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•  Indian classical music  is 
a very ancient tradition 
that started from the 
Vedas.
•  Later, it developed into  
two main styles — 
Carnatic, or South 
Indian Classical Music, 
and Hindustani or North 
Indian Classical Music.
•  Indian Classical Music 
is generally passed down 
through oral tradition 
where the student 
(shishya) would spend 
many years with their 
guru, developing a very 
special bond.
Chapter 10
MAKING MUSIC
Music.indd   100 Music.indd   100 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM
Page 2


•  Indian classical music  is 
a very ancient tradition 
that started from the 
Vedas.
•  Later, it developed into  
two main styles — 
Carnatic, or South 
Indian Classical Music, 
and Hindustani or North 
Indian Classical Music.
•  Indian Classical Music 
is generally passed down 
through oral tradition 
where the student 
(shishya) would spend 
many years with their 
guru, developing a very 
special bond.
Chapter 10
MAKING MUSIC
Music.indd   100 Music.indd   100 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM
What is Raga?
Raga is a melodic form in Indian 
Classical Music that is based on a set 
of notes or swaras. The sequence of 
swaras going up is called the Arohana 
or Aroh (ascending scale), and the 
sequence of swaras coming down 
is called the Avarohana or Avroh 
(descending scale).
Both Carnatic and Hindustani 
music have their own ragas and 
taal/tala systems. When you learn 
an Indian Classical composition, 
it is very helpful to know the raga 
and tala. Before you start singing a 
composition, sing the Arohana/Aroh 
and Avarohana/Avroh of the raga, 
and keep count of the tala.
What is Tala or Taal?
Tala or Taal is a rhythm cycle that 
is used to measure time in Indian 
Classical Music. In general, it provides 
a steady pattern of rhythm throughout 
the piece of music.
Music
101
Music.indd   101 Music.indd   101 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM
Page 3


•  Indian classical music  is 
a very ancient tradition 
that started from the 
Vedas.
•  Later, it developed into  
two main styles — 
Carnatic, or South 
Indian Classical Music, 
and Hindustani or North 
Indian Classical Music.
•  Indian Classical Music 
is generally passed down 
through oral tradition 
where the student 
(shishya) would spend 
many years with their 
guru, developing a very 
special bond.
Chapter 10
MAKING MUSIC
Music.indd   100 Music.indd   100 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM
What is Raga?
Raga is a melodic form in Indian 
Classical Music that is based on a set 
of notes or swaras. The sequence of 
swaras going up is called the Arohana 
or Aroh (ascending scale), and the 
sequence of swaras coming down 
is called the Avarohana or Avroh 
(descending scale).
Both Carnatic and Hindustani 
music have their own ragas and 
taal/tala systems. When you learn 
an Indian Classical composition, 
it is very helpful to know the raga 
and tala. Before you start singing a 
composition, sing the Arohana/Aroh 
and Avarohana/Avroh of the raga, 
and keep count of the tala.
What is Tala or Taal?
Tala or Taal is a rhythm cycle that 
is used to measure time in Indian 
Classical Music. In general, it provides 
a steady pattern of rhythm throughout 
the piece of music.
Music
101
Music.indd   101 Music.indd   101 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM
Carnatic Music
Song: Vande Meenakshi
The popular Bengali rhyme Indi 
Bindi Shindi has a similar melody as 
Vande Meenakshi. Find this rhyme 
online and listen to the similarity.
DO YOU KNOW?
Know your tala!
In this song, Eka tala has a cycle 
of four beats. 
Composer:
Muthuswami
Dikshitar
Raga: Shankarabharanam
Arohana:    S R
2
 G
3
 M
1
 P D
2
 N
3
 S
Avarohana: S N
3
 D
2
 P M
1
 G
3
 R
2
 S
Tala: Eka
Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835) was 
a music composer from the Tanjavur 
region of Tamil Nadu and one among 
the Trinity of Carnatic Music. His 
compositions, of which around 500 are 
known today, are mainly in Sanskrit.
S,  G, S,  G, S,       G, M  G R S ||
Van de Mee na kshi Tvaam Sa ra si ja||
N, R, N, R, N, R, G R  S N ||
Vak tre par ne Dur ge Na ta su ra ||
S, G, S, G, S R G M P, , , ||
Bri nde Shak te Gu ru gu ha Paa ||
M G R S G R S N S,,, ,,,, ||
li ni Ja la ru ha Cha ra ne ||
S, N, D P, M, G, M, P, D N ||
Sun da ra Paan dyaa nan de Maa ye ||
S, N D P, M, P,,, ,,,, ||
Su ri ja na dhaa re ||
S, N D P, P M G, M M P, D,||
Sun da ra Ra ja Sa ho da ri Gau ri ||
M G R S  G R S N S,,, ,,,,||
Shu bha ka ri Sa ta ta ma ham ||
Song link: http://tinyurl.com/Vande-Meenakshi
Bansuri  •  Grade 4
102
Music.indd   102 Music.indd   102 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM
Page 4


•  Indian classical music  is 
a very ancient tradition 
that started from the 
Vedas.
•  Later, it developed into  
two main styles — 
Carnatic, or South 
Indian Classical Music, 
and Hindustani or North 
Indian Classical Music.
•  Indian Classical Music 
is generally passed down 
through oral tradition 
where the student 
(shishya) would spend 
many years with their 
guru, developing a very 
special bond.
Chapter 10
MAKING MUSIC
Music.indd   100 Music.indd   100 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM
What is Raga?
Raga is a melodic form in Indian 
Classical Music that is based on a set 
of notes or swaras. The sequence of 
swaras going up is called the Arohana 
or Aroh (ascending scale), and the 
sequence of swaras coming down 
is called the Avarohana or Avroh 
(descending scale).
Both Carnatic and Hindustani 
music have their own ragas and 
taal/tala systems. When you learn 
an Indian Classical composition, 
it is very helpful to know the raga 
and tala. Before you start singing a 
composition, sing the Arohana/Aroh 
and Avarohana/Avroh of the raga, 
and keep count of the tala.
What is Tala or Taal?
Tala or Taal is a rhythm cycle that 
is used to measure time in Indian 
Classical Music. In general, it provides 
a steady pattern of rhythm throughout 
the piece of music.
Music
101
Music.indd   101 Music.indd   101 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM
Carnatic Music
Song: Vande Meenakshi
The popular Bengali rhyme Indi 
Bindi Shindi has a similar melody as 
Vande Meenakshi. Find this rhyme 
online and listen to the similarity.
DO YOU KNOW?
Know your tala!
In this song, Eka tala has a cycle 
of four beats. 
Composer:
Muthuswami
Dikshitar
Raga: Shankarabharanam
Arohana:    S R
2
 G
3
 M
1
 P D
2
 N
3
 S
Avarohana: S N
3
 D
2
 P M
1
 G
3
 R
2
 S
Tala: Eka
Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835) was 
a music composer from the Tanjavur 
region of Tamil Nadu and one among 
the Trinity of Carnatic Music. His 
compositions, of which around 500 are 
known today, are mainly in Sanskrit.
S,  G, S,  G, S,       G, M  G R S ||
Van de Mee na kshi Tvaam Sa ra si ja||
N, R, N, R, N, R, G R  S N ||
Vak tre par ne Dur ge Na ta su ra ||
S, G, S, G, S R G M P, , , ||
Bri nde Shak te Gu ru gu ha Paa ||
M G R S G R S N S,,, ,,,, ||
li ni Ja la ru ha Cha ra ne ||
S, N, D P, M, G, M, P, D N ||
Sun da ra Paan dyaa nan de Maa ye ||
S, N D P, M, P,,, ,,,, ||
Su ri ja na dhaa re ||
S, N D P, P M G, M M P, D,||
Sun da ra Ra ja Sa ho da ri Gau ri ||
M G R S  G R S N S,,, ,,,,||
Shu bha ka ri Sa ta ta ma ham ||
Song link: http://tinyurl.com/Vande-Meenakshi
Bansuri  •  Grade 4
102
Music.indd   102 Music.indd   102 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM
Song: Sri Gana Natha
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Sri | Ga na na tha ||Sin dhu | ra varna||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Ka ru| na saa ga ra || Ka ri | va da na ||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Am | baa Su ta || A ma | ra Vi nu ta||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra ||
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Si ddha| chaa ra na || Ga na | Se vi ta ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Si ddhi| Vi na ya ka|| Te | Na mo Na mo||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra || 
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Sa ka |la Vi dya || A di | Pu ji ta ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Sa r |vo tta ma || Te | Na mo Na mo||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da r a || La ku | mi ka ra ||
Know your tala!
Rupaka tala in Carnatic
music has a cycle of 6 beats.
Composer: 
Purandara 
Dasa
Purandara Dasa (1470–1564) was a 
composer, singer and Haridasa philosopher 
from Karnataka. He is revered as the Father 
of Carnatic music.
Raga: Malahari
Arohana:      S R
1
 M
1
 P  D
1
 S
Avarohana: S D
1
 P M
1
 G
3
 R
1
S
Tala: Rupaka
Music
103
Music.indd   103 Music.indd   103 29-03-2025   2.39.25 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.25 PM
Page 5


•  Indian classical music  is 
a very ancient tradition 
that started from the 
Vedas.
•  Later, it developed into  
two main styles — 
Carnatic, or South 
Indian Classical Music, 
and Hindustani or North 
Indian Classical Music.
•  Indian Classical Music 
is generally passed down 
through oral tradition 
where the student 
(shishya) would spend 
many years with their 
guru, developing a very 
special bond.
Chapter 10
MAKING MUSIC
Music.indd   100 Music.indd   100 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.20 PM
What is Raga?
Raga is a melodic form in Indian 
Classical Music that is based on a set 
of notes or swaras. The sequence of 
swaras going up is called the Arohana 
or Aroh (ascending scale), and the 
sequence of swaras coming down 
is called the Avarohana or Avroh 
(descending scale).
Both Carnatic and Hindustani 
music have their own ragas and 
taal/tala systems. When you learn 
an Indian Classical composition, 
it is very helpful to know the raga 
and tala. Before you start singing a 
composition, sing the Arohana/Aroh 
and Avarohana/Avroh of the raga, 
and keep count of the tala.
What is Tala or Taal?
Tala or Taal is a rhythm cycle that 
is used to measure time in Indian 
Classical Music. In general, it provides 
a steady pattern of rhythm throughout 
the piece of music.
Music
101
Music.indd   101 Music.indd   101 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.23 PM
Carnatic Music
Song: Vande Meenakshi
The popular Bengali rhyme Indi 
Bindi Shindi has a similar melody as 
Vande Meenakshi. Find this rhyme 
online and listen to the similarity.
DO YOU KNOW?
Know your tala!
In this song, Eka tala has a cycle 
of four beats. 
Composer:
Muthuswami
Dikshitar
Raga: Shankarabharanam
Arohana:    S R
2
 G
3
 M
1
 P D
2
 N
3
 S
Avarohana: S N
3
 D
2
 P M
1
 G
3
 R
2
 S
Tala: Eka
Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835) was 
a music composer from the Tanjavur 
region of Tamil Nadu and one among 
the Trinity of Carnatic Music. His 
compositions, of which around 500 are 
known today, are mainly in Sanskrit.
S,  G, S,  G, S,       G, M  G R S ||
Van de Mee na kshi Tvaam Sa ra si ja||
N, R, N, R, N, R, G R  S N ||
Vak tre par ne Dur ge Na ta su ra ||
S, G, S, G, S R G M P, , , ||
Bri nde Shak te Gu ru gu ha Paa ||
M G R S G R S N S,,, ,,,, ||
li ni Ja la ru ha Cha ra ne ||
S, N, D P, M, G, M, P, D N ||
Sun da ra Paan dyaa nan de Maa ye ||
S, N D P, M, P,,, ,,,, ||
Su ri ja na dhaa re ||
S, N D P, P M G, M M P, D,||
Sun da ra Ra ja Sa ho da ri Gau ri ||
M G R S  G R S N S,,, ,,,,||
Shu bha ka ri Sa ta ta ma ham ||
Song link: http://tinyurl.com/Vande-Meenakshi
Bansuri  •  Grade 4
102
Music.indd   102 Music.indd   102 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.24 PM
Song: Sri Gana Natha
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Sri | Ga na na tha ||Sin dhu | ra varna||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Ka ru| na saa ga ra || Ka ri | va da na ||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Am | baa Su ta || A ma | ra Vi nu ta||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra ||
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Si ddha| chaa ra na || Ga na | Se vi ta ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Si ddhi| Vi na ya ka|| Te | Na mo Na mo||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da ra || La ku | mi ka ra || 
M P | D S S R || R S | D P M P ||
Sa ka |la Vi dya || A di | Pu ji ta ||
R M | P D M P || D P | M G R S ||
Sa r |vo tta ma || Te | Na mo Na mo||
S , | R M G R || S R | G R S , ||
Lam | bo da r a || La ku | mi ka ra ||
Know your tala!
Rupaka tala in Carnatic
music has a cycle of 6 beats.
Composer: 
Purandara 
Dasa
Purandara Dasa (1470–1564) was a 
composer, singer and Haridasa philosopher 
from Karnataka. He is revered as the Father 
of Carnatic music.
Raga: Malahari
Arohana:      S R
1
 M
1
 P  D
1
 S
Avarohana: S D
1
 P M
1
 G
3
 R
1
S
Tala: Rupaka
Music
103
Music.indd   103 Music.indd   103 29-03-2025   2.39.25 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.25 PM
The Language of Rhythm
Here are three phrases of Konnakkol  
for you to try:
1. ta Ki Ta
2. ta Ka Dhi Mi
3. ta Ka Dhi Mi ta Ka Jhu Nu
When you repeat the phrases (like ta 
Ki Ta ta Ki Ta ta Ki Ta), you have 
a Konnakkol pattern. Which of the 
Konnakkol patterns match each of 
the songs above?
Can you try a performance in class 
with some students doing Konnakkol, 
some singing the song and some 
keeping tala? Don’t forget to use a 
tambura or an app.
What is Konnakkol?
You may remember from last year 
that we can use certain syllables to 
speak out rhythms. This language 
of percussion is called Konnakkol 
in Carnatic music. Similarly, the 
language of percussion in Hindustani 
music is referred to as Bols.
Bansuri  •  Grade 4
104
Music.indd   104 Music.indd   104 29-03-2025   2.39.27 PM 29-03-2025   2.39.27 PM
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook: Making Music - Arts (Bansuri) Class 4 - New NCERT

1. What are the different types of musical instruments mentioned in the Making Music textbook?
Ans. The Making Music textbook introduces various types of musical instruments, typically categorized into three main groups: string instruments, wind instruments, and percussion instruments. String instruments, like the violin and guitar, produce sound through vibrating strings. Wind instruments, such as the flute and trumpet, create sound by the vibration of air. Percussion instruments, like drums and tambourines, generate sound when struck or shaken.
2. How can music influence our emotions according to the Making Music textbook?
Ans. According to the Making Music textbook, music has a profound impact on our emotions. It can evoke feelings of joy, sadness, excitement, or calmness. The rhythm, melody, and harmony of a piece can create different emotional responses, making music a powerful tool for expression and communication.
3. What role does rhythm play in music as discussed in the Making Music textbook?
Ans. The Making Music textbook emphasizes that rhythm is a crucial element of music. It refers to the pattern of sounds and silences in music, which helps to create movement and structure. Rhythm provides a framework for musical pieces, allowing different instruments and voices to work together harmoniously. It also helps listeners feel the beat and engage with the music.
4. Why is it important for children to learn music according to the Making Music textbook?
Ans. The Making Music textbook highlights the importance of music education for children as it aids in their overall development. Learning music enhances cognitive skills, improves memory, and fosters creativity. Additionally, it encourages teamwork and discipline through group performances, helping children build social skills and self-confidence.
5. Can you explain the concept of melody as described in the Making Music textbook?
Ans. In the Making Music textbook, melody is defined as a sequence of musical notes that are perceived as a single entity. It is often the most recognizable part of a song, consisting of pitch and rhythm. Melodies can vary in length and complexity, and they play a significant role in conveying the mood and theme of the music.
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