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DPP : 02 / Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
SCF-7, 1
st
floor, Sector-15, Panchkula
9217610408, 8699438881, 8699438882
Page No.1
ONE CAN CONQUER THE INNERSELF WITH-
DEDICATION,DISCIPLINE & UNSHAKEABLE FAITH IN GOD
Some important points & facts
1. PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS.
I. The lower alcohols are liquids, while higher having more than 12 carbon atoms are solids. They are
colourless neutral substances with characteristic alcoholic odour and burning taste.
II. The lower alcohols are readily soluble in water and the solubility decreases with the increase in molecular
weight.
III. Methyl alcohol (carbinol) is known as wood spirit, wood alcohol or naphtha. Drinking of methyl alcohol
causes blindness.
IV . Boiling points of alcohols are much higher than those of the corresponding alkanes. It is again due to
the formation of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the two molecules of an alcohol with the
result several molecules are associated to form a large molecule.
H—O---H—O---H—O
R R R
Hydrogen bonding in alcohol molecules
Among the isomeric alcohols, boiling point and melting point show the following trend.
Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
Thus, the boiling point decreases with branching. This is because of the fact that in secondary and tertiary
alcohols, alkyl part (hydrogen character) out weighs the —OH group due to branching.
V . Lower alcohols form solid addition compounds with anhydrous metallic salts like CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
and
CuSO
4
, CaCl
2
.4C
2
H
5
OH, MgCl
2
.6C
2
H
5
OH, CuSO
4
.2C
2
H
5
OH. By analogy to water of crystallisation, these
alcohol molecules are referred to as alcohols of crystallisation. For this reason, alcohols cannot be dried
over anhydrous calcium chloride.
(A) Reactions involving only the hydrogen atom of the —OH group, i.e., reactions involving cleavage of oxygen-
hydrogen bond, —O—H. All such reactions (No. 1 - 5) follow the following order.
Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
1. Action of alkali metals. Electropositive metals like Na, K, Ca, Mg and Al react with alcohols forming
alkoxides with the liberation of hydrogen gas.
+ ? + ?
2
Sod. alkoxide
2ROH 2Na 2RONa H
e.g.,
+ ? + ?
2 5 2 5 2
Sod. ethoxide
2C H OH 2Na 2C H ONa H
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS & ETHERS
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS - 2
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FAQs on Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers : Daily Practice Problems (DPP) - 2 - Additional Study Material for Class 12
| 1. What are the differences between alcohols, phenols, and ethers? |  |
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are all organic compounds that contain oxygen, but they differ in their functional groups and chemical properties.
Alcohols have a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. Alcohols can undergo oxidation reactions to form aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids.
Phenols, on the other hand, have a hydroxyl group attached directly to an aromatic ring. This makes them more acidic than alcohols. Phenols can undergo reactions such as electrophilic aromatic substitution and can be used as disinfectants or antiseptics.
Ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They are relatively unreactive and often used as solvents or as starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds.
| 2. How are alcohols named? | |
Alcohols are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number before the name of the parent alkane. If there are multiple hydroxyl groups, the prefixes di-, tri-, etc., are used to indicate their number. For example, ethanol is named as such because it is derived from ethane by replacing one hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl group.
| 3. What are the properties of phenols? | |
Phenols have distinct properties compared to alcohols. Some of the important properties of phenols include:
1. Higher acidity: Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion formed after deprotonation of the hydroxyl group. This makes phenols capable of reacting with bases to form salts.
2. Insolubility in water: Phenols are slightly soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, but their solubility decreases with increasing carbon chain length.
3. Reactivity: Phenols can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions due to the presence of the aromatic ring. They can also undergo reactions such as oxidation, esterification, and halogenation.
| 4. How do ethers differ from alcohols? | |
Ethers differ from alcohols in terms of their functional groups and properties. While both contain oxygen, alcohols have a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, whereas ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
In terms of properties, ethers are relatively unreactive compared to alcohols. They do not undergo oxidation reactions like alcohols and are not acidic. Ethers are commonly used as solvents due to their low reactivity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.
| 5. What are some common uses of alcohols, phenols, and ethers? | |
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers have various applications in different industries. Some common uses include:
- Alcohols: Ethanol, a type of alcohol, is used as a solvent, fuel, and disinfectant. Methanol is used as an industrial solvent and in the production of formaldehyde. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a disinfectant and cleaning agent.
- Phenols: Phenol is used in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, resins, and detergents. It is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Some phenols, such as bisphenol A, are used in the production of polycarbonate plastics.
- Ethers: Ethers are commonly used as solvents, particularly in organic synthesis and extraction processes. Diethyl ether, for example, is used as an anesthetic and as a starting material for the synthesis of various organic compounds.
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