PPT: Water Demand | Environmental Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

 Page 1


Water Demand and Population Forecasting
Water demand assessment is a critical component of urban planning and infrastructure 
development. This presentation explores various formulas and methods used to calculate 
water demand, particularly focusing on fire demand requirements and population 
forecasting techniques.
Understanding these calculations helps engineers and urban planners design adequate 
water supply systems that can meet both daily consumption needs and emergency 
requirements such as firefighting.
Page 2


Water Demand and Population Forecasting
Water demand assessment is a critical component of urban planning and infrastructure 
development. This presentation explores various formulas and methods used to calculate 
water demand, particularly focusing on fire demand requirements and population 
forecasting techniques.
Understanding these calculations helps engineers and urban planners design adequate 
water supply systems that can meet both daily consumption needs and emergency 
requirements such as firefighting.
Rate of Fire Demand
Fire demand is often calculated as a function of population using empirical formulas. These formulas 
help water supply engineers determine the minimum water requirements needed for firefighting 
purposes in urban areas.
Two common formulas used for this purpose include:
As per GO Fire Demand = 100(P)1/2, where P represents the population
Kuichling's Formula calculates Q (amount of water required in liters/minute) based on P 
(population in thousands)
These formulas provide baseline calculations that can be adjusted according to specific urban 
characteristics and fire risk assessments.
Page 3


Water Demand and Population Forecasting
Water demand assessment is a critical component of urban planning and infrastructure 
development. This presentation explores various formulas and methods used to calculate 
water demand, particularly focusing on fire demand requirements and population 
forecasting techniques.
Understanding these calculations helps engineers and urban planners design adequate 
water supply systems that can meet both daily consumption needs and emergency 
requirements such as firefighting.
Rate of Fire Demand
Fire demand is often calculated as a function of population using empirical formulas. These formulas 
help water supply engineers determine the minimum water requirements needed for firefighting 
purposes in urban areas.
Two common formulas used for this purpose include:
As per GO Fire Demand = 100(P)1/2, where P represents the population
Kuichling's Formula calculates Q (amount of water required in liters/minute) based on P 
(population in thousands)
These formulas provide baseline calculations that can be adjusted according to specific urban 
characteristics and fire risk assessments.
Freeman Formula for Fire Demand
The Freeman Formula represents another important method for calculating fire water 
demand in urban areas. This formula takes into account various factors that influence the 
amount of water needed during firefighting operations.
The formula provides a more nuanced approach to fire demand calculation, considering 
not just population but also other relevant parameters that affect firefighting requirements 
in different urban settings.
Engineers often use this formula alongside others to establish a comprehensive 
understanding of fire water demand for a particular area, ensuring adequate water supply 
during emergencies.
Page 4


Water Demand and Population Forecasting
Water demand assessment is a critical component of urban planning and infrastructure 
development. This presentation explores various formulas and methods used to calculate 
water demand, particularly focusing on fire demand requirements and population 
forecasting techniques.
Understanding these calculations helps engineers and urban planners design adequate 
water supply systems that can meet both daily consumption needs and emergency 
requirements such as firefighting.
Rate of Fire Demand
Fire demand is often calculated as a function of population using empirical formulas. These formulas 
help water supply engineers determine the minimum water requirements needed for firefighting 
purposes in urban areas.
Two common formulas used for this purpose include:
As per GO Fire Demand = 100(P)1/2, where P represents the population
Kuichling's Formula calculates Q (amount of water required in liters/minute) based on P 
(population in thousands)
These formulas provide baseline calculations that can be adjusted according to specific urban 
characteristics and fire risk assessments.
Freeman Formula for Fire Demand
The Freeman Formula represents another important method for calculating fire water 
demand in urban areas. This formula takes into account various factors that influence the 
amount of water needed during firefighting operations.
The formula provides a more nuanced approach to fire demand calculation, considering 
not just population but also other relevant parameters that affect firefighting requirements 
in different urban settings.
Engineers often use this formula alongside others to establish a comprehensive 
understanding of fire water demand for a particular area, ensuring adequate water supply 
during emergencies.
National Board of Fire Under Writers Formula
The National Board of Fire Under Writers Formula provides detailed guidelines for calculating 
fire water demand based on city type and building characteristics.
For central congested high-valued cities with populations under 200,000, specific 
calculations apply. When populations exceed 200,000, the formula recommends 54,600 
liters/minute for the first fire and between 9,100 to 36,400 liters/minute for a second fire.
For residential cities, the requirements vary based on building size and value, ranging from 
2,200 liters/minute for small buildings to 27,000 liters/minute for three-storied buildings in 
densely built-up sections.
Page 5


Water Demand and Population Forecasting
Water demand assessment is a critical component of urban planning and infrastructure 
development. This presentation explores various formulas and methods used to calculate 
water demand, particularly focusing on fire demand requirements and population 
forecasting techniques.
Understanding these calculations helps engineers and urban planners design adequate 
water supply systems that can meet both daily consumption needs and emergency 
requirements such as firefighting.
Rate of Fire Demand
Fire demand is often calculated as a function of population using empirical formulas. These formulas 
help water supply engineers determine the minimum water requirements needed for firefighting 
purposes in urban areas.
Two common formulas used for this purpose include:
As per GO Fire Demand = 100(P)1/2, where P represents the population
Kuichling's Formula calculates Q (amount of water required in liters/minute) based on P 
(population in thousands)
These formulas provide baseline calculations that can be adjusted according to specific urban 
characteristics and fire risk assessments.
Freeman Formula for Fire Demand
The Freeman Formula represents another important method for calculating fire water 
demand in urban areas. This formula takes into account various factors that influence the 
amount of water needed during firefighting operations.
The formula provides a more nuanced approach to fire demand calculation, considering 
not just population but also other relevant parameters that affect firefighting requirements 
in different urban settings.
Engineers often use this formula alongside others to establish a comprehensive 
understanding of fire water demand for a particular area, ensuring adequate water supply 
during emergencies.
National Board of Fire Under Writers Formula
The National Board of Fire Under Writers Formula provides detailed guidelines for calculating 
fire water demand based on city type and building characteristics.
For central congested high-valued cities with populations under 200,000, specific 
calculations apply. When populations exceed 200,000, the formula recommends 54,600 
liters/minute for the first fire and between 9,100 to 36,400 liters/minute for a second fire.
For residential cities, the requirements vary based on building size and value, ranging from 
2,200 liters/minute for small buildings to 27,000 liters/minute for three-storied buildings in 
densely built-up sections.
Buston's Formula
Buston's Formula introduces the concept of fire recurrence intervals into water demand 
calculations. This formula was developed based on actual water consumption during 
firefighting in Jabalpur city, India.
The formula considers the probability of fire occurrence, which varies depending on whether 
the area is residential, commercial, or industrial. The recurrence interval (R) represents the 
period of occurrence of fire in years.
This approach provides a more localized and practical method for calculating fire water 
demand, taking into account the specific characteristics and fire history of Indian urban 
areas.