How does penicillin kill bacteria?

Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that are widely used to treat bacterial infections. It was the first antibiotic discovered and has been instrumental in saving countless lives since its introduction. Penicillin works by targeting and disrupting the cell wall of bacteria, ultimately leading to their death.

1. Cell wall formation in bacteria

Bacteria have a unique feature that distinguishes them from other organisms - a cell wall. The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the bacterial cell. It is composed of a complex network of peptidoglycan, a combination of sugars and amino acids.

2. Inhibition of cell wall formation

Penicillin works by inhibiting the formation of the bacterial cell wall. It specifically targets and interferes with the enzyme called transpeptidase, which is responsible for cross-linking the peptidoglycan chains during cell wall synthesis. Without the proper cross-linking, the cell wall becomes weak and unable to withstand the internal pressure of the bacterial cell.

3. Weakening of the cell wall

As the cell wall weakens, the bacterial cell becomes increasingly susceptible to osmotic pressure changes. The internal pressure of the cell exceeds the strength of the weakened cell wall, leading to the formation of holes and ruptures in the cell membrane.

4. Cell lysis and bacterial death

The formation of holes and ruptures in the cell membrane allows for the leakage of cellular components, including essential molecules and ions. This disruption of the bacterial cell's internal environment ultimately leads to cell lysis, or the bursting of the cell. As a result, the bacteria are unable to maintain their structural integrity and vital functions, leading to their death.

Conclusion

In summary, penicillin kills bacteria by specifically targeting and inhibiting the formation of their cell wall. This disruption weakens the cell wall, leading to the formation of holes and ruptures in the cell membrane. As a result, the bacteria lose their structural integrity and vital functions, ultimately leading to their death. Penicillin's ability to target the cell wall is what makes it an effective and important weapon in the fight against bacterial infections.