**Excessive body weight due to overnutrition leads to obesity.**

**Obesity** is a condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation. It occurs when energy intake from food and drink exceeds the energy expended by the body. This imbalance between calorie intake and expenditure leads to weight gain and the accumulation of fat in the body.

**Causes of obesity:**

1. **Overnutrition:** Overnutrition occurs when the intake of nutrients, particularly calories, exceeds the body's energy needs. Consuming large amounts of calorie-dense foods, such as sugary drinks, processed snacks, and high-fat meals, can contribute to overnutrition and ultimately lead to obesity.

2. **Sedentary lifestyle:** Lack of physical activity or a sedentary lifestyle can also contribute to obesity. When the body does not engage in regular exercise or movement, it burns fewer calories, which can contribute to weight gain.

3. **Genetics:** Genetic factors can also play a role in obesity. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to gain weight more easily than others. However, genetics alone cannot fully explain the rising rates of obesity worldwide.

**Health consequences of obesity:**

Obesity is associated with a wide range of health problems, including:

1. **Type 2 diabetes:** Excess body weight increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

2. **Heart disease:** Obesity is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and heart attacks.

3. **Joint problems:** The excess weight puts additional strain on the joints, leading to conditions such as osteoarthritis.

4. **Sleep apnea:** Obesity is a common cause of sleep apnea, a condition characterized by interrupted breathing during sleep.

5. **Mental health issues:** Obesity can also have negative effects on mental health, leading to low self-esteem, depression, and body image dissatisfaction.

**Prevention and management of obesity:**

Preventing and managing obesity involves adopting a balanced and healthy lifestyle, including:

1. **Healthy eating:** A well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help prevent excessive weight gain.

2. **Regular physical activity:** Engaging in regular exercise and physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy weight and preventing obesity.

3. **Portion control:** Monitoring portion sizes and avoiding overeating can help prevent excessive calorie intake.

4. **Behavioral changes:** Making sustainable lifestyle changes, such as developing healthy eating habits, managing stress, and getting enough sleep, can support weight management.

5. **Seeking professional help:** In some cases, individuals may require professional guidance from healthcare providers, nutritionists, or dietitians to develop personalized weight management plans.

In conclusion, excessive body weight due to overnutrition leads to obesity, which is associated with various health risks. Adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and making sustainable lifestyle changes are crucial for preventing and managing obesity.

Answer is d