Directory in France:

The Directory was a government system established in France during the French Revolution. It lasted from 1795 to 1799 and was characterized by a five-member executive called the Directory. This period marked the transition from the radical phase of the revolution to a more conservative one.

Structure and Functioning:

The Directory was established as a result of the Thermidorian Reaction, which overthrew the radical Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror. It aimed to create a more stable and moderate government structure. The executive power was held by the Directory, consisting of five directors who were chosen by the Council of Ancients from a list provided by the Council of Five Hundred.

The Directory had limited power and was subject to the control of two legislative bodies: the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred. The executive directors were responsible for implementing laws and managing the government, while the legislative bodies had the authority to propose and pass legislation.

Reasons for Removal:

1. Corruption and Inefficiency: The Directory was plagued by corruption and inefficiency. Many directors were involved in bribery and nepotism, leading to a loss of public trust. The government was also unable to effectively address economic issues and control inflation, leading to widespread discontent among the people.

2. Military Defeats: France faced multiple military defeats during the Directory's rule. The French army suffered losses in various conflicts, including the War of the First Coalition. These defeats weakened the government's position and further eroded public confidence.

3. Political Instability: The Directory faced opposition from both the left and the right. The radical Jacobins criticized the government for being too conservative, while royalists and conservatives accused it of being too revolutionary. The constant political infighting undermined the stability of the government.

4. Rise of Napoleon: General Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a powerful military leader during this period. He successfully led military campaigns and gained popularity among the French people. Eventually, he staged a coup d'état in 1799, overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consulate.

Conclusion:

The Directory was removed from power in France due to a combination of factors, including corruption, military defeats, political instability, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Its inefficiency and inability to address the challenges facing France resulted in its downfall and the establishment of a new government.