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10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 1 
? Codes and Error-correcting codes 
? Hamming distance 
? Parity codes 
? M-of-n codes 
? Duplication codes 
? Checksums 
? Summary 
332:437 Lecture 20    
 Information Redundancy 
Page 2


10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 1 
? Codes and Error-correcting codes 
? Hamming distance 
? Parity codes 
? M-of-n codes 
? Duplication codes 
? Checksums 
? Summary 
332:437 Lecture 20    
 Information Redundancy 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 2 
Material from Design and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Digital 
Systems, by Barry Johnson, Addison Wesley 
Page 3


10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 1 
? Codes and Error-correcting codes 
? Hamming distance 
? Parity codes 
? M-of-n codes 
? Duplication codes 
? Checksums 
? Summary 
332:437 Lecture 20    
 Information Redundancy 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 2 
Material from Design and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Digital 
Systems, by Barry Johnson, Addison Wesley 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 3 
Code 
? Represents Information using well-
defined rules 
? Use Binary Codes 
? Problem with ordinary Binary Codes – 
Single-digit error produces a valid code 
pattern that is no longer correct 
 
Page 4


10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 1 
? Codes and Error-correcting codes 
? Hamming distance 
? Parity codes 
? M-of-n codes 
? Duplication codes 
? Checksums 
? Summary 
332:437 Lecture 20    
 Information Redundancy 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 2 
Material from Design and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Digital 
Systems, by Barry Johnson, Addison Wesley 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 3 
Code 
? Represents Information using well-
defined rules 
? Use Binary Codes 
? Problem with ordinary Binary Codes – 
Single-digit error produces a valid code 
pattern that is no longer correct 
 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 4 
Example  
? Complement BCD code LSB bit 0011 
(3) and you get  0010 (2), which is 
valid 
Page 5


10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 1 
? Codes and Error-correcting codes 
? Hamming distance 
? Parity codes 
? M-of-n codes 
? Duplication codes 
? Checksums 
? Summary 
332:437 Lecture 20    
 Information Redundancy 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 2 
Material from Design and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Digital 
Systems, by Barry Johnson, Addison Wesley 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 3 
Code 
? Represents Information using well-
defined rules 
? Use Binary Codes 
? Problem with ordinary Binary Codes – 
Single-digit error produces a valid code 
pattern that is no longer correct 
 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 4 
Example  
? Complement BCD code LSB bit 0011 
(3) and you get  0010 (2), which is 
valid 
10/20/2014 
Bushnell: Digital Systems 
Design Lecture 20 5 
Coding Theory 
? Can create binary codes –- where 
valid code words are subset of total 
number of combinations of 1’s and 
0’s 
? Force errors to cause code word to 
be illegal 
 
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FAQs on Lecture 20 - Information Redundancy - PowerPoint Presentation, Engineering

1. What is information redundancy?
Ans. Information redundancy refers to the inclusion of repetitive or duplicate data in a communication system or message. It is a technique used to ensure that the information is transmitted accurately and reliably, even in the presence of errors or disturbances.
2. Why is information redundancy important in engineering?
Ans. Information redundancy is important in engineering because it helps to improve the reliability and robustness of communication systems. By including redundant information, errors or disturbances can be detected and corrected, leading to a more accurate and reliable transmission of data.
3. How does information redundancy work?
Ans. Information redundancy works by duplicating or repeating data in a communication system. This redundant information is then used to check the accuracy of the transmitted data. If errors or disturbances occur during transmission, the redundant information can be used to detect and correct these errors, ensuring the integrity of the transmitted data.
4. What are the advantages of using information redundancy?
Ans. There are several advantages of using information redundancy in engineering. Firstly, it helps to improve the reliability and robustness of communication systems, as errors can be detected and corrected. Secondly, it enhances the accuracy of data transmission, ensuring that the received data is as close to the original data as possible. Lastly, it provides a level of fault tolerance, allowing the system to continue functioning even in the presence of errors or disturbances.
5. Are there any disadvantages to using information redundancy?
Ans. While information redundancy has its advantages, there are also some disadvantages to consider. One drawback is that it requires additional storage space and bandwidth, as redundant data needs to be transmitted and stored. This can increase the cost and complexity of the communication system. Additionally, excessive redundancy can lead to increased transmission delays, especially in real-time systems where low latency is essential.
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