Introduction to the French Revolution
The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchy and the rise of democratic ideals.
Key Causes of the French Revolution:
- Social Inequality: The Estates-General system divided society into three estates: clergy, nobility, and the common people (Third Estate). This created significant social strife.
- Economic Crisis: France faced mounting debt, inflation, and famine, leading to widespread discontent among the populace.
- Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, inspiring revolutionary thoughts.
Napoleon's Rise to Power
After the Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a prominent military leader.
- Return from Exile: In 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba, where he had been exiled, and returned to France. He quickly regained popular support.
- Hundred Days: This period marked Napoleon's brief return to power. He aimed to restore his empire and re-establish control over France.
The Battle of Waterloo
The culmination of Napoleon's comeback was the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815.
- Coalition Forces: Napoleon faced a coalition army led by the Duke of Wellington (British) and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (Prussian).
- Decisive Defeat: Despite initial successes, Napoleon's forces were outmaneuvered and overwhelmed. Wellington's troops, combined with the Prussians, led to a crushing defeat.
- End of the Napoleonic Era: Following Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, marking the end of his rule and the Napoleonic Wars.
This series of events profoundly influenced Europe, leading to the establishment of a new balance of power and the eventual rise of modern nation-states.

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