Page 1
59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the
history books that are available today are
the results of the diligent work of several
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also
publish research journals, informative
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and
archives after completing necessary
treatments for their conservation and
preservation. Those documents and
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
Each step like collecting the sources
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling
and management. It needs people with
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective
research.
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
Science and Information Technology
(5) History and Historical Research
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with
inscription on them, documents like
official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and
research reports.
Necessary Training :
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
Modi, Persian and their development.
(2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
Page 2
59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the
history books that are available today are
the results of the diligent work of several
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also
publish research journals, informative
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and
archives after completing necessary
treatments for their conservation and
preservation. Those documents and
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
Each step like collecting the sources
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling
and management. It needs people with
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective
research.
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
Science and Information Technology
(5) History and Historical Research
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with
inscription on them, documents like
official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and
research reports.
Necessary Training :
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
Modi, Persian and their development.
(2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and
chemicals used in various processes
of cleaning, conservation and
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them
according to their historical date and
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological
method and theory, history of ancient
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of
materials like stones, minerals, metals
and clay used in the production of
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and
chemicals necessary for the cleaning
of artefacts and other chemical
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making
replicas (models) of artefacts and
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise
and manage the antiquities collected by
members of royal and elite families of
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The
Louvre Museum in Paris was established
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities
collected by members
of the royal family
were exhibited in the
Louvre museum. It
included the much
acclaimed painting
of ‘Monalisa’ by
Leonardo da Vinci,
the world renowned
artist. He worked
under the patronage
of Francis I, the king
of France in the 16th century. The
collection in the Louvre museum increased
to a great extent because of the antiquities
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte
from his conquests. Presently, the museum
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England : The
British Museum in London was established
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan
a natural scientist handed over about 71
thousand objects in his collection to the
king of England, George II. It included
several books, pictures, specimens of
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later
the collection was expanded by addition
of various art objects and ancient artefacts
collected by the British people from
Monalisa
Page 3
59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the
history books that are available today are
the results of the diligent work of several
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also
publish research journals, informative
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and
archives after completing necessary
treatments for their conservation and
preservation. Those documents and
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
Each step like collecting the sources
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling
and management. It needs people with
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective
research.
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
Science and Information Technology
(5) History and Historical Research
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with
inscription on them, documents like
official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and
research reports.
Necessary Training :
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
Modi, Persian and their development.
(2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and
chemicals used in various processes
of cleaning, conservation and
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them
according to their historical date and
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological
method and theory, history of ancient
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of
materials like stones, minerals, metals
and clay used in the production of
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and
chemicals necessary for the cleaning
of artefacts and other chemical
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making
replicas (models) of artefacts and
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise
and manage the antiquities collected by
members of royal and elite families of
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The
Louvre Museum in Paris was established
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities
collected by members
of the royal family
were exhibited in the
Louvre museum. It
included the much
acclaimed painting
of ‘Monalisa’ by
Leonardo da Vinci,
the world renowned
artist. He worked
under the patronage
of Francis I, the king
of France in the 16th century. The
collection in the Louvre museum increased
to a great extent because of the antiquities
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte
from his conquests. Presently, the museum
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England : The
British Museum in London was established
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan
a natural scientist handed over about 71
thousand objects in his collection to the
king of England, George II. It included
several books, pictures, specimens of
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later
the collection was expanded by addition
of various art objects and ancient artefacts
collected by the British people from
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History,
United States of America : This museum
of natural history managed by the
Smithsonian Institution was established in
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and
remains of plants and animals, minerals,
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several
museums in various states of India.
Usually the big museums have their own
archives and libraries. Some museums are
affiliated to universities. Such museums
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which
offer degree and diploma courses in
museology :
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this :
Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the
famous museums in India : Indian
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum,
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata,
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in
India, ‘Government Museum’ was
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The
‘National Museum’ was established in
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay : In 1904
C.E. some influential residents
of Mumbai decided to establish
a museum to commemorate the
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the
month of November of 1905 C.E. the
foundation was laid of the museum
building. It was decided that the name of
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales
Museum of Western India’. It was
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
Page 4
59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the
history books that are available today are
the results of the diligent work of several
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also
publish research journals, informative
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and
archives after completing necessary
treatments for their conservation and
preservation. Those documents and
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
Each step like collecting the sources
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling
and management. It needs people with
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective
research.
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
Science and Information Technology
(5) History and Historical Research
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with
inscription on them, documents like
official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and
research reports.
Necessary Training :
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
Modi, Persian and their development.
(2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and
chemicals used in various processes
of cleaning, conservation and
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them
according to their historical date and
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological
method and theory, history of ancient
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of
materials like stones, minerals, metals
and clay used in the production of
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and
chemicals necessary for the cleaning
of artefacts and other chemical
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making
replicas (models) of artefacts and
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise
and manage the antiquities collected by
members of royal and elite families of
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The
Louvre Museum in Paris was established
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities
collected by members
of the royal family
were exhibited in the
Louvre museum. It
included the much
acclaimed painting
of ‘Monalisa’ by
Leonardo da Vinci,
the world renowned
artist. He worked
under the patronage
of Francis I, the king
of France in the 16th century. The
collection in the Louvre museum increased
to a great extent because of the antiquities
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte
from his conquests. Presently, the museum
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England : The
British Museum in London was established
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan
a natural scientist handed over about 71
thousand objects in his collection to the
king of England, George II. It included
several books, pictures, specimens of
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later
the collection was expanded by addition
of various art objects and ancient artefacts
collected by the British people from
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History,
United States of America : This museum
of natural history managed by the
Smithsonian Institution was established in
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and
remains of plants and animals, minerals,
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several
museums in various states of India.
Usually the big museums have their own
archives and libraries. Some museums are
affiliated to universities. Such museums
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which
offer degree and diploma courses in
museology :
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this :
Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the
famous museums in India : Indian
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum,
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata,
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in
India, ‘Government Museum’ was
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The
‘National Museum’ was established in
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay : In 1904
C.E. some influential residents
of Mumbai decided to establish
a museum to commemorate the
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the
month of November of 1905 C.E. the
foundation was laid of the museum
building. It was decided that the name of
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales
Museum of Western India’. It was
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
62
The building of the museum is built
in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given
the status of Grade I Heritage Building
in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50
thousand antiquities divided into three
categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural
History.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
Libraries are the storehouses of
knowledge and information. Library Science
is very closely related to Management
Science, Information Technology and the
field of Education. Libraries perform
various tasks like collecting books, arranging
them systematically, conservation and
preservation of those books, dissemination
of information sources, etc. Many of these
tasks are completed with the help of
computerised systems. To make a book
available to a reader as per his requirement
is the most important aspect of library
management.
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal
(7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor
in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila
University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century
C.E.) and the library in Alexandria,
Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed
to be the earliest libraries in the world.
The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in
16th-17th century, during the times of
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E.
Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered
Thanjavur and established his
independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale
and his successors kept expanding
‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’.
Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the
most in this expansion. In 1918 the
library was renamed as ‘The
Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s
Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his
honour.
There are several noteworthy libraries
in India, for instance, National Library,
Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and
Library, Delhi; State Central Library,
Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society
and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc.
From the technical point of view the
management of archives is akin to library
management. Preserving documents with
important content in their original condition,
preparing indexes and creating accurate
systems of retrieval of documents are the
important tasks in the management of
archives. Documents from the archives are
supposed to be very reliable. Because of
the heavy dependency on computerised
systems information technology has
become an inevitable part of the
management of libraries and archives.
The first official archives of India,
the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was
established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It
was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
In 1998 C.E. the then President of
India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened
the archives for public. It is a department
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Culture of the Indian Government. The
documents have been preserved here in a
chronological order from 1748. It includes
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
Page 5
59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the
history books that are available today are
the results of the diligent work of several
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums
and archives conserve and preserve this
precious historical heritage. They choose
important specimens from the heritage
collection and exhibit them. They also
publish research journals, informative
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which
are not exhibited but historically very
important, are stored in the museums and
archives after completing necessary
treatments for their conservation and
preservation. Those documents and
artefacts are made available to researchers,
as and whenever necessary. Libraries
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
Each step like collecting the sources
of history, creating their records and
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books
and artefacts after completing necessary
treatments requires very careful handling
and management. It needs people with
specific skills. Only trained persons, who
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective
research.
Necessary Training : (1) Sociology
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library
Science and Information Technology
(5) History and Historical Research
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with
inscription on them, documents like
official records, personal correspondence
and diaries, historical books, old books,
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and
research reports.
Necessary Training :
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi,
Modi, Persian and their development.
(2) Basic knowledge of social
organisation and traditions, literature
and culture, dynasties, administrative
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of painting and sculptural art
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their
Conservation and Preservation
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and
chemicals used in various processes
of cleaning, conservation and
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them
according to their historical date and
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and
chemical processes of cleaning for the
conservation and preservation of
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological
method and theory, history of ancient
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of
materials like stones, minerals, metals
and clay used in the production of
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and
chemicals necessary for the cleaning
of artefacts and other chemical
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making
replicas (models) of artefacts and
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of
managing exhibitions in museums
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise
and manage the antiquities collected by
members of royal and elite families of
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The
Louvre Museum in Paris was established
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities
collected by members
of the royal family
were exhibited in the
Louvre museum. It
included the much
acclaimed painting
of ‘Monalisa’ by
Leonardo da Vinci,
the world renowned
artist. He worked
under the patronage
of Francis I, the king
of France in the 16th century. The
collection in the Louvre museum increased
to a great extent because of the antiquities
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte
from his conquests. Presently, the museum
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England : The
British Museum in London was established
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan
a natural scientist handed over about 71
thousand objects in his collection to the
king of England, George II. It included
several books, pictures, specimens of
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later
the collection was expanded by addition
of various art objects and ancient artefacts
collected by the British people from
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History,
United States of America : This museum
of natural history managed by the
Smithsonian Institution was established in
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and
remains of plants and animals, minerals,
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several
museums in various states of India.
Usually the big museums have their own
archives and libraries. Some museums are
affiliated to universities. Such museums
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which
offer degree and diploma courses in
museology :
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this :
Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the
famous museums in India : Indian
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum,
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata,
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in
India, ‘Government Museum’ was
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The
‘National Museum’ was established in
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay : In 1904
C.E. some influential residents
of Mumbai decided to establish
a museum to commemorate the
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the
month of November of 1905 C.E. the
foundation was laid of the museum
building. It was decided that the name of
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales
Museum of Western India’. It was
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
62
The building of the museum is built
in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given
the status of Grade I Heritage Building
in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50
thousand antiquities divided into three
categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural
History.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
Libraries are the storehouses of
knowledge and information. Library Science
is very closely related to Management
Science, Information Technology and the
field of Education. Libraries perform
various tasks like collecting books, arranging
them systematically, conservation and
preservation of those books, dissemination
of information sources, etc. Many of these
tasks are completed with the help of
computerised systems. To make a book
available to a reader as per his requirement
is the most important aspect of library
management.
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal
(7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor
in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila
University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century
C.E.) and the library in Alexandria,
Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed
to be the earliest libraries in the world.
The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in
16th-17th century, during the times of
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E.
Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered
Thanjavur and established his
independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale
and his successors kept expanding
‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’.
Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the
most in this expansion. In 1918 the
library was renamed as ‘The
Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s
Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his
honour.
There are several noteworthy libraries
in India, for instance, National Library,
Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and
Library, Delhi; State Central Library,
Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society
and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc.
From the technical point of view the
management of archives is akin to library
management. Preserving documents with
important content in their original condition,
preparing indexes and creating accurate
systems of retrieval of documents are the
important tasks in the management of
archives. Documents from the archives are
supposed to be very reliable. Because of
the heavy dependency on computerised
systems information technology has
become an inevitable part of the
management of libraries and archives.
The first official archives of India,
the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was
established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It
was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
In 1998 C.E. the then President of
India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened
the archives for public. It is a department
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Culture of the Indian Government. The
documents have been preserved here in a
chronological order from 1748. It includes
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
63
records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian,
Sanskrit and Urdu languages. It also
includes records in Modi script. These
records are classified in four categories :
Public records, Oriental Studies,
Manuscripts and Private Records.
Governments of every State in India
maintain independent archives. The
Archives of Maharashtra State Government
has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur,
Aurangabad and Nagpur. There are about
5 crore modi documents related to Maratha
history in the Pune branch. These documents
are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’.
9.4 Encyclopaedias
Encyclopaedia is a systematic
compilation of information or knowledge
of various topics. The information or
knowledge in encyclopaedia is arranged
with a specified method. Organising
available knowledge and making it
accessible is the main objective of
encyclopaedias.
Benefits of Encyclopaedia :
Encyclopaedias make vast volume of
knowledge accessible to readers. It can
help in satisfying their curiosity.
Encyclopaedias provide fundamental
information on any topic, in order to
understand it properly. Thus, the reader
gets motivated to read extensively.
Encyclopaedias make the existing
knowledge easily accessible to scholars
and researchers and also highlight the
research areas, which have not yet received
enough attention. Encyclopaedias are
indicators of the state of cultural ripeness
of a society. The intellectual and cultural
needs of a society determine what kind of
encyclopaedic literature would be created.
Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity,
standardised format of presentation and
updated information are the criteria for
designing a structure of an encyclopaedia.
In order to incorporate the latest available
information revised editions of
encyclopaedias or supplements to original
editions need to be published.
Encyclopaedias are arranged either in
alphabetical order or according to the
order of topics. The type of order is
decided by keeping the convenience of
readers in mind and the ease of
accessibility to the information. An index
at the end of the encyclopaedia is very
convenient in this regard.
The encyclopaedia can be created
either by a single editor or an editorial
committee. The articles in the
encyclopaedia are written by subject
experts.
Types of Encyclopaedia :
Encyclopaedias can be approximately
divided into four types. (1) Dictionaries
(2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia
(Vishwakosh) (3) Encyclopaedic
(Koshsadrush) literature (4) Indexes
(1) Dictionaries : Dictionaries
arrange the words in a language in certain
order (alphabetical order is more common).
It gives meanings of words, synonyms and
etymology. There are various types of
dictionaries : comprehensive dictionaries,
dictionaries which include only certain
type of words, dictionaries of terminology
(deals with terms peculiar to a branch of
knowledge), etymological dictionaries,
thesaurus, dictionaries of idioms and
proverbs, etc.
(2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia
(Vishwakosh) : There are two types of
Vishwakosh. (a) It includes all subjects
under the sun (for example, ‘Encyclopaedia
Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’,
‘Marathi Vishvakosh’, etc.) (b) It includes
comprehensive information on one chosen
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