point. 
M.P. of ice is 0°C or freezing point, of water is 0°C. 
? BOILING POINT: “Is the temperature of a liquid at which it start, boiling i.e. 
change into vapours or gaseous state.” 
B .P. of pure water is 100°C. 
? ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The temperature at which molecular motion completely 
ceases.” 
? FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION : 
(i) Temperature: Increases with increase in temperature 
(ii) S.A.: Increases with increase in S.A. 
(iii) BLOWING AIR—Renewal of air increases evaporation. 
(iv) NATURE—Some liquids like spirit, alcohol, petrol evaporate easily. 
? EVAPOURATION ? produces coolness, BOILING produces Hotness. 
? LINEAR EXPANSION: When a solid rod (metal) is heated change in length takes 
place, which depends upon 
(i) original length (L 0) 
(ii) Increase in temperature 
(iii) Material of rod. 
Let L0 be the original length at 0°C, when heated to T°C final length becomes L 
Increase in length (L t – L 0) a L 0 (T – 0) 
Or 
Coefficient of linear expension a which depends upon material of rod. 
L t– L 0 = L 0 a T 
a = L t – L 0 / L 0 T = increase in length / original length × Rise in temperature 
? When a metal plate is heated, change in area takes place and the expansion is 
called SUPERFICIAL expansion. 
? When a solid of volume v 0 is heated change in volume called cubical expansion 
takes place. 
? a : ß : ? = 1 : 2 : 3 
Test your self 
A. Objective Questions 
1. Write true or false for each statement 
(a) Evaporation is rapid on a wet day. 
Answer. False. 
(b) Evaporation takes place only from the surface of liquid. 
Answer. True. 
(c) All molecules of a liquid take part in the process of evaporation. 
Answer. False. 
(d) Temperature of a liquid rises during boiling or vaporization 
Answer. False. 
(e) All molecules of a liquid take part in boiling. 
Answer. True. 
(f) Boiling is a rapid phenomenon. 
Answer. True. 
(g) All solids expand by the same amount when heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. False. 
(h) Telephone wires are kept tight between the two poles in winter. 
Answer. True. 
Page 3


6. Heat Transfer 
? Heat is a form of energy. When two bodies are in contact heat flows from body at 
higher temperature to body at lower temperature till the lower temperature of both 
is same. 
? When a body is heated, its molecules move faster about their means position and 
kinetic energy increases and with fall in temperature their K.E. decreases. 
? When a substance is heated 
(i) It expands i.e. a change in size takes place 
(ii) Change in temperature takes place. 
(iii) Change in state takes place. 
? CHANGE OF STATE : “The process of change from one state to another at a 
constant temperature is called change of state.” 
? Solid on heating changes into LIQUID. LIQUID on absorbing heat changes to 
VAPOURS some SOLIDS on heating DIRECTLY change in vapours called 
SUBLIMATION. Substance is called SUBLIMATE. 
SOLIDIFICATION on cooling when a vapours change into SOLID. GAS OR 
VAPOURS on cooling  changes to LIQUID also called LIQUIFACTION. 
? MELTING: Change of solid into liquid at constant temperature. FUSION ? 
FREEZING is change of LIQUID into SOLID at constant temperature and change 
of solid into liquid at a constant _ temperature is called FUSION. 
? EVAPORATION: “Change liquid to gas at ALLTEMPERATURES” It is surface 
phenomenon. “ 
? VAPOURIZATION : “Change of liquid into vapours at fixed temperature”. 
? METING POINT: “Is the temperature at which a solid starts melting and remains 
constant till the whole of solid melts.” 
M.P. is same as freezing point. 
M.P. of ice is 0°C or freezing point, of water is 0°C. 
? BOILING POINT: “Is the temperature of a liquid at which it start, boiling i.e. 
change into vapours or gaseous state.” 
B .P. of pure water is 100°C. 
? ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The temperature at which molecular motion completely 
ceases.” 
? FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION : 
(i) Temperature: Increases with increase in temperature 
(ii) S.A.: Increases with increase in S.A. 
(iii) BLOWING AIR—Renewal of air increases evaporation. 
(iv) NATURE—Some liquids like spirit, alcohol, petrol evaporate easily. 
? EVAPOURATION ? produces coolness, BOILING produces Hotness. 
? LINEAR EXPANSION: When a solid rod (metal) is heated change in length takes 
place, which depends upon 
(i) original length (L 0) 
(ii) Increase in temperature 
(iii) Material of rod. 
Let L0 be the original length at 0°C, when heated to T°C final length becomes L 
Increase in length (L t – L 0) a L 0 (T – 0) 
Or 
Coefficient of linear expension a which depends upon material of rod. 
L t– L 0 = L 0 a T 
a = L t – L 0 / L 0 T = increase in length / original length × Rise in temperature 
? When a metal plate is heated, change in area takes place and the expansion is 
called SUPERFICIAL expansion. 
? When a solid of volume v 0 is heated change in volume called cubical expansion 
takes place. 
? a : ß : ? = 1 : 2 : 3 
Test your self 
A. Objective Questions 
1. Write true or false for each statement 
(a) Evaporation is rapid on a wet day. 
Answer. False. 
(b) Evaporation takes place only from the surface of liquid. 
Answer. True. 
(c) All molecules of a liquid take part in the process of evaporation. 
Answer. False. 
(d) Temperature of a liquid rises during boiling or vaporization 
Answer. False. 
(e) All molecules of a liquid take part in boiling. 
Answer. True. 
(f) Boiling is a rapid phenomenon. 
Answer. True. 
(g) All solids expand by the same amount when heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. False. 
(h) Telephone wires are kept tight between the two poles in winter. 
Answer. True. 
(i) Equal volumes of different liquids expand by the different amount when they are 
heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. True. 
(j) Solids expand the least and gases expand the most on being heated. 
Answer. True. 
(k) A mercury thermometer makes use of the property of expansion of liquids on 
heating. 
Answer. True. 
(l) Kerosene contracts on heating. 
Answer. False. 
2. Fill in the blanks  
(a) Boiling occurs at a fixed temperature. 
(b) Evaporation takes place at all temperature. 
(c) The molecules of liquid absorb heat from surroundings in evaporation. 
(d) Heat is absorbed during boiling. 
(e) Cooling is produced in evaporation. 
(f) A longer rod expands more than a shorter rod on being heated to the same 
temperature. 
(g) Liquids expand more than the solids. 
(h) Gases expand more than the liquids. 
(i) Alcohol expands more than water. 
(j) Iron expands less than copper. 
Page 4


6. Heat Transfer 
? Heat is a form of energy. When two bodies are in contact heat flows from body at 
higher temperature to body at lower temperature till the lower temperature of both 
is same. 
? When a body is heated, its molecules move faster about their means position and 
kinetic energy increases and with fall in temperature their K.E. decreases. 
? When a substance is heated 
(i) It expands i.e. a change in size takes place 
(ii) Change in temperature takes place. 
(iii) Change in state takes place. 
? CHANGE OF STATE : “The process of change from one state to another at a 
constant temperature is called change of state.” 
? Solid on heating changes into LIQUID. LIQUID on absorbing heat changes to 
VAPOURS some SOLIDS on heating DIRECTLY change in vapours called 
SUBLIMATION. Substance is called SUBLIMATE. 
SOLIDIFICATION on cooling when a vapours change into SOLID. GAS OR 
VAPOURS on cooling  changes to LIQUID also called LIQUIFACTION. 
? MELTING: Change of solid into liquid at constant temperature. FUSION ? 
FREEZING is change of LIQUID into SOLID at constant temperature and change 
of solid into liquid at a constant _ temperature is called FUSION. 
? EVAPORATION: “Change liquid to gas at ALLTEMPERATURES” It is surface 
phenomenon. “ 
? VAPOURIZATION : “Change of liquid into vapours at fixed temperature”. 
? METING POINT: “Is the temperature at which a solid starts melting and remains 
constant till the whole of solid melts.” 
M.P. is same as freezing point. 
M.P. of ice is 0°C or freezing point, of water is 0°C. 
? BOILING POINT: “Is the temperature of a liquid at which it start, boiling i.e. 
change into vapours or gaseous state.” 
B .P. of pure water is 100°C. 
? ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The temperature at which molecular motion completely 
ceases.” 
? FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION : 
(i) Temperature: Increases with increase in temperature 
(ii) S.A.: Increases with increase in S.A. 
(iii) BLOWING AIR—Renewal of air increases evaporation. 
(iv) NATURE—Some liquids like spirit, alcohol, petrol evaporate easily. 
? EVAPOURATION ? produces coolness, BOILING produces Hotness. 
? LINEAR EXPANSION: When a solid rod (metal) is heated change in length takes 
place, which depends upon 
(i) original length (L 0) 
(ii) Increase in temperature 
(iii) Material of rod. 
Let L0 be the original length at 0°C, when heated to T°C final length becomes L 
Increase in length (L t – L 0) a L 0 (T – 0) 
Or 
Coefficient of linear expension a which depends upon material of rod. 
L t– L 0 = L 0 a T 
a = L t – L 0 / L 0 T = increase in length / original length × Rise in temperature 
? When a metal plate is heated, change in area takes place and the expansion is 
called SUPERFICIAL expansion. 
? When a solid of volume v 0 is heated change in volume called cubical expansion 
takes place. 
? a : ß : ? = 1 : 2 : 3 
Test your self 
A. Objective Questions 
1. Write true or false for each statement 
(a) Evaporation is rapid on a wet day. 
Answer. False. 
(b) Evaporation takes place only from the surface of liquid. 
Answer. True. 
(c) All molecules of a liquid take part in the process of evaporation. 
Answer. False. 
(d) Temperature of a liquid rises during boiling or vaporization 
Answer. False. 
(e) All molecules of a liquid take part in boiling. 
Answer. True. 
(f) Boiling is a rapid phenomenon. 
Answer. True. 
(g) All solids expand by the same amount when heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. False. 
(h) Telephone wires are kept tight between the two poles in winter. 
Answer. True. 
(i) Equal volumes of different liquids expand by the different amount when they are 
heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. True. 
(j) Solids expand the least and gases expand the most on being heated. 
Answer. True. 
(k) A mercury thermometer makes use of the property of expansion of liquids on 
heating. 
Answer. True. 
(l) Kerosene contracts on heating. 
Answer. False. 
2. Fill in the blanks  
(a) Boiling occurs at a fixed temperature. 
(b) Evaporation takes place at all temperature. 
(c) The molecules of liquid absorb heat from surroundings in evaporation. 
(d) Heat is absorbed during boiling. 
(e) Cooling is produced in evaporation. 
(f) A longer rod expands more than a shorter rod on being heated to the same 
temperature. 
(g) Liquids expand more than the solids. 
(h) Gases expand more than the liquids. 
(i) Alcohol expands more than water. 
(j) Iron expands less than copper. 
3. Match the following 
 
 
4. Select the correct alternative  
(a) In evaporation 
1. all molecules of liquid begin to escape out 
2. only the molecules at the surface escape out 
3. the temperature of liquid rises by absorbing heat from surroundings. 
4. the molecules get attracted within the liquid. 
(b) The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases when : 
1. temperature of liquid falls 
Page 5


6. Heat Transfer 
? Heat is a form of energy. When two bodies are in contact heat flows from body at 
higher temperature to body at lower temperature till the lower temperature of both 
is same. 
? When a body is heated, its molecules move faster about their means position and 
kinetic energy increases and with fall in temperature their K.E. decreases. 
? When a substance is heated 
(i) It expands i.e. a change in size takes place 
(ii) Change in temperature takes place. 
(iii) Change in state takes place. 
? CHANGE OF STATE : “The process of change from one state to another at a 
constant temperature is called change of state.” 
? Solid on heating changes into LIQUID. LIQUID on absorbing heat changes to 
VAPOURS some SOLIDS on heating DIRECTLY change in vapours called 
SUBLIMATION. Substance is called SUBLIMATE. 
SOLIDIFICATION on cooling when a vapours change into SOLID. GAS OR 
VAPOURS on cooling  changes to LIQUID also called LIQUIFACTION. 
? MELTING: Change of solid into liquid at constant temperature. FUSION ? 
FREEZING is change of LIQUID into SOLID at constant temperature and change 
of solid into liquid at a constant _ temperature is called FUSION. 
? EVAPORATION: “Change liquid to gas at ALLTEMPERATURES” It is surface 
phenomenon. “ 
? VAPOURIZATION : “Change of liquid into vapours at fixed temperature”. 
? METING POINT: “Is the temperature at which a solid starts melting and remains 
constant till the whole of solid melts.” 
M.P. is same as freezing point. 
M.P. of ice is 0°C or freezing point, of water is 0°C. 
? BOILING POINT: “Is the temperature of a liquid at which it start, boiling i.e. 
change into vapours or gaseous state.” 
B .P. of pure water is 100°C. 
? ABSOLUTE ZERO: “The temperature at which molecular motion completely 
ceases.” 
? FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION : 
(i) Temperature: Increases with increase in temperature 
(ii) S.A.: Increases with increase in S.A. 
(iii) BLOWING AIR—Renewal of air increases evaporation. 
(iv) NATURE—Some liquids like spirit, alcohol, petrol evaporate easily. 
? EVAPOURATION ? produces coolness, BOILING produces Hotness. 
? LINEAR EXPANSION: When a solid rod (metal) is heated change in length takes 
place, which depends upon 
(i) original length (L 0) 
(ii) Increase in temperature 
(iii) Material of rod. 
Let L0 be the original length at 0°C, when heated to T°C final length becomes L 
Increase in length (L t – L 0) a L 0 (T – 0) 
Or 
Coefficient of linear expension a which depends upon material of rod. 
L t– L 0 = L 0 a T 
a = L t – L 0 / L 0 T = increase in length / original length × Rise in temperature 
? When a metal plate is heated, change in area takes place and the expansion is 
called SUPERFICIAL expansion. 
? When a solid of volume v 0 is heated change in volume called cubical expansion 
takes place. 
? a : ß : ? = 1 : 2 : 3 
Test your self 
A. Objective Questions 
1. Write true or false for each statement 
(a) Evaporation is rapid on a wet day. 
Answer. False. 
(b) Evaporation takes place only from the surface of liquid. 
Answer. True. 
(c) All molecules of a liquid take part in the process of evaporation. 
Answer. False. 
(d) Temperature of a liquid rises during boiling or vaporization 
Answer. False. 
(e) All molecules of a liquid take part in boiling. 
Answer. True. 
(f) Boiling is a rapid phenomenon. 
Answer. True. 
(g) All solids expand by the same amount when heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. False. 
(h) Telephone wires are kept tight between the two poles in winter. 
Answer. True. 
(i) Equal volumes of different liquids expand by the different amount when they are 
heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Answer. True. 
(j) Solids expand the least and gases expand the most on being heated. 
Answer. True. 
(k) A mercury thermometer makes use of the property of expansion of liquids on 
heating. 
Answer. True. 
(l) Kerosene contracts on heating. 
Answer. False. 
2. Fill in the blanks  
(a) Boiling occurs at a fixed temperature. 
(b) Evaporation takes place at all temperature. 
(c) The molecules of liquid absorb heat from surroundings in evaporation. 
(d) Heat is absorbed during boiling. 
(e) Cooling is produced in evaporation. 
(f) A longer rod expands more than a shorter rod on being heated to the same 
temperature. 
(g) Liquids expand more than the solids. 
(h) Gases expand more than the liquids. 
(i) Alcohol expands more than water. 
(j) Iron expands less than copper. 
3. Match the following 
 
 
4. Select the correct alternative  
(a) In evaporation 
1. all molecules of liquid begin to escape out 
2. only the molecules at the surface escape out 
3. the temperature of liquid rises by absorbing heat from surroundings. 
4. the molecules get attracted within the liquid. 
(b) The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases when : 
1. temperature of liquid falls 
2. liquid is poured in a vessel of less surface area 
3. air is blown above the surface of liquid 
4. humidity increases. 
(c) During boiling or vaporization 
1. all molecules take part 
2. temperature rises 
3. no heat is absorbed 
4. the average kinetic energy of molecules increases. 
(d) The boiling point of a liquid is increased by 
1.  increasing the volume of liquid 
2.  increasing the pressure, on liquid 
3.  adding ice to the liquid 
4.  decreasing pressure on liquid. 
(e) Two rods A and B of the same metal, but of length 1 m and 2 m respectively, are 
heated from 0°C to 100°C. Then 
1.  both the rods A and B elongate the same 
2.  the rod A elongates more than the rod B 
3.  the rod B elongates more than the rod A 
4.  the rod A elongates, but the rod B contracts. 
(f) Two rods A and B of the same metal, same length, but one solid and the other 
hollow, are heated to the same rise in temperature. 
Then 
1.  the solid rod A expands more than the hollow rod B 
2.  the hollow rod B expands more than the solid rod A 
3.  the hollow rod B contracts, but the solid rod A expands 
4.  both the rods A and B expand the same. 
(g) A given volume of alcohol and the same volume of water are heated from the room 
temperature to the same temperature then. 
1. alcohol contracts, but water expands 
2. water contracts, but alcohol expands 
3. water expands more than alcohol 
4. alcohol expands more than water. 
(h) The increase in length of a metal rod depends on