Features of Harappan Settlement

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations that emerged around 2600 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The settlements of the Harappans were characterized by several distinctive features that contributed to their advanced urban planning and organization. Here are the key features of Harappan settlements:

1. Urban Planning:
The Harappan cities were meticulously planned and organized, displaying a high level of urban planning. They were laid out in a grid-like pattern with well-defined streets and lanes. The cities were divided into different sectors, each with its specific purpose, such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

2. Well-Structured Cities:
The Harappan settlements were characterized by well-structured cities, often fortified with defensive walls. The cities were designed with a central citadel or acropolis, which comprised public buildings and possibly served as administrative centers. The residential areas surrounded the citadel, and the streets were laid out in a straight and orderly manner.

3. Advanced Drainage System:
One of the remarkable features of Harappan settlements was their advanced drainage system. They had an intricate network of underground drains and covered drains that ran along the streets, ensuring efficient disposal of wastewater and maintaining sanitation within the cities. The drains were constructed using brickwork and were connected to public and private bathing areas and toilets.

4. Brickwork and Architecture:
The Harappans were skilled in brick-making, and their settlements were constructed using baked bricks. The buildings had a standardized size and were made using a uniform ratio of bricks. The architecture of the Harappan cities included multi-story houses, public buildings, and possibly granaries. Some buildings had elaborate facades and were decorated with intricate carvings and motifs.

5. Public Wells and Reservoirs:
Water management was crucial in the Harappan civilization, and settlements were equipped with public wells and reservoirs. These water sources provided access to clean water for the inhabitants and their livestock. The reservoirs were built with steps for easy access to water and had a system of channels for distribution to different parts of the city.

6. Trade and Commercial Activities:
Harappan settlements were centers of trade and commerce. They had well-developed marketplaces and evidence of long-distance trade with regions as far as Mesopotamia. The cities had specialized craft areas where artisans produced various goods, including pottery, metalwork, jewelry, and textiles. The presence of seals and standardized weights suggests a well-organized system of trade and accounting.

7. Agricultural Practices:
The Harappans practiced agriculture on a large scale. The settlements had well-irrigated fields, and the farmers used advanced techniques such as plowing, sowing, and harvesting. The surplus agricultural produce supported the urban population and facilitated the growth of trade and commerce.

8. Art and Craftsmanship:
The Harappan civilization was known for its artistic and craftsmanship skills. The settlements yielded a vast array of artifacts, including pottery, figurines, seals, and jewelry. The pottery was often finely made and decorated with intricate designs and motifs. The seals, made of steatite, bore engravings of animals and script that is yet to be deciphered.