Infographics: Political Parties | Social Studies (SST) Class 10 PDF Download

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Political Parties in Democracy
Political parties are essential vehicles for sharing political power and mediating social 
divisions in democratic societies. They bring people together to contest elections, hold 
government power, and represent different viewpoints in society.
Why Do We Need Political Parties?
Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. Without them, every election 
candidate would be independent, making it impossible to form stable governments or 
implement consistent policies across the nation.
1 Contest Elections
Parties present different policies and 
programs, allowing voters to choose 
between alternatives and directions for 
the country.
2 Form Governments
Winning parties form governments and 
implement their promised policies, 
while losing parties serve as opposition 
to check government power.
3 Make Laws
Parties play crucial roles in lawmaking 
processes, representing different 
viewpoints and interests in legislative 
debates.
4 Shape Public Opinion
Parties help citizens access 
government services and welfare 
schemes while influencing public 
discourse on important issues.
Types of Party Systems
One-Party System
No competition exists. The 
single party nominates 
candidates, and voters can 
only vote "yes" or "no." 
Found in countries like 
China, North Korea, and 
Cuba.
Two-Party System
Power alternates between 
two dominant parties. 
Smaller parties merge with 
larger ones or drop out. 
Examples: Great Britain and 
Canada.
Multi-Party System
Three or more parties 
compete for power. When 
no party wins majority, 
coalition governments form. 
Most common system 
worldwide, including India.
Major Political Parties in India
India has over 750 registered parties, but only a few are major national players. National 
parties must win 2% of Lok Sabha seats from at least 3 states, or poll 6% votes in four 
states, or be recognized in four or more states.
Indian National Congress (INC)
Founded in 1885, led India's independence movement. Dominated early post-
independence politics. Symbol: Hand. Promotes political unity, economic 
prosperity, and social justice.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Created in 1980, champions Hindu socio-religious values and strong national 
defense. Symbol: Lotus. Advocates for "Hindutva" and uniform civil code.
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Formed in 1984 to represent OBC, SC, ST, and minorities. Strong in Uttar Pradesh. 
Symbol: Elephant. Inspired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's teachings.
Communist Parties (CPI & CPI-M)
CPI formed in 1925, CPI-M split in 1964. Believe in Marxism-Leninism, socialism, 
and secularism. Strong in Kerala, West Bengal, and Tripura.
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
Formed in 1999 by Sharad Pawar and others. Major support in Maharashtra. 
Supports democracy, Gandhian secularism, and federalism.
Challenges Facing Political Parties
Lack of Internal Democracy
Power concentrated in few hands, no 
regular organizational meetings or 
elections. Ordinary members have 
limited access to information and 
decision-making.
Dynastic Succession
Top positions controlled by family 
members in most parties. Leaders 
favor relatives and close associates, 
undermining democratic principles.
Money and Muscle Power
Rich candidates nominated due to 
fundraising ability. Wealthy donors 
influence party policies. Criminal 
elements sometimes enter politics.
Limited Meaningful Choice
Parties often have similar ideologies 
and policies, differing mainly in 
implementation details rather than 
fundamental principles.
Reform Efforts
Constitutional amendments prevent defection - MPs and MLAs lose seats if they switch 
parties. Supreme Court orders require candidates to file affidavits about property and 
criminal cases. Election Commission mandates income tax returns and structural 
elections for parties.