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Page 1
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 0
Subject : Zoology
Lesson : Excretory system
Lesson Developer: Aruna Mohan
College/Department: Gargi College, Delhi University
Page 2
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 0
Subject : Zoology
Lesson : Excretory system
Lesson Developer: Aruna Mohan
College/Department: Gargi College, Delhi University
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
? General introduction to Excretory System
? Kidney
? Introduction
? Histology of Kidney
? Cortex
? Medulla
? Hilium
? Histological details of tubule
? Renal or Malpighian corpuscle
? Glomerular capsule
? Glomerulus
? Proximal Convoluted Tubule
? Thin Descending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Thin Ascending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Distal Convoluted Tubule
? Renal Blood supply
? The Vasa Recta
? Pressure in Renal circulation
? Function of Peritubular Capillaries
? Glomerular Filtration
? Composition of Glomerular filtrate
? Filtration fraction
? Reabsorption and secretion in the tubules
? Active transport through the Tubular Wall
? Plasma Clearance
? Renal mechanisms
? Diluting mechanism of the kidney: The mechanism of excreting
excess water
? Concentrating mechanism of the kidney: excretion of excess
solutes-Counter Current Mechanism
? Hyperosmolality of the medullary Interstitial fluid
Page 3
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 0
Subject : Zoology
Lesson : Excretory system
Lesson Developer: Aruna Mohan
College/Department: Gargi College, Delhi University
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
? General introduction to Excretory System
? Kidney
? Introduction
? Histology of Kidney
? Cortex
? Medulla
? Hilium
? Histological details of tubule
? Renal or Malpighian corpuscle
? Glomerular capsule
? Glomerulus
? Proximal Convoluted Tubule
? Thin Descending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Thin Ascending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Distal Convoluted Tubule
? Renal Blood supply
? The Vasa Recta
? Pressure in Renal circulation
? Function of Peritubular Capillaries
? Glomerular Filtration
? Composition of Glomerular filtrate
? Filtration fraction
? Reabsorption and secretion in the tubules
? Active transport through the Tubular Wall
? Plasma Clearance
? Renal mechanisms
? Diluting mechanism of the kidney: The mechanism of excreting
excess water
? Concentrating mechanism of the kidney: excretion of excess
solutes-Counter Current Mechanism
? Hyperosmolality of the medullary Interstitial fluid
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 2
? Counter-current exchange mechanism in Vasa Recta
? Mechanism for excreting concentrated urine
? Urea excretion
? Sodium excretion
? Potassium excretion
? Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
? Mechanism of autoregulation of GFR
? Tubuloglomerular Feedback
? The Juxtaglomerular complex
? Acid-base balance
? The bicarbonate buffer system
? Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
? Causes of Metabolic Alakalosis
? Renal diseases
? Acute renal failure
? Renal failure caused by Acute Glomerulonephrities
? Tubular necrosis as a cause of Acute Renal Failure
? Chronic Renal failure
? Dialysis with the artificial Kidney
? Summary
? Exercises
? Glossary
? References
Page 4
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 0
Subject : Zoology
Lesson : Excretory system
Lesson Developer: Aruna Mohan
College/Department: Gargi College, Delhi University
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
? General introduction to Excretory System
? Kidney
? Introduction
? Histology of Kidney
? Cortex
? Medulla
? Hilium
? Histological details of tubule
? Renal or Malpighian corpuscle
? Glomerular capsule
? Glomerulus
? Proximal Convoluted Tubule
? Thin Descending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Thin Ascending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Distal Convoluted Tubule
? Renal Blood supply
? The Vasa Recta
? Pressure in Renal circulation
? Function of Peritubular Capillaries
? Glomerular Filtration
? Composition of Glomerular filtrate
? Filtration fraction
? Reabsorption and secretion in the tubules
? Active transport through the Tubular Wall
? Plasma Clearance
? Renal mechanisms
? Diluting mechanism of the kidney: The mechanism of excreting
excess water
? Concentrating mechanism of the kidney: excretion of excess
solutes-Counter Current Mechanism
? Hyperosmolality of the medullary Interstitial fluid
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 2
? Counter-current exchange mechanism in Vasa Recta
? Mechanism for excreting concentrated urine
? Urea excretion
? Sodium excretion
? Potassium excretion
? Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
? Mechanism of autoregulation of GFR
? Tubuloglomerular Feedback
? The Juxtaglomerular complex
? Acid-base balance
? The bicarbonate buffer system
? Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
? Causes of Metabolic Alakalosis
? Renal diseases
? Acute renal failure
? Renal failure caused by Acute Glomerulonephrities
? Tubular necrosis as a cause of Acute Renal Failure
? Chronic Renal failure
? Dialysis with the artificial Kidney
? Summary
? Exercises
? Glossary
? References
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 3
General introduction to Excretory system
Fig.1: Excretory system
Source: http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/human-excretory-system/
Kidney
Introduction
The kidneys perform following functions:
i) Excrete most of the end products of metabolisms in the body.
ii) Control the concentrations of most of the constituents of the body fluids.
iii) Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance
iv) Maintenance ofacid-base balance.
v) Regulation of blood pressure and blood volume.
vi) Secretion of erythropoietin-erythrocyte stimulating factor (ESF), essential for formation
of erythrocytes.
vii) Secretion of renin (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system)
The two kidneys together contain about 2,400,000 nephrons. A nephron is considered as a
smallest functional unit of kidney.
Histology of Kidney
Page 5
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 0
Subject : Zoology
Lesson : Excretory system
Lesson Developer: Aruna Mohan
College/Department: Gargi College, Delhi University
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 1
Table of Contents
? General introduction to Excretory System
? Kidney
? Introduction
? Histology of Kidney
? Cortex
? Medulla
? Hilium
? Histological details of tubule
? Renal or Malpighian corpuscle
? Glomerular capsule
? Glomerulus
? Proximal Convoluted Tubule
? Thin Descending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Thin Ascending Segment of Loop of Henle
? Distal Convoluted Tubule
? Renal Blood supply
? The Vasa Recta
? Pressure in Renal circulation
? Function of Peritubular Capillaries
? Glomerular Filtration
? Composition of Glomerular filtrate
? Filtration fraction
? Reabsorption and secretion in the tubules
? Active transport through the Tubular Wall
? Plasma Clearance
? Renal mechanisms
? Diluting mechanism of the kidney: The mechanism of excreting
excess water
? Concentrating mechanism of the kidney: excretion of excess
solutes-Counter Current Mechanism
? Hyperosmolality of the medullary Interstitial fluid
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 2
? Counter-current exchange mechanism in Vasa Recta
? Mechanism for excreting concentrated urine
? Urea excretion
? Sodium excretion
? Potassium excretion
? Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
? Mechanism of autoregulation of GFR
? Tubuloglomerular Feedback
? The Juxtaglomerular complex
? Acid-base balance
? The bicarbonate buffer system
? Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
? Causes of Metabolic Alakalosis
? Renal diseases
? Acute renal failure
? Renal failure caused by Acute Glomerulonephrities
? Tubular necrosis as a cause of Acute Renal Failure
? Chronic Renal failure
? Dialysis with the artificial Kidney
? Summary
? Exercises
? Glossary
? References
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 3
General introduction to Excretory system
Fig.1: Excretory system
Source: http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/human-excretory-system/
Kidney
Introduction
The kidneys perform following functions:
i) Excrete most of the end products of metabolisms in the body.
ii) Control the concentrations of most of the constituents of the body fluids.
iii) Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance
iv) Maintenance ofacid-base balance.
v) Regulation of blood pressure and blood volume.
vi) Secretion of erythropoietin-erythrocyte stimulating factor (ESF), essential for formation
of erythrocytes.
vii) Secretion of renin (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system)
The two kidneys together contain about 2,400,000 nephrons. A nephron is considered as a
smallest functional unit of kidney.
Histology of Kidney
Excretory System
Institute of Life Long Learning, University of Delhi 4
Kidneys are enclosed in a strong capsule of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. They both
contain the uriniferous tubule.
Cortex
Fig.2: Gross anatomy of mammalian kidney
Source: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/kidney.htm
The cortex is granular in appearance because the tubules here are much convoluted and it
also contains malphigian corpuscles. The cortex overlies the bases of medullary pyramids
and dips down between them.
These displaced portions of cortex, which invade the medullary territory, are called renal
columns of Bertini. The cortex is subdivided into alternating radial tracts known as rays and
labyrinths. The rays are radially striated because they contain the straight parts of proximal
tubules and the collecting ducts. They are continuous with the striated medulla, hence called
“medullary rays”, though cortical rays is an appropriate term for them. among fresh
tubules, glomeruli may be seen as bright red points.
Medulla
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FAQs on Lecture 1 - Excretory System - Animal Physiology and Functional Histology-II - MBBS
| 1. What is the excretory system? |  |
Ans. The excretory system is a biological system responsible for eliminating metabolic waste products from the body. It includes organs such as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to remove waste products, regulate fluid balance, and maintain the body's pH levels.
| 2. How does the excretory system function? | |
Ans. The excretory system functions by filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them in the form of urine. The kidneys play a crucial role in this process by filtering the blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and excreting waste products, toxins, and excess water as urine. The urine then passes through the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until it is expelled through the urethra.
| 3. What are the main functions of the kidneys in the excretory system? | |
Ans. The kidneys perform several important functions in the excretory system. They regulate the water and electrolyte balance in the body, maintain the acid-base balance, filter waste products from the blood, and remove them from the body through urine. Additionally, the kidneys also produce hormones that regulate blood pressure and stimulate red blood cell production.
| 4. How does the excretory system maintain fluid balance in the body? | |
Ans. The excretory system maintains fluid balance in the body by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. When there is excess water in the body, the kidneys produce dilute urine to eliminate the excess water. On the other hand, when the body is dehydrated, the kidneys conserve water by producing concentrated urine. This helps to maintain the body's fluid balance and prevent dehydration or fluid overload.
| 5. What are some common diseases or disorders of the excretory system? | |
Ans. Some common diseases or disorders of the excretory system include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, kidney failure, urinary incontinence, and urinary retention. Other conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and bladder cancer can also affect the functioning of the excretory system. Prompt medical attention and treatment are essential to manage these conditions and maintain optimal excretory system function.
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