Formula Sheets: Solid Waste Management | Environmental Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

 Page 1


GA TE CE 2026 F orm ula Sheet: Municipal Solid W aste Manage-
men t
1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid W aste
• W aste comp osition fraction:
F raction
i
=
W
i
W
total
×100
where:
– F raction
i
: P ercen tage of comp onen t i (%)
– W
i
: W eigh t of comp onen t i (kg)
– W
total
: T otal w eigh t of w aste (kg)
• Bulk densit y:
? =
M
V
where:
– ? : Densit y of w aste (kg/m³)
– M : Mass of w aste (kg)
– V : V olume of w aste (m³)
2. Generation of Solid W aste
• P er capita w aste generation rate:
q =
M
total
P
where:
– q : P er capita w aste generation (kg/capita/da y)
– M
total
: T otal mass of w aste generated (kg/da y)
– P : P opulation
• T otal w aste generation:
M
total
=P ·q·t
where:
– t : Time p erio d (da ys)
3. Collection and T ransp ortation
• Collection v ehicle v olume requiremen t:
V
v ehicle
=
M
total
?·?
compaction
where:
– V
v ehicle
: V olume of colle ction v ehicle (m³)
– ?
compaction
: Compaction ratio (dimensionless)
• Num b er of trips for collection:
N =
M
total
M
v ehicle
·?
collection
where:
– N : Num b er of trips p er da y
– M
v ehicle
: V ehicle capacit y (kg)
1
Page 2


GA TE CE 2026 F orm ula Sheet: Municipal Solid W aste Manage-
men t
1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid W aste
• W aste comp osition fraction:
F raction
i
=
W
i
W
total
×100
where:
– F raction
i
: P ercen tage of comp onen t i (%)
– W
i
: W eigh t of comp onen t i (kg)
– W
total
: T otal w eigh t of w aste (kg)
• Bulk densit y:
? =
M
V
where:
– ? : Densit y of w aste (kg/m³)
– M : Mass of w aste (kg)
– V : V olume of w aste (m³)
2. Generation of Solid W aste
• P er capita w aste generation rate:
q =
M
total
P
where:
– q : P er capita w aste generation (kg/capita/da y)
– M
total
: T otal mass of w aste generated (kg/da y)
– P : P opulation
• T otal w aste generation:
M
total
=P ·q·t
where:
– t : Time p erio d (da ys)
3. Collection and T ransp ortation
• Collection v ehicle v olume requiremen t:
V
v ehicle
=
M
total
?·?
compaction
where:
– V
v ehicle
: V olume of colle ction v ehicle (m³)
– ?
compaction
: Compaction ratio (dimensionless)
• Num b er of trips for collection:
N =
M
total
M
v ehicle
·?
collection
where:
– N : Num b er of trips p er da y
– M
v ehicle
: V ehicle capacit y (kg)
1
– ?
collection
: Collection e?iciency (dimensionless)
• T ransp ortation time:
T
transp ort
=
2·D
v
·N
where:
– T
transp ort
: T otal transp ortation time (hr/da y)
– D : A v erage distance to disp osal site (km)
– v : A v erage v ehicle sp eed (km/hr)
4. Engine ered Systems: Reuse/Recycle
• Recycling rate:
?
recycle
=
M
recycled
M
total
×100
where:
– ?
recycle
: Recycling e?iciency (%)
– M
recycled
: Mass of w aste recycled (kg)
• Material reco v ery p oten tial:
M
reco v e red
=
?
(W
i
·R
i
)
where:
– M
reco v ered
: T otal mass of reco v erable materials (kg)
– R
i
: Reco v ery rate of comp onen t i (fraction)
5. E ngineered Systems: Energy Reco v ery
• Energy con ten t of w aste:
E =M
com bustible
· CV
where:
– E : Energy c on ten t (MJ)
– M
com bustible
: Mass of com bustible w aste (kg)
– CV: Calorific v alue (MJ/kg)
• P o w er generation p oten tial (incineration):
P =?
energy
·E·
1
3600
where:
– P : P o w er output (k W)
– ?
energy
: Energy c on v ersion e?iciency (fraction)
– E : Energy c on ten t (kJ)
2
Page 3


GA TE CE 2026 F orm ula Sheet: Municipal Solid W aste Manage-
men t
1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid W aste
• W aste comp osition fraction:
F raction
i
=
W
i
W
total
×100
where:
– F raction
i
: P ercen tage of comp onen t i (%)
– W
i
: W eigh t of comp onen t i (kg)
– W
total
: T otal w eigh t of w aste (kg)
• Bulk densit y:
? =
M
V
where:
– ? : Densit y of w aste (kg/m³)
– M : Mass of w aste (kg)
– V : V olume of w aste (m³)
2. Generation of Solid W aste
• P er capita w aste generation rate:
q =
M
total
P
where:
– q : P er capita w aste generation (kg/capita/da y)
– M
total
: T otal mass of w aste generated (kg/da y)
– P : P opulation
• T otal w aste generation:
M
total
=P ·q·t
where:
– t : Time p erio d (da ys)
3. Collection and T ransp ortation
• Collection v ehicle v olume requiremen t:
V
v ehicle
=
M
total
?·?
compaction
where:
– V
v ehicle
: V olume of colle ction v ehicle (m³)
– ?
compaction
: Compaction ratio (dimensionless)
• Num b er of trips for collection:
N =
M
total
M
v ehicle
·?
collection
where:
– N : Num b er of trips p er da y
– M
v ehicle
: V ehicle capacit y (kg)
1
– ?
collection
: Collection e?iciency (dimensionless)
• T ransp ortation time:
T
transp ort
=
2·D
v
·N
where:
– T
transp ort
: T otal transp ortation time (hr/da y)
– D : A v erage distance to disp osal site (km)
– v : A v erage v ehicle sp eed (km/hr)
4. Engine ered Systems: Reuse/Recycle
• Recycling rate:
?
recycle
=
M
recycled
M
total
×100
where:
– ?
recycle
: Recycling e?iciency (%)
– M
recycled
: Mass of w aste recycled (kg)
• Material reco v ery p oten tial:
M
reco v e red
=
?
(W
i
·R
i
)
where:
– M
reco v ered
: T otal mass of reco v erable materials (kg)
– R
i
: Reco v ery rate of comp onen t i (fraction)
5. E ngineered Systems: Energy Reco v ery
• Energy con ten t of w aste:
E =M
com bustible
· CV
where:
– E : Energy c on ten t (MJ)
– M
com bustible
: Mass of com bustible w aste (kg)
– CV: Calorific v alue (MJ/kg)
• P o w er generation p oten tial (incineration):
P =?
energy
·E·
1
3600
where:
– P : P o w er output (k W)
– ?
energy
: Energy c on v ersion e?iciency (fraction)
– E : Energy c on ten t (kJ)
2
6. Engineered Systems: T reatmen t and Disp osal
• Landfill v olume:
V
landfill
=
M
disp osed
?
compacted
where:
– V
landfill
: Landfill v olume require d (m³)
– M
disp osed
: Mass of w aste disp osed (kg), M
disp osed
=M
total
·(1-?
recycle
/100)
– ?
compacted
: Compacted w aste densit y (kg/m³)
• Landfill area requiremen t:
A
landfill
=
V
landfill
h
where:
– A
landfill
: Landfill surface area (m²)
– h : Landfill depth (m)
• Leac hate generation:
Q
leac hate
=P ·A
landfill
·I
where:
– Q
leac hate
: Leac hate flo w rate (m³/da y)
– P : Precipitation rate (m/da y)
– I : Infiltration factor (dimensionless)
• Methane gas generation:
G =L
0
·M
organic
·(1-e
-k·t
)
where:
– G : Methane gas generated (m³)
– L
0
: Methane generation p oten tial (m³/kg)
– M
organic
: Mass of organic w aste (kg)
– k : Methane generation rate constan t (y ear
-1
)
– t : Time (y ears)
3