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what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com ...
TYPES OF DECISION MAKING
There are many ways of classifying decision in an organization but the following types of decisions are important ones :
1. Tactical and Strategic Decisions
Tactical decisions are those which a manager makes over and over again adhering to certain established rules, policies and procedures. They are of repetitive nature and related to general functioning. Authority for taking tactical decisions is usually delegated to lower levels in the organization.
Strategic decisions on the other hand are relatively more difficult. They influence the future of the business and involve the entire organization. Decisions pertaining to objective of the business, capital expenditure, plant layout, production etc., are examples of strategic decisions.
2. Programmed and Non-programmed Decisions
Prof. Herbert Simon (June 15, 1916 - February 9, 2001), an American economist and psychologist, has used computer terminology in classifying business decisions. These decisions are of a routine and repetitive nature. The programmed decisions are basically of a routine type for which systematic procedures have been devised so that the problem may not be treated as a unique case each time it crops up.
The non-programmed decisions are complex and deserve a specific treatment. In the above example, if all the professors in a department stop their teaching work the problem cannot be solved by set procedural rules. It becomes a problem which requires a thorough study of the causes of such a situation and after analysing all factors a solution can be found through problem solving process.
3. Basic and Routine Decisions
Prof. Katona has classified decisions as basic and routine. Basic decision are those which require a good deal of deliberation and are of crucial importance. These decisions require the formulation of new norms through deliberate thought provoking process. Examples of basic decisions are plant location, product diversification, selecting channels of distribution etc.
Routine decisions are of repetitive nature and hence, require relatively little consideration. It may be seen that basic decisions generally relate to strategic aspects, while routine decisions are related to tactical aspects of a organization.
4. Organizational and Personal Decisions
Organizational decisions are those which an executive takes in his official capacity and which can be delegated to others. On the other hand, personal decisions are those which an executive takes in his individual capacity but not as a member of organization.
5. Off-the-Cuff and Planned Decisions
Off-the-cuff decisions involve "shooting from the hip". These decisions can be taken easily and may be directed towards the purposes of the enterprise. On the other hand, planned decisions are linked to the objectives of organization. They are based on facts and involve the scientific process in problem solving.
6. Policy and Operating Decisions
Policy decisions are those which are taken by top management and which are of a fundamental character affecting the entire business. Operating decisions are those which are taken by lower management for the purpose of executing policy decisions. Operating decisions relate mostly to the decision marker's own work and behaviour while policy decisions influence work or behaviour pattern of subordinates.
7. Policy, Administrative and Executive Decisions
Ernest Dale (born in Hamburg, Germany and died at the age of 79) has classified decisions in business organization as under.
(a) Policy decisions,
(b) Administrative decisions and
(c) Executive decisions.
Policy decisions are taken by top management or administration of an organization. They relate to major issues and policies such as the nature of the financial structure, marketing policies, outline of organization structure.
Administrative decisions are made by middle management and are less important than policy decisions. According to Ernest Dale the size of the advertising budget is a policy decision but selection of media would be an example of administrative decision.
Executive decisions are those which are made at the point where the work is carried out. Distinguishing between these three types of decisions Dale writes, "policy decisions set forth goals and general courses of action, administrative decisions determine the means to be used and executive decisions are those made on a day-to-day basis as particular cases come up".
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what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com ...
There are several types of decision making in business economics for B.Com, which are based on different objectives and considerations. These include:
1. Strategic decisions: Strategic decisions involve long-term planning and aim to achieve the overall objectives of the business. These decisions are usually made by top-level management and involve determining the direction and scope of the company's activities, such as entering new markets or launching new products.
2. Tactical decisions: Tactical decisions are medium-term decisions that focus on implementing the overall strategy. They involve allocating resources efficiently, setting targets, and making decisions about pricing, marketing, production, and other operational aspects of the business.
3. Operational decisions: Operational decisions are short-term decisions that deal with day-to-day activities and aim to ensure the smooth running of the business. These decisions include inventory management, production scheduling, quality control, and staffing decisions.
4. Financial decisions: Financial decisions involve managing the financial resources of the business. This includes decisions related to capital budgeting, financing, investment appraisal, dividend policies, and working capital management.
5. Risk management decisions: Risk management decisions involve identifying and assessing potential risks to the business and developing strategies to mitigate them. This includes decisions related to insurance, hedging, diversification, and contingency planning.
6. Ethical decisions: Ethical decisions involve considering the moral and ethical implications of business decisions. This includes decisions related to corporate social responsibility, environmental sustainability, fair trade practices, and ethical sourcing.
7. Innovation decisions: Innovation decisions involve identifying and implementing new ideas, technologies, or processes to improve the business's competitiveness and performance. This includes decisions related to research and development, product innovation, and process improvement.
Overall, the types of decision making in business economics for B.Com can vary based on the specific objectives and circumstances of the business.
1. Strategic decisions: Strategic decisions involve long-term planning and aim to achieve the overall objectives of the business. These decisions are usually made by top-level management and involve determining the direction and scope of the company's activities, such as entering new markets or launching new products.
2. Tactical decisions: Tactical decisions are medium-term decisions that focus on implementing the overall strategy. They involve allocating resources efficiently, setting targets, and making decisions about pricing, marketing, production, and other operational aspects of the business.
3. Operational decisions: Operational decisions are short-term decisions that deal with day-to-day activities and aim to ensure the smooth running of the business. These decisions include inventory management, production scheduling, quality control, and staffing decisions.
4. Financial decisions: Financial decisions involve managing the financial resources of the business. This includes decisions related to capital budgeting, financing, investment appraisal, dividend policies, and working capital management.
5. Risk management decisions: Risk management decisions involve identifying and assessing potential risks to the business and developing strategies to mitigate them. This includes decisions related to insurance, hedging, diversification, and contingency planning.
6. Ethical decisions: Ethical decisions involve considering the moral and ethical implications of business decisions. This includes decisions related to corporate social responsibility, environmental sustainability, fair trade practices, and ethical sourcing.
7. Innovation decisions: Innovation decisions involve identifying and implementing new ideas, technologies, or processes to improve the business's competitiveness and performance. This includes decisions related to research and development, product innovation, and process improvement.
Overall, the types of decision making in business economics for B.Com can vary based on the specific objectives and circumstances of the business.
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what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com ...
In the business there are _____ kinds of decisions
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what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com Related: Objectives - Introduction to Business Economics, Business Economics & Finance? for B Com 2024 is part of B Com preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the B Com exam syllabus. Information about what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com Related: Objectives - Introduction to Business Economics, Business Economics & Finance? covers all topics & solutions for B Com 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for what are the types of decision making in business economics for b.com Related: Objectives - Introduction to Business Economics, Business Economics & Finance?.
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