Infographics: Minerals and Energy Resources | Social Studies (SST) Class 10 PDF Download

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Minerals & Energy Resources
Minerals are natural substances with a fixed structure and chemical makeup. Rocks are 
made of many minerals, but each mineral has its own special properties.
Ferrous Minerals: India's Steel Backbone
Iron Ore Deposits
Main ores: Hematite and Magnetite (high 
iron content, magnetic). India has large 
reserves, boosting steel industry.
Major Iron Ore Belts:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt (largest 
reserves)
Bailladila hills, Chhattisgarh
Karnataka (Bellary-Kudremukh region)
Goa-Maharashtra coastal belt
Manganese: Steel's Essential Partner
Used in steel to add strength and remove 
impurities. Without manganese, steel can¾t 
be made.
Key Producing States:
Madhya Pradesh (leading producer)
Maharashtra (significant deposits)
Odisha (high-grade ores)
Karnataka (important reserves)
Non-Ferrous Minerals: Industrial Diversity
Copper
Good conductor ³ used in electrical wires, electronics, machinery.
Major deposits: Balaghat (MP), Khetri (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand).
Bauxite (Aluminum Ore)
Main source of aluminium ³ light but strong metal.
Used in aerospace, automobiles, packaging.
Major areas: Odisha (Panchpatmali hills), Jharkhand, Gujarat.
Mica
Excellent insulator and heat-resistant.
Uses: electrical equipment, electronics, cosmetics.
Found mainly in Koderma belt (Jharkhand).
Limestone
Key raw material for cement industry.
Found widely across India ³ vital for construction & infrastructure.
Conservation is Critical: Minerals are non-renewable resources formed over 
millions of years. Once depleted, they cannot be replaced within human timescales. 
Strategies include recycling metals, developing substitute materials, and advancing 
technology to process lower-grade ores efficiently.
Energy Resources
1. Conventional Energy Sources
Coal
Gondwana coalfields: Damodar valley (Jharia, Raniganj), Bokaro. Tertiary coals: 
Northeast India (Assam, Meghalaya).
Petroleum
Mumbai High (offshore), Gujarat, Assam. Critical for transportation and 
petrochemical industries.
Natural Gas
Mumbai High, Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin. Cleaner alternative to coal for power 
generation.
Hydroelectric
Renewable but requires large dams. Issues include displacement and 
environmental impact.
2. Non-Conventional (Renewable) Energy
Solar Energy
High potential in tropical India. Modular, 
suitable for rural areas, reduces import 
dependence and emissions.
Wind Power
Major installations in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, 
Rajasthan (Jaisalmer). Clean and 
increasingly cost-effective.
Tidal Energy
Potential in Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of 
Kuchchh, Sunderbans. Predictable but 
limited locations.
Geothermal
Hot springs at Manikaran, Puga. Uses 
Earth's internal heat for power 
generation.
Environmental Challenges & Solutions
Coal mining causes air and water pollution.
Large dams lead to displacement of people and disturb ecosystems.
Open-pit mining damages landscapes and harms local communities.
Solutions: stricter environmental rules, restoring mined land, and using cleaner energy 
sources.
Recycling Programs
Metal recycling reduces 
demand for new mining 
while conserving energy 
and reducing emissions.
Advanced Technology
New extraction methods 
process low-grade ores 
efficiently while minimizing 
environmental damage.
Clean Energy Transition
Shifting toward renewable 
sources reduces 
dependence on fossil fuels 
and carbon emissions.
Quick Reference: Major Mineral Belts to Remember