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Page 1 aqKOH Cl OH SOCl 2 -OH -Cl AlcKOH C-C-Cl C=C Conc.H2SO4 C C OH C=C P4/Cl 2 -OH -Cl Alc KCN -Cl -CN Ni/H2 -CN - CH2NH2 H3O + -CN -COOH OH - (partial Hydrolysis) -CN -CONH2 LiAlH4 -CONH2 -CH2NH2 Br2/KOH (Or NaOBr) -CONH2 -NH2 (Hoffmanns Bromamide degradation ) HNO2 -NH2 OH NaNO2/HCl (or HNO2-273K) Ar-NH2 Ar-N2Cl ( Diazotisation) CuCl/HCl -N2Cl Cl (Sandmeyer reaction) CuCl/HBr -N2Cl -Br HBF4 -N2Cl -F CuCl/HCN -N2Cl -CN H2O/Warm -N2Cl -OH [O] -CHO -COOH LiAlH4 -CHO -CH2OH [O] -CH2OH -CHO [O] -CH2OH -COOH Page 2 aqKOH Cl OH SOCl 2 -OH -Cl AlcKOH C-C-Cl C=C Conc.H2SO4 C C OH C=C P4/Cl 2 -OH -Cl Alc KCN -Cl -CN Ni/H2 -CN - CH2NH2 H3O + -CN -COOH OH - (partial Hydrolysis) -CN -CONH2 LiAlH4 -CONH2 -CH2NH2 Br2/KOH (Or NaOBr) -CONH2 -NH2 (Hoffmanns Bromamide degradation ) HNO2 -NH2 OH NaNO2/HCl (or HNO2-273K) Ar-NH2 Ar-N2Cl ( Diazotisation) CuCl/HCl -N2Cl Cl (Sandmeyer reaction) CuCl/HBr -N2Cl -Br HBF4 -N2Cl -F CuCl/HCN -N2Cl -CN H2O/Warm -N2Cl -OH [O] -CHO -COOH LiAlH4 -CHO -CH2OH [O] -CH2OH -CHO [O] -CH2OH -COOH LiAlH4 -COOH -CH2OH Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 NH3/? -COOH -CONH2 Zn/Hg/HCl C= O -CH2 (Clemmensen reduction) NH2NH2/ethylene glycol C=O -CH2 (Wolf Kishner reduction) [Ag(NH3)2] + -CHO -COOH + Ag (Tollens test) Silver mirror 1%alk KMNO4 Ar-CH3 Ar-COOH Zndust/ ? Ar-OH Ar-H (i)O3 C=C C=O + C=O (ii)Zn/H2O NH2-Z C=O C=N-Z (Z=-OH,-NH2,- NH-Ar ) Dil NaOH CH3CHO CH3CHCH2CHO (Aldol Condensation) OH Conc.NaOH HCHO CH3OH + CH3COONa ( Cannizaros reaction) Cu/HCl ArN2 + X - ArCl Gattermann reaction) OH - ArN2 + Cl - + Ar-OH Ar-N = N-Ar-OH (Coupling reaction) Cu(OH)2 -CHO -COONa + Cu2O (Fehling test) Red ppt R-X + R’-ONa R-O-R’ + NaX (Williamson synthesis) CH3CH2CH2-O-CH3 + HI CH3I + CH3CH2CH2OH (alkyl halide of smaller alkyl gp. is formed) HI (CH3)3C –OC2H5 (CH3)3C-I + C2H5OH ( 3 0 carbocation is more stable,reaction proceeds by S N 1 mechanism ) NaI -Cl I (Finkelstein reaction) Acetone Page 3 aqKOH Cl OH SOCl 2 -OH -Cl AlcKOH C-C-Cl C=C Conc.H2SO4 C C OH C=C P4/Cl 2 -OH -Cl Alc KCN -Cl -CN Ni/H2 -CN - CH2NH2 H3O + -CN -COOH OH - (partial Hydrolysis) -CN -CONH2 LiAlH4 -CONH2 -CH2NH2 Br2/KOH (Or NaOBr) -CONH2 -NH2 (Hoffmanns Bromamide degradation ) HNO2 -NH2 OH NaNO2/HCl (or HNO2-273K) Ar-NH2 Ar-N2Cl ( Diazotisation) CuCl/HCl -N2Cl Cl (Sandmeyer reaction) CuCl/HBr -N2Cl -Br HBF4 -N2Cl -F CuCl/HCN -N2Cl -CN H2O/Warm -N2Cl -OH [O] -CHO -COOH LiAlH4 -CHO -CH2OH [O] -CH2OH -CHO [O] -CH2OH -COOH LiAlH4 -COOH -CH2OH Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 NH3/? -COOH -CONH2 Zn/Hg/HCl C= O -CH2 (Clemmensen reduction) NH2NH2/ethylene glycol C=O -CH2 (Wolf Kishner reduction) [Ag(NH3)2] + -CHO -COOH + Ag (Tollens test) Silver mirror 1%alk KMNO4 Ar-CH3 Ar-COOH Zndust/ ? Ar-OH Ar-H (i)O3 C=C C=O + C=O (ii)Zn/H2O NH2-Z C=O C=N-Z (Z=-OH,-NH2,- NH-Ar ) Dil NaOH CH3CHO CH3CHCH2CHO (Aldol Condensation) OH Conc.NaOH HCHO CH3OH + CH3COONa ( Cannizaros reaction) Cu/HCl ArN2 + X - ArCl Gattermann reaction) OH - ArN2 + Cl - + Ar-OH Ar-N = N-Ar-OH (Coupling reaction) Cu(OH)2 -CHO -COONa + Cu2O (Fehling test) Red ppt R-X + R’-ONa R-O-R’ + NaX (Williamson synthesis) CH3CH2CH2-O-CH3 + HI CH3I + CH3CH2CH2OH (alkyl halide of smaller alkyl gp. is formed) HI (CH3)3C –OC2H5 (CH3)3C-I + C2H5OH ( 3 0 carbocation is more stable,reaction proceeds by S N 1 mechanism ) NaI -Cl I (Finkelstein reaction) Acetone AgF -Cl F (Swarts reaction) AgNO2 -Cl NO2 KNO2 -Cl -O-N=O KCN -Cl -CN AgCN -Cl -NC Na/dry ether 2RX R-R (Wurtz reaction) H2O/NH3 RMgBr R-H Mg/dry ether R-X RMgX Hg +2 /H2SO4 CH CH CH3CHO H2O 1. NaOH CH3CHO+ CH3CH2CHO CH3-CH=CH-CHO + CH3CH2-CH=C-CHO 2. ? CH3 (Cross Aldol condensation) CO2 RMgX RCOOH Dry ether PCl 5 -COOH -COCl NaOH&CaO R-COONa R-H (Kolbe electrolysis) Heat (i) X2/redphosphorus R-CH2-COOH R-CH-COOH (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction) (ii) H2O OH HCN -CHO -C-H CN KMnO4/OH - CH=CH -COOH -CN -CHO(Stephen Reaction) -COCl -CHO(Rosenmunds Reduction) Sn/HCl H2/Pd,S/BaSO4 Page 4 aqKOH Cl OH SOCl 2 -OH -Cl AlcKOH C-C-Cl C=C Conc.H2SO4 C C OH C=C P4/Cl 2 -OH -Cl Alc KCN -Cl -CN Ni/H2 -CN - CH2NH2 H3O + -CN -COOH OH - (partial Hydrolysis) -CN -CONH2 LiAlH4 -CONH2 -CH2NH2 Br2/KOH (Or NaOBr) -CONH2 -NH2 (Hoffmanns Bromamide degradation ) HNO2 -NH2 OH NaNO2/HCl (or HNO2-273K) Ar-NH2 Ar-N2Cl ( Diazotisation) CuCl/HCl -N2Cl Cl (Sandmeyer reaction) CuCl/HBr -N2Cl -Br HBF4 -N2Cl -F CuCl/HCN -N2Cl -CN H2O/Warm -N2Cl -OH [O] -CHO -COOH LiAlH4 -CHO -CH2OH [O] -CH2OH -CHO [O] -CH2OH -COOH LiAlH4 -COOH -CH2OH Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 NH3/? -COOH -CONH2 Zn/Hg/HCl C= O -CH2 (Clemmensen reduction) NH2NH2/ethylene glycol C=O -CH2 (Wolf Kishner reduction) [Ag(NH3)2] + -CHO -COOH + Ag (Tollens test) Silver mirror 1%alk KMNO4 Ar-CH3 Ar-COOH Zndust/ ? Ar-OH Ar-H (i)O3 C=C C=O + C=O (ii)Zn/H2O NH2-Z C=O C=N-Z (Z=-OH,-NH2,- NH-Ar ) Dil NaOH CH3CHO CH3CHCH2CHO (Aldol Condensation) OH Conc.NaOH HCHO CH3OH + CH3COONa ( Cannizaros reaction) Cu/HCl ArN2 + X - ArCl Gattermann reaction) OH - ArN2 + Cl - + Ar-OH Ar-N = N-Ar-OH (Coupling reaction) Cu(OH)2 -CHO -COONa + Cu2O (Fehling test) Red ppt R-X + R’-ONa R-O-R’ + NaX (Williamson synthesis) CH3CH2CH2-O-CH3 + HI CH3I + CH3CH2CH2OH (alkyl halide of smaller alkyl gp. is formed) HI (CH3)3C –OC2H5 (CH3)3C-I + C2H5OH ( 3 0 carbocation is more stable,reaction proceeds by S N 1 mechanism ) NaI -Cl I (Finkelstein reaction) Acetone AgF -Cl F (Swarts reaction) AgNO2 -Cl NO2 KNO2 -Cl -O-N=O KCN -Cl -CN AgCN -Cl -NC Na/dry ether 2RX R-R (Wurtz reaction) H2O/NH3 RMgBr R-H Mg/dry ether R-X RMgX Hg +2 /H2SO4 CH CH CH3CHO H2O 1. NaOH CH3CHO+ CH3CH2CHO CH3-CH=CH-CHO + CH3CH2-CH=C-CHO 2. ? CH3 (Cross Aldol condensation) CO2 RMgX RCOOH Dry ether PCl 5 -COOH -COCl NaOH&CaO R-COONa R-H (Kolbe electrolysis) Heat (i) X2/redphosphorus R-CH2-COOH R-CH-COOH (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction) (ii) H2O OH HCN -CHO -C-H CN KMnO4/OH - CH=CH -COOH -CN -CHO(Stephen Reaction) -COCl -CHO(Rosenmunds Reduction) Sn/HCl H2/Pd,S/BaSO4 Kolbes reaction Riemer Tiemanns reaction Etard Reaction -COCl -CONH2 -COOCH3 -COOH -(CO)2O KCl KOH (aq) HNO2 -OH -Cl -OH- -CH2NH2(alipha) HNO2 P4/Cl 2 -NH2 KCN LiAlH4 LiAlH4 Br2/KOH PARTIAL H3O + - CONH2 -CN -COOH HYDROLYSIS -CHO [O] LiAlH4 NH3 SnCl2/HCl H2/Pd SOCl 2 [O] [O] -COCl -COOH -CHO -CH2OH CH 3OH -COOCH 3 LiAlH4 H3O + Page 5 aqKOH Cl OH SOCl 2 -OH -Cl AlcKOH C-C-Cl C=C Conc.H2SO4 C C OH C=C P4/Cl 2 -OH -Cl Alc KCN -Cl -CN Ni/H2 -CN - CH2NH2 H3O + -CN -COOH OH - (partial Hydrolysis) -CN -CONH2 LiAlH4 -CONH2 -CH2NH2 Br2/KOH (Or NaOBr) -CONH2 -NH2 (Hoffmanns Bromamide degradation ) HNO2 -NH2 OH NaNO2/HCl (or HNO2-273K) Ar-NH2 Ar-N2Cl ( Diazotisation) CuCl/HCl -N2Cl Cl (Sandmeyer reaction) CuCl/HBr -N2Cl -Br HBF4 -N2Cl -F CuCl/HCN -N2Cl -CN H2O/Warm -N2Cl -OH [O] -CHO -COOH LiAlH4 -CHO -CH2OH [O] -CH2OH -CHO [O] -CH2OH -COOH LiAlH4 -COOH -CH2OH Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 NH3/? -COOH -CONH2 Zn/Hg/HCl C= O -CH2 (Clemmensen reduction) NH2NH2/ethylene glycol C=O -CH2 (Wolf Kishner reduction) [Ag(NH3)2] + -CHO -COOH + Ag (Tollens test) Silver mirror 1%alk KMNO4 Ar-CH3 Ar-COOH Zndust/ ? Ar-OH Ar-H (i)O3 C=C C=O + C=O (ii)Zn/H2O NH2-Z C=O C=N-Z (Z=-OH,-NH2,- NH-Ar ) Dil NaOH CH3CHO CH3CHCH2CHO (Aldol Condensation) OH Conc.NaOH HCHO CH3OH + CH3COONa ( Cannizaros reaction) Cu/HCl ArN2 + X - ArCl Gattermann reaction) OH - ArN2 + Cl - + Ar-OH Ar-N = N-Ar-OH (Coupling reaction) Cu(OH)2 -CHO -COONa + Cu2O (Fehling test) Red ppt R-X + R’-ONa R-O-R’ + NaX (Williamson synthesis) CH3CH2CH2-O-CH3 + HI CH3I + CH3CH2CH2OH (alkyl halide of smaller alkyl gp. is formed) HI (CH3)3C –OC2H5 (CH3)3C-I + C2H5OH ( 3 0 carbocation is more stable,reaction proceeds by S N 1 mechanism ) NaI -Cl I (Finkelstein reaction) Acetone AgF -Cl F (Swarts reaction) AgNO2 -Cl NO2 KNO2 -Cl -O-N=O KCN -Cl -CN AgCN -Cl -NC Na/dry ether 2RX R-R (Wurtz reaction) H2O/NH3 RMgBr R-H Mg/dry ether R-X RMgX Hg +2 /H2SO4 CH CH CH3CHO H2O 1. NaOH CH3CHO+ CH3CH2CHO CH3-CH=CH-CHO + CH3CH2-CH=C-CHO 2. ? CH3 (Cross Aldol condensation) CO2 RMgX RCOOH Dry ether PCl 5 -COOH -COCl NaOH&CaO R-COONa R-H (Kolbe electrolysis) Heat (i) X2/redphosphorus R-CH2-COOH R-CH-COOH (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction) (ii) H2O OH HCN -CHO -C-H CN KMnO4/OH - CH=CH -COOH -CN -CHO(Stephen Reaction) -COCl -CHO(Rosenmunds Reduction) Sn/HCl H2/Pd,S/BaSO4 Kolbes reaction Riemer Tiemanns reaction Etard Reaction -COCl -CONH2 -COOCH3 -COOH -(CO)2O KCl KOH (aq) HNO2 -OH -Cl -OH- -CH2NH2(alipha) HNO2 P4/Cl 2 -NH2 KCN LiAlH4 LiAlH4 Br2/KOH PARTIAL H3O + - CONH2 -CN -COOH HYDROLYSIS -CHO [O] LiAlH4 NH3 SnCl2/HCl H2/Pd SOCl 2 [O] [O] -COCl -COOH -CHO -CH2OH CH 3OH -COOCH 3 LiAlH4 H3O + ArF ACID + ALCOHOL Ester ArCl NaNO 2/HCl HBF4 CuCl/HCl ArNH 2 ArN 2Cl Zn Fe/HCl H2O ArOH ArNO2 CuCN/HCN KI HNO3/H2SO4 or ARH ArCN C 2H 5OH ARI EWG: -NO2,CN.CHO.COOH ETC increase acidity of phenol and aniline,benzoic acid EDG: -CH3.CH2CH3,NH 2,OH,OCH 3 decrease acidity of phenol and increase basocity of aniline Cl CH2COOH is stronger acid than CH3COOH BECAUSE –Cl is EWG EWG gps are m-directing EDG gps are o,p- directing C-atom attached to four different gps is chiral S N 1 --- determined by stability of carbo cation S N 2 --- less steric hindrance favours it Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones due to steric and electronic factors Alcohols act as lewis bases due to presence of lone pair of electrons on O-atom Amines are more basic than amides and alcohols Amines and phenols are more reactive than benzene due to the presence of highly activating groups( -OH,-NH 2) Amines are less acidic thanalcohols due to more electronegative O-atom Primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines due to more H-bonding Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines due to –I effect of alkyl gps Order of basicity ( in solution) Due to salvation, & electronic factors -NH2 GP is protected before nitration by acetylation the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is less available fordonation to benzene ring by resonance. Therefore, activatingeffect of –NHCOCH 3 group is less than that of amino group. C=O + RMgBr C + Mg(Br)OH R OH -C N + RMgBr C H3PO2 NH2 RRead More
1. What is a conversion in organic chemistry? | ![]() |
2. Why are conversions important in organic chemistry? | ![]() |
3. What are some common types of conversions in organic chemistry? | ![]() |
4. How are conversions typically carried out in the laboratory? | ![]() |
5. What are some common challenges associated with organic conversions? | ![]() |