Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis | Plant Biotechnology - Botany PDF Download

 Page 1


Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Biotechnology 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
Lesson: Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis 
Lesson Developer: Dr Gladys Muivah, Dr Vera Kapai
 
Department/College: SGTB Khalsa College, Gargi College
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 2


Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Biotechnology 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
Lesson: Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis 
Lesson Developer: Dr Gladys Muivah, Dr Vera Kapai
 
Department/College: SGTB Khalsa College, Gargi College
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  2 
 
Table of Contents 
Embryogenesis 
? Introduction 
? Features of embryo 
? Types of embryo 
? Zygotic embryogenesis 
? Asymmetric division 
? Pattern formation 
? Establishment of shoot and root meristem 
? Maturation and germination. 
? Somatic embryogenesis 
? Historical events 
? Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis 
? Explant 
? Genotype 
? Auxins 
? Cytokinins 
? Oxygen concentration 
? Light and humidity 
? Medium 
? Selective subculture 
? Induction and Development 
? Induction  
? Proliferation  
? Pre-maturation 
? Maturation 
? Plant regeneration 
? Application of somatic embryogenesis 
Page 3


Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Biotechnology 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
Lesson: Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis 
Lesson Developer: Dr Gladys Muivah, Dr Vera Kapai
 
Department/College: SGTB Khalsa College, Gargi College
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  2 
 
Table of Contents 
Embryogenesis 
? Introduction 
? Features of embryo 
? Types of embryo 
? Zygotic embryogenesis 
? Asymmetric division 
? Pattern formation 
? Establishment of shoot and root meristem 
? Maturation and germination. 
? Somatic embryogenesis 
? Historical events 
? Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis 
? Explant 
? Genotype 
? Auxins 
? Cytokinins 
? Oxygen concentration 
? Light and humidity 
? Medium 
? Selective subculture 
? Induction and Development 
? Induction  
? Proliferation  
? Pre-maturation 
? Maturation 
? Plant regeneration 
? Application of somatic embryogenesis 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  3 
 
? Difference between zygotic and non-zygotic embryos 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Bibliography 
? Exercises 
  
Page 4


Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Biotechnology 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
Lesson: Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis 
Lesson Developer: Dr Gladys Muivah, Dr Vera Kapai
 
Department/College: SGTB Khalsa College, Gargi College
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  2 
 
Table of Contents 
Embryogenesis 
? Introduction 
? Features of embryo 
? Types of embryo 
? Zygotic embryogenesis 
? Asymmetric division 
? Pattern formation 
? Establishment of shoot and root meristem 
? Maturation and germination. 
? Somatic embryogenesis 
? Historical events 
? Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis 
? Explant 
? Genotype 
? Auxins 
? Cytokinins 
? Oxygen concentration 
? Light and humidity 
? Medium 
? Selective subculture 
? Induction and Development 
? Induction  
? Proliferation  
? Pre-maturation 
? Maturation 
? Plant regeneration 
? Application of somatic embryogenesis 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  3 
 
? Difference between zygotic and non-zygotic embryos 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Bibliography 
? Exercises 
  
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  4 
 
Introduction 
Embryogenesis is the process of the development of an embryo from zygote. This 
process requires the fertilization of an egg cell with the sperm. In angiosperms, the 
product of double fertilization gives rise to the embryo and the endosperms. 
The development of embryos can also take place apomictically. These may arise 
from an unfertilized egg, any other cell of embryo sac or from individual somatic 
cells of nucellus or integument. Like zygotic embryo, the apomictic embryo is also a 
new individual, although it does not contain a new set of genes. These embryos are 
called adventive embryos. 
Isolated somatic or gametic cells can also give rise to embryos either naturally as is 
seen in Kalanchoe where somatic embryos develop from the edge of the leaves or 
in vitro after experimental induction.  
Figure: Fertilization in an angiosperm 
Source:http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.45:169 
Page 5


Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discipline: Botany 
Paper: Plant Biotechnology 
National Coordinator: Prof. S.C. Bhatla 
Lesson: Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis 
Lesson Developer: Dr Gladys Muivah, Dr Vera Kapai
 
Department/College: SGTB Khalsa College, Gargi College
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  2 
 
Table of Contents 
Embryogenesis 
? Introduction 
? Features of embryo 
? Types of embryo 
? Zygotic embryogenesis 
? Asymmetric division 
? Pattern formation 
? Establishment of shoot and root meristem 
? Maturation and germination. 
? Somatic embryogenesis 
? Historical events 
? Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis 
? Explant 
? Genotype 
? Auxins 
? Cytokinins 
? Oxygen concentration 
? Light and humidity 
? Medium 
? Selective subculture 
? Induction and Development 
? Induction  
? Proliferation  
? Pre-maturation 
? Maturation 
? Plant regeneration 
? Application of somatic embryogenesis 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  3 
 
? Difference between zygotic and non-zygotic embryos 
? Summary 
? Glossary 
? Bibliography 
? Exercises 
  
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  4 
 
Introduction 
Embryogenesis is the process of the development of an embryo from zygote. This 
process requires the fertilization of an egg cell with the sperm. In angiosperms, the 
product of double fertilization gives rise to the embryo and the endosperms. 
The development of embryos can also take place apomictically. These may arise 
from an unfertilized egg, any other cell of embryo sac or from individual somatic 
cells of nucellus or integument. Like zygotic embryo, the apomictic embryo is also a 
new individual, although it does not contain a new set of genes. These embryos are 
called adventive embryos. 
Isolated somatic or gametic cells can also give rise to embryos either naturally as is 
seen in Kalanchoe where somatic embryos develop from the edge of the leaves or 
in vitro after experimental induction.  
Figure: Fertilization in an angiosperm 
Source:http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.45:169 
Zygotic and Somatic embryogenesis 
 
Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi  5 
 
 
Figure: Embryogenesis in an angiosperm 
Source: http://cnx.org/contents/37dabcca-90aa-4bc6-b501-bcf431daf512@6.13:43  
Morphological features of an embryo: 
1. An embryo has a bipolar axis. 
2. One end of the axis gives rise to shoot meristem 
3. The other end of the axis develops into root meristem.  
4. The middle portion of the embryo comprises the hypocotyl. 
 
Figure: Embryo sac in angiosperm 
Source: http://cnx.org/contents/b3798dae-10d6-426f-a82b-
cdeaafbb6ec5@4