CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS - Class 10 PDF Download

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CHAPTER - 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS Class                                   :- X Subject                               :- Science Name of Teacher               :- Mr. Satish Kumar (PGT Chem) School                                 :- KV  RRL Jorhat,  Assam
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CHAPTER - 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS Class                                   :- X Subject                               :- Science Name of Teacher               :- Mr. Satish Kumar (PGT Chem) School                                 :- KV  RRL Jorhat,  Assam 1) Occurrence of carbon :- i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in      all living organisms. ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,      natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,     hydrogen carbonates etc. iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc.
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CHAPTER - 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS Class                                   :- X Subject                               :- Science Name of Teacher               :- Mr. Satish Kumar (PGT Chem) School                                 :- KV  RRL Jorhat,  Assam 1) Occurrence of carbon :- i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in      all living organisms. ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,      natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,     hydrogen carbonates etc. iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :-  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons.    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of 
energy to lose 4 electrons.   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds.   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent.                                C               C X X X X _ _ I I
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CHAPTER - 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS Class                                   :- X Subject                               :- Science Name of Teacher               :- Mr. Satish Kumar (PGT Chem) School                                 :- KV  RRL Jorhat,  Assam 1) Occurrence of carbon :- i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in      all living organisms. ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,      natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,     hydrogen carbonates etc. iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :-  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons.    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of 
energy to lose 4 electrons.   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds.   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent.                                C               C X X X X _ _ I I 3) Formation of covalent bonds :-     Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.  The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results in the formation of triple covalent bond. Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen           molecule - H
2
  
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H
2. 
          H x   +   x H                       H   X X   H                    H – H               H
2
 

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CHAPTER - 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS Class                                   :- X Subject                               :- Science Name of Teacher               :- Mr. Satish Kumar (PGT Chem) School                                 :- KV  RRL Jorhat,  Assam 1) Occurrence of carbon :- i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in      all living organisms. ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,      natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc. iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,     hydrogen carbonates etc. iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc. 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :-  The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it 
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons, 
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to 
hold 10 electrons.    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of 
energy to lose 4 electrons.   So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in 
the formation of covalent bonds.   Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4 
and it is tetravalent.                                C               C X X X X _ _ I I 3) Formation of covalent bonds :-     Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.  The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results in the formation of triple covalent bond. Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen           molecule - H
2
  
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H
2. 
          H x   +   x H                       H   X X   H                    H – H               H
2
 
 Formation of double covalent bond in oxygen molecule - O
2
 The atomic number of oxygen is 8, its EC is 2,6, it has 6 VE, it needs 2 
electrons more to attain stability. So two oxygen atoms share two 
pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a double covalent bond 
in oxygen molecule O
2   
    O      +      O                  O      O               O = O           O
2
 Formation of triple covalent bond in Nitrogen molecule - N
2
  
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, its EC is 2,5, it has 5 VE, it needs 
3 electrons more to attain stability. So two nitrogen atoms share three 
pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a triple covalent bond in 
nitrogen molecule N
2
     
N       +       N                     N      N                N ? N             N
2
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