Science Class 9 chapter 12 Notes PDF Download

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Science Class 9 Notes – Sound 
1. Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. 
2. Source of sound and its propagation : A source of vibration motion of an object is 
normally a source of sound. 
3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound: 
(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency to return back to 
their original positions after the displacement. 
(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to store the energy. 
The frictional resistance of the medium should be negligible to minimise the loss of energy in 
propagation. 
4. Types of waves 
(i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a material 
medium for its propagation. On the basis of motion of particles the mechanical waves are 
classified into two parts. 
(a) Transverse wave 
(b) Longitudinal wave 
(a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular 
to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is known as the transverse wave. For 
example, waves produced in a stretched string. 
(b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of 
propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave. For example sound 
wave in air. 
(ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not require medium for propagation are 
called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through vacuum also. For example, light 
waves, X-rays. 
5. Characteristics of a sound wave 
Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is called frequency. 
The unit of frequency is hertz 
(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean position is called 
amplitude. 
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Science Class 9 Notes – Sound 
1. Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. 
2. Source of sound and its propagation : A source of vibration motion of an object is 
normally a source of sound. 
3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound: 
(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency to return back to 
their original positions after the displacement. 
(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to store the energy. 
The frictional resistance of the medium should be negligible to minimise the loss of energy in 
propagation. 
4. Types of waves 
(i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a material 
medium for its propagation. On the basis of motion of particles the mechanical waves are 
classified into two parts. 
(a) Transverse wave 
(b) Longitudinal wave 
(a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular 
to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is known as the transverse wave. For 
example, waves produced in a stretched string. 
(b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of 
propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave. For example sound 
wave in air. 
(ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not require medium for propagation are 
called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through vacuum also. For example, light 
waves, X-rays. 
5. Characteristics of a sound wave 
Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is called frequency. 
The unit of frequency is hertz 
(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean position is called 
amplitude. 
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The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m). 
(iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration is called time period. 
Frequency= 1/(Time period) or v = 1/T 
(iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest (adjacent) crests or troughs of a wave is 
called its wavelength. 
(v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called velocity of the 
wave (or speed of the wave). The S.I. unit for the velocity of a wave is metres per second (m/s 
or ms-1). 
(vi) Pitch : Pitch is the sensation (brain interpretation) of the frequency of an emitted sound 
and is the characteristic which distinguishes a shrill (or sharp) sound from a grave (or flat) 
sound. 
(vii) Loudness : It is a measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per second. 
6. Reflection of sound : When sound waves strike a surface, they return back into the same 
medium. This phenomenon is called reflection. 
7. Laws of reflection : Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection. 
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all lie in the same plane. 
8. Echo : Phenomenon of hearing back our own sound is called an echo. It is due to successive 
reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large size. 
9. Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of reflection body 
: If t is the time at which an echo is heard, d is the distance between the source of sound and the 
reflecting body and v is the speed of sound. The total distance travelled by the sound is 2d. 
speed of sound, v = 2d/t or d = vt/2 
10. Conditions for the formation of Echoes 
(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body should be 17.2 
metres. 
(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting body. 
(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after reflection. 
11. Reverberation : Persistence of sound after its production is stopped, is called 
reverberation. A short reverberation is desirable in a concert hall (where music is being played) 
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Science Class 9 Notes – Sound 
1. Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. 
2. Source of sound and its propagation : A source of vibration motion of an object is 
normally a source of sound. 
3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound: 
(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency to return back to 
their original positions after the displacement. 
(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to store the energy. 
The frictional resistance of the medium should be negligible to minimise the loss of energy in 
propagation. 
4. Types of waves 
(i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a material 
medium for its propagation. On the basis of motion of particles the mechanical waves are 
classified into two parts. 
(a) Transverse wave 
(b) Longitudinal wave 
(a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular 
to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is known as the transverse wave. For 
example, waves produced in a stretched string. 
(b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of 
propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave. For example sound 
wave in air. 
(ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not require medium for propagation are 
called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through vacuum also. For example, light 
waves, X-rays. 
5. Characteristics of a sound wave 
Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is called frequency. 
The unit of frequency is hertz 
(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean position is called 
amplitude. 
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The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m). 
(iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration is called time period. 
Frequency= 1/(Time period) or v = 1/T 
(iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest (adjacent) crests or troughs of a wave is 
called its wavelength. 
(v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called velocity of the 
wave (or speed of the wave). The S.I. unit for the velocity of a wave is metres per second (m/s 
or ms-1). 
(vi) Pitch : Pitch is the sensation (brain interpretation) of the frequency of an emitted sound 
and is the characteristic which distinguishes a shrill (or sharp) sound from a grave (or flat) 
sound. 
(vii) Loudness : It is a measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per second. 
6. Reflection of sound : When sound waves strike a surface, they return back into the same 
medium. This phenomenon is called reflection. 
7. Laws of reflection : Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection. 
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all lie in the same plane. 
8. Echo : Phenomenon of hearing back our own sound is called an echo. It is due to successive 
reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large size. 
9. Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of reflection body 
: If t is the time at which an echo is heard, d is the distance between the source of sound and the 
reflecting body and v is the speed of sound. The total distance travelled by the sound is 2d. 
speed of sound, v = 2d/t or d = vt/2 
10. Conditions for the formation of Echoes 
(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body should be 17.2 
metres. 
(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting body. 
(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after reflection. 
11. Reverberation : Persistence of sound after its production is stopped, is called 
reverberation. A short reverberation is desirable in a concert hall (where music is being played) 
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because it gives ‘life’ to sound. Too much reverberation confuses the programmers and must be 
reduced to reduce reverberation. 
12. Range of Hearing : The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about 20 
Hz to 20,000 Hz (one Hz = one cycle/s). Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called 
infrasonic sound or infrasound. Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or 
ultra sound. Ultrasound is produced by dolphins. 
13. Applications of ultrasound : The ultrasound is commonly used for medical diagnosis 
and therapy, and also as a surgical tool. It is also used in a wide variety of industrial 
applications and processes. Some creatures use ultrasound for information exchange and for the 
detection and location of objects. Also some bats and 
porpoises are found to use ultrasound for navi gation and to locate food in darkness or at 
a place where there is inadequate light for vision (method of search is called echolocation). 
14. Sonar : SONAR means Sound Navigation Rang-ing. In this sound waves (ultrasonic) are 
used [microwaves are absorbed by water)]. Sound waves are emitted by a source. These waves 
travel in water with velocity v. The waves re-flected by targets (like submarine bottom sea) are 
detected. 
Uses 
(i) The SONAR system is used for detecting the presence of unseen underwater objects, such as 
a submerged submarine, a sunken ship, sea rock or a hidden iceberg, and locating them 
accurately. 
(ii) The principle of SONAR is also used in industry of detection of flaws in metal blocks or 
sheets without damaging them. 
15. Human ear : It is a highly sensitive part of the human body which enables us to hear a 
sound. It converts the pressure variations in air with audiable frequencies into electric signals 
which travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. 
The human ear has three main parts. Their auditory functions are as follows: 
(i) Outer ear : The outer ear is called `pinna’. It collects the sound from the suri-ounding. The 
collected sound passes through the auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal there is a 
thin membrane called the ear drum or tympanic membrane. When compression of the medium 
produced due to vibration of the object reaches the ear drum, the pressure on the outside of the 
membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward. Similarly, the eardrum moves outward 
when a rarefaction reaches. In this way the ear drum vibrates. 
(ii) Middle ear: The vibrations are amplified several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil 
and stirrup) in the middle ear which act as levers. The middle ear transmits the amplified 
pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear. 
Page 4


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Science Class 9 Notes – Sound 
1. Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. 
2. Source of sound and its propagation : A source of vibration motion of an object is 
normally a source of sound. 
3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound: 
(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency to return back to 
their original positions after the displacement. 
(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to store the energy. 
The frictional resistance of the medium should be negligible to minimise the loss of energy in 
propagation. 
4. Types of waves 
(i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a material 
medium for its propagation. On the basis of motion of particles the mechanical waves are 
classified into two parts. 
(a) Transverse wave 
(b) Longitudinal wave 
(a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular 
to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is known as the transverse wave. For 
example, waves produced in a stretched string. 
(b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of 
propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave. For example sound 
wave in air. 
(ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not require medium for propagation are 
called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through vacuum also. For example, light 
waves, X-rays. 
5. Characteristics of a sound wave 
Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is called frequency. 
The unit of frequency is hertz 
(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean position is called 
amplitude. 
2 | P a g e 
 
www.ncerthelp.com  (Visit for all ncert solutions in text and videos, CBSE syllabus, note and many more) 
 
The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m). 
(iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration is called time period. 
Frequency= 1/(Time period) or v = 1/T 
(iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest (adjacent) crests or troughs of a wave is 
called its wavelength. 
(v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called velocity of the 
wave (or speed of the wave). The S.I. unit for the velocity of a wave is metres per second (m/s 
or ms-1). 
(vi) Pitch : Pitch is the sensation (brain interpretation) of the frequency of an emitted sound 
and is the characteristic which distinguishes a shrill (or sharp) sound from a grave (or flat) 
sound. 
(vii) Loudness : It is a measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per second. 
6. Reflection of sound : When sound waves strike a surface, they return back into the same 
medium. This phenomenon is called reflection. 
7. Laws of reflection : Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection. 
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all lie in the same plane. 
8. Echo : Phenomenon of hearing back our own sound is called an echo. It is due to successive 
reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large size. 
9. Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of reflection body 
: If t is the time at which an echo is heard, d is the distance between the source of sound and the 
reflecting body and v is the speed of sound. The total distance travelled by the sound is 2d. 
speed of sound, v = 2d/t or d = vt/2 
10. Conditions for the formation of Echoes 
(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body should be 17.2 
metres. 
(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting body. 
(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after reflection. 
11. Reverberation : Persistence of sound after its production is stopped, is called 
reverberation. A short reverberation is desirable in a concert hall (where music is being played) 
3 | P a g e 
 
www.ncerthelp.com  (Visit for all ncert solutions in text and videos, CBSE syllabus, note and many more) 
 
because it gives ‘life’ to sound. Too much reverberation confuses the programmers and must be 
reduced to reduce reverberation. 
12. Range of Hearing : The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about 20 
Hz to 20,000 Hz (one Hz = one cycle/s). Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called 
infrasonic sound or infrasound. Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or 
ultra sound. Ultrasound is produced by dolphins. 
13. Applications of ultrasound : The ultrasound is commonly used for medical diagnosis 
and therapy, and also as a surgical tool. It is also used in a wide variety of industrial 
applications and processes. Some creatures use ultrasound for information exchange and for the 
detection and location of objects. Also some bats and 
porpoises are found to use ultrasound for navi gation and to locate food in darkness or at 
a place where there is inadequate light for vision (method of search is called echolocation). 
14. Sonar : SONAR means Sound Navigation Rang-ing. In this sound waves (ultrasonic) are 
used [microwaves are absorbed by water)]. Sound waves are emitted by a source. These waves 
travel in water with velocity v. The waves re-flected by targets (like submarine bottom sea) are 
detected. 
Uses 
(i) The SONAR system is used for detecting the presence of unseen underwater objects, such as 
a submerged submarine, a sunken ship, sea rock or a hidden iceberg, and locating them 
accurately. 
(ii) The principle of SONAR is also used in industry of detection of flaws in metal blocks or 
sheets without damaging them. 
15. Human ear : It is a highly sensitive part of the human body which enables us to hear a 
sound. It converts the pressure variations in air with audiable frequencies into electric signals 
which travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. 
The human ear has three main parts. Their auditory functions are as follows: 
(i) Outer ear : The outer ear is called `pinna’. It collects the sound from the suri-ounding. The 
collected sound passes through the auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal there is a 
thin membrane called the ear drum or tympanic membrane. When compression of the medium 
produced due to vibration of the object reaches the ear drum, the pressure on the outside of the 
membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward. Similarly, the eardrum moves outward 
when a rarefaction reaches. In this way the ear drum vibrates. 
(ii) Middle ear: The vibrations are amplified several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil 
and stirrup) in the middle ear which act as levers. The middle ear transmits the amplified 
pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear. 
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(iii) Inner ear: In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the 
cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain 
interprets them as sound.