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1. What is the structure and function of DNA?

Ans. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. It consists of a long chain of nucleotides and is primarily located in the cell nucleus. The main function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information.

2. How is DNA replicated during cell division?

Ans. DNA replication is a process that occurs during cell division, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. It ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell's DNA. The process involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix, the separation of the two strands, and the synthesis of new complementary strands using the existing strands as templates. The end result is two identical DNA molecules.

3. What are the different types of RNA and their functions?

Ans. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. tRNA helps in translating the genetic code into amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. rRNA is a component of the ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place.

4. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Ans. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division processes. Mitosis is responsible for the growth, repair, and asexual reproduction of cells, while meiosis is involved in the production of gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction. The key differences between mitosis and meiosis are the number of divisions, the number of resulting cells, and the genetic variation. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

5. What is the role of enzymes in DNA replication?

Ans. Enzymes play essential roles in DNA replication. The primary enzyme involved is DNA polymerase, which catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing DNA chain. It also proofreads and corrects errors in the newly synthesized DNA. Other enzymes, such as helicase, topoisomerase, and DNA ligase, are involved in unwinding the DNA helix, relieving tension, and joining the Okazaki fragments formed during replication, respectively. Together, these enzymes ensure the accurate and efficient replication of DNA.

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