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As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door to another category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.
An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers -  previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include:  lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions when compared against traditional performance metrics.  Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge. 
The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?
  • a)
    They are not expensive to produce.
  • b)
    They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.
  • c)
    Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.  
  • d)
    They make a service easier to consume for consumers who possess limited specialized knowledge in the field the innovations are made in. 
  • e)
    The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs...
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Since this is a Global Inference question, we cannot pre-think on specific lines. However, we must keep in mind that four out of the five given answer choices will not follow from what is stated in the passage; these answer choices are INCORRECT. Select the answer choice that is bolstered by specific facts/ideas mentioned in the passage. 
Answer Choices
A
They are not expensive to produce.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
There is no mention of any kind of production cost in the passage.
B
They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
There is no mention of any kind of research value added by either of the kinds of innovations.
C
Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.  
Incorrect: Inconsistent
The author does state that at least initially they are targeted at smaller markets, but there is no mention of this aspect affecting their eventual scalability.
D
They make a service easier to consume for consumers who possess limited specialized knowledge in the field the innovations are made in. 
Correct
In the first sentence of the second paragraph, we are told that disruptive innovations provide access to those products and services for which one historically needed a lot of money or a lot of skill, characteristics compatible with sustaining innovations. Hence, we can infer statement given in this choice.
E
The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.
Incorrect: Opposite
The information given in the passage supports an inference opposite to this choice, as seen in the answer explanation for choice D.
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As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - disruptive innovations. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.Which of the following statements is supported by the information given in the passage?

As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - disruptive innovations. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The authors primarily concerned with

To maximize profits, an employer should control his or her environment in a factory, shop, or office and make sure that examples of energy and efficiency are numerous enough to catch employee attention and establish an atmosphere of industry. In the workplace, there are instances in which it would be in the mutual interest of the employer and the employees to increase the speed of work, but conditions may limit or forbid the use of pace-setters. In construction work and in some of the industries, where there are minute subdivisions of operations and continuity of processes, this method of increasing efficiency is very commonly applied with the use of time cards and software. In many factories, however, such an effort to speed up production might stir resentment, even among the workers paid at a fixed rate for each unit produced or action performed, and have an effect exactly opposite to that desired. The alternative, of course, is for the employer to secure unconscious pace setting by providing incentives for the naturally ambitious men and women in the way of a premium or bonus system or other reward for above-average efficiency.Accordingly, to take advantage of the benefits of conscious or voluntary imitation, workers must be provided with examples that appeal to them as admirable and inspire the wish to emulate them. A common application of this principle is seen in the choice of department heads, foremen, and other bosses. Invariably these people win promotion by industry, skill, and efficiency greater than that displayed by their direct peers, or by mastery of their skills that enables them to show their less efficient peers how any and all operations should be conducted. This focusing of attention upon individuals worthy of imitation has been carried much farther by various companies. Some create weekly or monthly papers published primarily for circulation within the organization to record every incident reflecting unusual skill, initiative, or personal power in an individual member of the organization. A big order closed, a difficult contract secured, a complex or delicate operation performed in less than the usual time, a new personal record in production, the invention of an unproved method or machinewhatever the achievement, it is described and glorified, its perpetrator praised and held up for emulation. This, indeed, is one of the methods by which the larger sales organizations have obtained remarkable results.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage NOT agree?

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As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for GMAT 2024 is part of GMAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the GMAT exam syllabus. Information about As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for GMAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.
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They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. 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They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. 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They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. 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They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice As companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ needs evolve, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are actually overly sophisticated, extremely expensive, and rather complicated for many customers in their market. These innovations fall under the category of sustaining innovations, innovations that simply improve existing products. Companies pursue sustaining innovations at the higher tiers of their markets because this is what has historically helped them succeed: by charging the highest prices to their most demanding and sophisticated customers at the top of the market, companies achieve the greatest profitability. However, by doing so, companies unwittingly open the door toanother category of innovations - “disruptive innovations”. In contrast to sustaining innovations, disruptive innovations lie at the bottom of the market. They are made not only by harnessing new technologies but also by developing new business models and exploiting old technologies in new ways.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. Personal computers, for instance, were disruptive innovations because they created a new mass market for computers - previously, expensive mainframe computers were sold only to big companies and research universities. Characteristics of disruptive businesses, at least in their initial stages, can include: lower gross margins, smaller target markets, and simpler products and services that may not appear as attractive as existing solutions whencompared against traditional performance metrics. Because these lower tiers of the market offer lower gross margins, they are unattractive to other firms moving upward in the market, creating space at the bottom of the market for new disruptive competitors to emerge.The passage supports which of the following statements about disruptive innovations?a)They are not expensive to produce.b)They do not add as much research value as sustaining innovations do.c)Because they are targeted at smaller market, they never become mass scale products.d)They make a service easier to consume for consumers whopossess limitedspecialized knowledge in the field the innovations aremade in.e)The products under them gradually move to sustaining innovations.Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice GMAT tests.
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