Classification of Plants Based on Characteristics

Non-Flowering Plants

1. Mosses - These are small, non-vascular plants that lack flowers, fruits, and seeds. They reproduce through spores.
2. Ferns - These are vascular plants that also reproduce through spores. They do not produce flowers or fruits.
3. Algae - These are aquatic plants that do not produce flowers or fruits. They reproduce through simple cell division or fragmentation.
4. Fungi - These are non-vascular plants that lack chlorophyll and reproduce through spores. They do not produce flowers or fruits.

Fruits are Not Formed

1. Gymnosperms - These are vascular plants that produce seeds but not fruits. They include conifers, cycads, and ginkgo trees.
2. Angiosperms - These are vascular plants that produce both seeds and fruits. However, some angiosperms do not produce fruits, such as orchids and grasses.

Pollination is Direct

1. Conifers - These are gymnosperms that rely on wind for pollination. The pollen is carried directly from the male cone to the female cone.
2. Cycads - These are gymnosperms that rely on insects for pollination. The pollen is carried directly from the male cone to the female cone.
3. Ginkgo trees - These are gymnosperms that also rely on insects for pollination. The pollen is carried directly from the male to the female tree.

Single Fertilization

1. Angiosperms - These are vascular plants that produce both seeds and fruits. They undergo double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, while the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to form the endosperm.
2. Gymnosperms - These are vascular plants that produce seeds but not fruits. They undergo single fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote.

Opposite Characteristics

The division having opposite characteristics to non-flowering plants is angiosperms. Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce both seeds and fruits, while non-flowering plants do not produce flowers or fruits.

Explanations:

Plants can be classified based on various characteristics, such as their reproductive methods and the presence or absence of fruits. Non-flowering plants include mosses, ferns, algae, and fungi. These plants lack flowers, fruits, and seeds and reproduce through spores or simple cell division.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are two types of plants that differ in their fruit production. Gymnosperms produce seeds but not fruits, while angiosperms produce both seeds and fruits. Some angiosperms, such as orchids and grasses, do not produce fruits.

Pollination can be either direct or indirect. Direct pollination occurs when pollen is transferred directly from the male part of the plant to the female part. Conifers, cycads, and ginkgo trees are gymnosperms that rely on direct pollination.

Fertilization can also vary among plants. Angiosperms undergo double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, and the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. Gymnosperms undergo single fertilization, where one sperm

Pollination is direc