Class 10 Exam  >  Class 10 Notes  >  History and Political Science Class 10 (Maharashtra Board)  >  Textbook: Heritage Management

Textbook: Heritage Management | History and Political Science Class 10 (Maharashtra Board) PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the 
history books that are available today are 
the results of the diligent work of several 
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums 
and archives conserve and preserve this 
precious historical heritage. They choose 
important specimens from the heritage 
collection and exhibit them. They also 
publish research journals, informative 
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which 
are not exhibited but historically very 
important, are stored in the museums and 
archives after completing necessary 
treatments for their conservation and 
preservation. Those documents and 
artefacts are made available to researchers, 
as and whenever necessary. Libraries 
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
Each step like collecting the sources 
of history, creating their records and 
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books 
and artefacts after completing necessary 
treatments requires very careful handling 
and management. It needs people with 
specific skills. Only trained persons, who 
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs 
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting 
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective 
research.
Necessary Training :  (1) Sociology 
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology 
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library 
Science and Information Technology  
(5) History and Historical Research 
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports 
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with 
inscription on them, documents like 
official records, personal correspondence 
and diaries, historical books, old books, 
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of 
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and 
research reports.
Necessary Training :  
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, 
Modi, Persian and their development. 
(2) Basic knowledge of social 
organisation and traditions, literature 
and culture, dynasties, administrative 
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of painting and sculptural art 
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink 
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
Page 2


59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the 
history books that are available today are 
the results of the diligent work of several 
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums 
and archives conserve and preserve this 
precious historical heritage. They choose 
important specimens from the heritage 
collection and exhibit them. They also 
publish research journals, informative 
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which 
are not exhibited but historically very 
important, are stored in the museums and 
archives after completing necessary 
treatments for their conservation and 
preservation. Those documents and 
artefacts are made available to researchers, 
as and whenever necessary. Libraries 
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
Each step like collecting the sources 
of history, creating their records and 
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books 
and artefacts after completing necessary 
treatments requires very careful handling 
and management. It needs people with 
specific skills. Only trained persons, who 
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs 
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting 
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective 
research.
Necessary Training :  (1) Sociology 
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology 
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library 
Science and Information Technology  
(5) History and Historical Research 
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports 
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with 
inscription on them, documents like 
official records, personal correspondence 
and diaries, historical books, old books, 
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of 
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and 
research reports.
Necessary Training :  
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, 
Modi, Persian and their development. 
(2) Basic knowledge of social 
organisation and traditions, literature 
and culture, dynasties, administrative 
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of painting and sculptural art 
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink 
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various 
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and 
chemicals used in various processes 
of cleaning, conservation and 
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them 
according to their historical date and 
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected 
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles 
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals 
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their 
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological 
method and theory, history of ancient 
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of 
materials like stones, minerals, metals 
and clay used in the production of 
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and 
chemicals necessary for the cleaning 
of artefacts and other chemical 
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making 
replicas (models) of artefacts and 
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise 
and manage the antiquities collected by 
members of royal and elite families of 
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The 
Louvre Museum in Paris was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities 
collected by members 
of the royal family 
were exhibited in the 
Louvre  museum. It 
included the much 
acclaimed painting 
of ‘Monalisa’ by 
Leonardo da Vinci, 
the world renowned 
artist.  He worked 
under the patronage 
of Francis I, the king 
of France in the 16th century. The 
collection in the Louvre museum increased 
to a great extent because of the antiquities 
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte 
from his conquests. Presently, the museum 
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England :  The 
British Museum in London was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan 
a natural scientist handed over about 71 
thousand objects in his collection to the 
king of England, George II. It included 
several books, pictures, specimens of 
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later 
the collection was expanded by addition 
of various art objects and ancient artefacts 
collected by the British people from 
Monalisa
Page 3


59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the 
history books that are available today are 
the results of the diligent work of several 
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums 
and archives conserve and preserve this 
precious historical heritage. They choose 
important specimens from the heritage 
collection and exhibit them. They also 
publish research journals, informative 
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which 
are not exhibited but historically very 
important, are stored in the museums and 
archives after completing necessary 
treatments for their conservation and 
preservation. Those documents and 
artefacts are made available to researchers, 
as and whenever necessary. Libraries 
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
Each step like collecting the sources 
of history, creating their records and 
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books 
and artefacts after completing necessary 
treatments requires very careful handling 
and management. It needs people with 
specific skills. Only trained persons, who 
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs 
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting 
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective 
research.
Necessary Training :  (1) Sociology 
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology 
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library 
Science and Information Technology  
(5) History and Historical Research 
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports 
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with 
inscription on them, documents like 
official records, personal correspondence 
and diaries, historical books, old books, 
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of 
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and 
research reports.
Necessary Training :  
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, 
Modi, Persian and their development. 
(2) Basic knowledge of social 
organisation and traditions, literature 
and culture, dynasties, administrative 
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of painting and sculptural art 
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink 
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various 
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and 
chemicals used in various processes 
of cleaning, conservation and 
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them 
according to their historical date and 
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected 
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles 
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals 
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their 
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological 
method and theory, history of ancient 
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of 
materials like stones, minerals, metals 
and clay used in the production of 
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and 
chemicals necessary for the cleaning 
of artefacts and other chemical 
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making 
replicas (models) of artefacts and 
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise 
and manage the antiquities collected by 
members of royal and elite families of 
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The 
Louvre Museum in Paris was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities 
collected by members 
of the royal family 
were exhibited in the 
Louvre  museum. It 
included the much 
acclaimed painting 
of ‘Monalisa’ by 
Leonardo da Vinci, 
the world renowned 
artist.  He worked 
under the patronage 
of Francis I, the king 
of France in the 16th century. The 
collection in the Louvre museum increased 
to a great extent because of the antiquities 
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte 
from his conquests. Presently, the museum 
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England :  The 
British Museum in London was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan 
a natural scientist handed over about 71 
thousand objects in his collection to the 
king of England, George II. It included 
several books, pictures, specimens of 
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later 
the collection was expanded by addition 
of various art objects and ancient artefacts 
collected by the British people from 
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History, 
United States of America : This museum 
of natural history managed by the 
Smithsonian Institution was established in 
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore 
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and 
remains of plants and animals, minerals, 
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several 
museums in various states of India.  
Usually the big museums have their own 
archives and libraries. Some museums are 
affiliated to universities. Such museums 
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which 
offer degree and diploma courses in 
museology : 
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum 
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this : 
 Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the 
famous museums in India : Indian 
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum, 
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang 
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico 
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao 
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University, 
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University, 
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum 
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established 
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, 
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in 
India, ‘Government Museum’ was 
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E.  The 
‘National Museum’ was established in 
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay :  In 1904 
C.E. some influential residents 
of Mumbai decided to establish 
a museum to commemorate the 
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the 
month of November of 1905 C.E. the 
foundation was laid of the museum 
building. It was decided that the name of 
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales 
Museum of Western India’. It was 
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
Page 4


59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the 
history books that are available today are 
the results of the diligent work of several 
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums 
and archives conserve and preserve this 
precious historical heritage. They choose 
important specimens from the heritage 
collection and exhibit them. They also 
publish research journals, informative 
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which 
are not exhibited but historically very 
important, are stored in the museums and 
archives after completing necessary 
treatments for their conservation and 
preservation. Those documents and 
artefacts are made available to researchers, 
as and whenever necessary. Libraries 
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
Each step like collecting the sources 
of history, creating their records and 
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books 
and artefacts after completing necessary 
treatments requires very careful handling 
and management. It needs people with 
specific skills. Only trained persons, who 
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs 
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting 
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective 
research.
Necessary Training :  (1) Sociology 
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology 
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library 
Science and Information Technology  
(5) History and Historical Research 
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports 
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with 
inscription on them, documents like 
official records, personal correspondence 
and diaries, historical books, old books, 
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of 
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and 
research reports.
Necessary Training :  
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, 
Modi, Persian and their development. 
(2) Basic knowledge of social 
organisation and traditions, literature 
and culture, dynasties, administrative 
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of painting and sculptural art 
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink 
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various 
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and 
chemicals used in various processes 
of cleaning, conservation and 
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them 
according to their historical date and 
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected 
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles 
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals 
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their 
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological 
method and theory, history of ancient 
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of 
materials like stones, minerals, metals 
and clay used in the production of 
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and 
chemicals necessary for the cleaning 
of artefacts and other chemical 
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making 
replicas (models) of artefacts and 
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise 
and manage the antiquities collected by 
members of royal and elite families of 
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The 
Louvre Museum in Paris was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities 
collected by members 
of the royal family 
were exhibited in the 
Louvre  museum. It 
included the much 
acclaimed painting 
of ‘Monalisa’ by 
Leonardo da Vinci, 
the world renowned 
artist.  He worked 
under the patronage 
of Francis I, the king 
of France in the 16th century. The 
collection in the Louvre museum increased 
to a great extent because of the antiquities 
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte 
from his conquests. Presently, the museum 
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England :  The 
British Museum in London was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan 
a natural scientist handed over about 71 
thousand objects in his collection to the 
king of England, George II. It included 
several books, pictures, specimens of 
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later 
the collection was expanded by addition 
of various art objects and ancient artefacts 
collected by the British people from 
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History, 
United States of America : This museum 
of natural history managed by the 
Smithsonian Institution was established in 
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore 
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and 
remains of plants and animals, minerals, 
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several 
museums in various states of India.  
Usually the big museums have their own 
archives and libraries. Some museums are 
affiliated to universities. Such museums 
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which 
offer degree and diploma courses in 
museology : 
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum 
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this : 
 Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the 
famous museums in India : Indian 
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum, 
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang 
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico 
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao 
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University, 
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University, 
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum 
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established 
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, 
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in 
India, ‘Government Museum’ was 
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E.  The 
‘National Museum’ was established in 
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay :  In 1904 
C.E. some influential residents 
of Mumbai decided to establish 
a museum to commemorate the 
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the 
month of November of 1905 C.E. the 
foundation was laid of the museum 
building. It was decided that the name of 
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales 
Museum of Western India’. It was 
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
62
The building of the museum is built 
in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given 
the status of Grade I Heritage Building 
in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 
thousand antiquities divided into three 
categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural 
History.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
Libraries are the storehouses of 
knowledge and information. Library Science 
is very closely related to Management 
Science, Information Technology and the 
field of Education. Libraries perform 
various tasks like collecting books, arranging 
them systematically, conservation and 
preservation of those books, dissemination 
of information sources, etc. Many of these 
tasks are completed with the help of 
computerised systems. To make a book 
available to a reader as per his requirement 
is the most important aspect of library 
management.
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal 
(7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor 
in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila 
University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century 
C.E.) and  the library in Alexandria, 
Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed 
to be the earliest libraries in the world.
The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in 
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in 
16th-17th century, during the times of 
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. 
Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered 
Thanjavur and established his 
independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale 
and his successors kept expanding 
‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’. 
Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the 
most in this expansion. In 1918 the 
library was renamed as ‘The 
Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s 
Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his 
honour.
There are several noteworthy libraries 
in India, for instance, National Library, 
Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and 
Library, Delhi; State Central Library, 
Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society 
and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc. 
From the technical point of view the 
management of archives is akin to library 
management. Preserving documents with 
important content in their original condition, 
preparing indexes and creating accurate 
systems of retrieval of documents are the 
important tasks in the management of 
archives. Documents from the archives are 
supposed to be very reliable. Because of 
the heavy dependency on computerised 
systems information technology has 
become an inevitable part of  the 
management of libraries and archives.
The first official archives of India, 
the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was 
established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It 
was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
In 1998 C.E. the then President of 
India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened 
the archives for public. It is a department 
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of 
Culture of the Indian Government. The 
documents have been preserved here in a 
chronological order from 1748. It includes 
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
Page 5


59
9. Heritage Management
The sources of history and all the 
history books that are available today are 
the results of the diligent work of several 
historians. Institutes like libraries, museums 
and archives conserve and preserve this 
precious historical heritage. They choose 
important specimens from the heritage 
collection and exhibit them. They also 
publish research journals, informative 
pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc.
The documents and artefacts which 
are not exhibited but historically very 
important, are stored in the museums and 
archives after completing necessary 
treatments for their conservation and 
preservation. Those documents and 
artefacts are made available to researchers, 
as and whenever necessary. Libraries 
conserve, preserve and manage the books.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
Each step like collecting the sources 
of history, creating their records and 
indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books 
and artefacts after completing necessary 
treatments requires very careful handling 
and management. It needs people with 
specific skills. Only trained persons, who 
are duly qualified can take up these tasks.
1. Oral sources of history
• Collecting and compiling of folk songs 
and folk tales, etc.
• Classifying, analysing and interpreting 
the compiled material.
• Publishing the results of respective 
research.
Necessary Training :  (1) Sociology 
and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology 
(3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library 
Science and Information Technology  
(5) History and Historical Research 
Method (6) Writing of Research Reports 
and Articles.
2. Written Sources of History
• Collecting coins and copper plates with 
inscription on them, documents like 
official records, personal correspondence 
and diaries, historical books, old books, 
manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Ascertaining the historical value of 
collected documents.
• Exhibiting selected documents.
• Publishing edited documents and 
research reports.
Necessary Training :  
(1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, 
Modi, Persian and their development. 
(2) Basic knowledge of social 
organisation and traditions, literature 
and culture, dynasties, administrative 
systems, etc. of past societies.
(3) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of painting and sculptural art 
and history of their development.
(4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink 
and colours.
9.1 Sources of History, their 
Conservation and Preservation 
9.2 Some Famous Museums
9.3 Libraries and Archives
9.4 Encyclopaedias
60
(5) Knowledge of properties of various 
stones and metals used for inscriptions
(6) Knowledge of the equipment and 
chemicals used in various processes 
of cleaning, conservation and 
preservation.
(7) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(8) Writing research reports and articles.
3. Material Sources of History
• Collecting artefacts, classifying them 
according to their historical date and 
type and preparing indexes.
• Completing necessary mechanical and 
chemical processes of cleaning for the 
conservation and preservation of 
collected documents.
• Arranging exhibitions of selected 
artefacts or their replicas.
• Writing and publishing research articles 
about collected artefacts.
• Classifying fossils of plants and animals 
and preparing indexes.
• Exhibiting selected fossils or their 
replicas.
Necessary Training :
(1) Basic knowledge of archaeological 
method and theory, history of ancient 
civilisations.
(2) Knowledge of the regional sources of 
materials like stones, minerals, metals 
and clay used in the production of 
artefacts and their chemical properties.
(3) Knowledge of equipment and 
chemicals necessary for the cleaning 
of artefacts and other chemical 
processes.
(4) Knowledge of various schools and 
styles of arts and their development.
(5) Knowledge and skills of making 
replicas (models) of artefacts and 
fossils.
(6) Knowledge of various approaches of 
managing exhibitions in museums 
galleries and information technology.
(7) Writing research reports and articles.
9.2 Some Famous Museums
Museums were created to organise 
and manage the antiquities collected by 
members of royal and elite families of 
medieval Europe.
Louvre Museum, France : The 
Louvre Museum in Paris was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities 
collected by members 
of the royal family 
were exhibited in the 
Louvre  museum. It 
included the much 
acclaimed painting 
of ‘Monalisa’ by 
Leonardo da Vinci, 
the world renowned 
artist.  He worked 
under the patronage 
of Francis I, the king 
of France in the 16th century. The 
collection in the Louvre museum increased 
to a great extent because of the antiquities 
brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte 
from his conquests. Presently, the museum 
contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 
thousand artefacts.
British Museum, England :  The 
British Museum in London was established 
in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan 
a natural scientist handed over about 71 
thousand objects in his collection to the 
king of England, George II. It included 
several books, pictures, specimens of 
preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later 
the collection was expanded by addition 
of various art objects and ancient artefacts 
collected by the British people from 
Monalisa
61
National Museum of natural History, 
United States of America : This museum 
of natural history managed by the 
Smithsonian Institution was established in 
1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore 
(120 millions) specimens of fossils and 
remains of plants and animals, minerals, 
rocks, human fossils and artefacts.
Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several 
museums in various states of India.  
Usually the big museums have their own 
archives and libraries. Some museums are 
affiliated to universities. Such museums 
also offer courses in Museology.
Following are some of the well-
known institutes and universities, which 
offer degree and diploma courses in 
museology : 
British Museum, England
British colonies. Presently the museum 
collection comprises about 80 lakh objects.
National Museum of Natural History
You would like to know this : 
 Famous Museums in India
The following are some of the 
famous museums in India : Indian 
Museum, Kolkata; National Museum, 
Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang 
Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico 
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.
1. National Museum, Delhi
2. Maharaj Sayajirao 
University, Vadodara
3. Kolkata University, Kolkata
4. Banaras Hindu University, 
Varanasi
5. Aligarh Muslim University, 
Aligarh
6. Jivaji University, Gwalior
Museums in India : The first museum 
in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established 
by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, 
in 1814 C.E. The second museum in 
India, ‘Government Museum’ was 
established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E.  The 
‘National Museum’ was established in 
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay :  In 1904 
C.E. some influential residents 
of Mumbai decided to establish 
a museum to commemorate the 
visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the 
month of November of 1905 C.E. the 
foundation was laid of the museum 
building. It was decided that the name of 
the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales 
Museum of Western India’. It was 
renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.
62
The building of the museum is built 
in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given 
the status of Grade I Heritage Building 
in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 
thousand antiquities divided into three 
categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural 
History.
9.3 Libraries and Archives
Libraries are the storehouses of 
knowledge and information. Library Science 
is very closely related to Management 
Science, Information Technology and the 
field of Education. Libraries perform 
various tasks like collecting books, arranging 
them systematically, conservation and 
preservation of those books, dissemination 
of information sources, etc. Many of these 
tasks are completed with the help of 
computerised systems. To make a book 
available to a reader as per his requirement 
is the most important aspect of library 
management.
The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal 
(7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor 
in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila 
University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century 
C.E.) and  the library in Alexandria, 
Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed 
to be the earliest libraries in the world.
The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in 
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in 
16th-17th century, during the times of 
Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. 
Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered 
Thanjavur and established his 
independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale 
and his successors kept expanding 
‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’. 
Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the 
most in this expansion. In 1918 the 
library was renamed as ‘The 
Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s 
Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his 
honour.
There are several noteworthy libraries 
in India, for instance, National Library, 
Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and 
Library, Delhi; State Central Library, 
Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society 
and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc. 
From the technical point of view the 
management of archives is akin to library 
management. Preserving documents with 
important content in their original condition, 
preparing indexes and creating accurate 
systems of retrieval of documents are the 
important tasks in the management of 
archives. Documents from the archives are 
supposed to be very reliable. Because of 
the heavy dependency on computerised 
systems information technology has 
become an inevitable part of  the 
management of libraries and archives.
The first official archives of India, 
the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was 
established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It 
was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E.
In 1998 C.E. the then President of 
India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened 
the archives for public. It is a department 
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of 
Culture of the Indian Government. The 
documents have been preserved here in a 
chronological order from 1748. It includes 
Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay
63
records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, 
Sanskrit and Urdu languages. It also 
includes records in Modi script. These 
records are classified in four categories : 
Public records, Oriental Studies, 
Manuscripts and Private Records.
Governments of every State in India 
maintain independent archives. The 
Archives of Maharashtra State Government 
has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, 
Aurangabad and Nagpur. There are about 
5 crore modi documents related to Maratha 
history in the Pune branch. These documents 
are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’.
9.4 Encyclopaedias
Encyclopaedia is a systematic 
compilation of information or knowledge 
of various topics. The information or 
knowledge in encyclopaedia is arranged 
with a specified method.  Organising 
available knowledge and making it 
accessible is the main objective of 
encyclopaedias.
Benefits of Encyclopaedia : 
Encyclopaedias make vast volume of 
knowledge accessible to readers. It can 
help in satisfying their curiosity. 
Encyclopaedias provide fundamental 
information on any topic, in order to 
understand it properly. Thus, the reader 
gets motivated to read extensively. 
Encyclopaedias make the existing 
knowledge easily accessible to scholars 
and researchers and also highlight the 
research areas, which have not yet received 
enough attention. Encyclopaedias are 
indicators of the state of cultural ripeness 
of a society. The intellectual and cultural 
needs of a society determine what kind of 
encyclopaedic literature would be created.
Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, 
standardised format of presentation and 
updated information are the criteria for 
designing a structure of an encyclopaedia. 
In order to incorporate the latest available 
information revised editions of 
encyclopaedias or supplements to original 
editions need to be published. 
Encyclopaedias are arranged either in 
alphabetical order or according to the 
order of topics. The type of order is 
decided by keeping the convenience of 
readers in mind and the ease of 
accessibility to the information. An index 
at the end of the encyclopaedia is very 
convenient in this regard.
The encyclopaedia can be created 
either by a single editor or an editorial 
committee. The articles in the 
encyclopaedia are written by subject 
experts.
Types of Encyclopaedia : 
Encyclopaedias can be approximately 
divided into four types. (1) Dictionaries  
(2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia 
(Vishwakosh) (3) Encyclopaedic 
(Koshsadrush) literature (4) Indexes
(1) Dictionaries : Dictionaries 
arrange the words in a language in certain 
order (alphabetical order is more common). 
It gives meanings of words, synonyms and 
etymology. There are various types of 
dictionaries : comprehensive dictionaries, 
dictionaries which include only certain 
type of words, dictionaries of terminology 
(deals with terms peculiar to a branch of 
knowledge), etymological dictionaries, 
thesaurus, dictionaries of idioms and 
proverbs, etc.
(2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia 
(Vishwakosh) :  There are two types of 
Vishwakosh. (a) It includes all subjects 
under the sun (for example, ‘Encyclopaedia 
Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, 
‘Marathi Vishvakosh’, etc.) (b) It includes 
comprehensive information on one chosen 
Read More
28 docs
Related Searches

Extra Questions

,

Important questions

,

Textbook: Heritage Management | History and Political Science Class 10 (Maharashtra Board)

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

Summary

,

mock tests for examination

,

Sample Paper

,

study material

,

ppt

,

MCQs

,

Exam

,

Semester Notes

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

Textbook: Heritage Management | History and Political Science Class 10 (Maharashtra Board)

,

Viva Questions

,

Textbook: Heritage Management | History and Political Science Class 10 (Maharashtra Board)

,

Objective type Questions

,

practice quizzes

,

Free

,

video lectures

,

past year papers

,

pdf

;