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In the last decade, research in nanotechnology conducted at university-funded laboratories fell to a record low because grants for scientists who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those of expenses incurred during such research increased rapidly.
  • a)
    who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those of
  • b)
    conducting independent research were not easily approved while, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools,
  • c)
    conducting independent research were not easily approved, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools, and those of
  • d)
    that conducted independent research that was not easily approved; however, because the necessary tools were rising in costs,
  • e)
    conducting independent research that was not easily approved, but, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools,  
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Verified Answer
In the last decade, research in nanotechnology conducted at university...
In the last decade, research in nanotechnology conducted at university-funded laboratories fell to a record low because grants for scientists who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those of expenses incurred during such research increased rapidly.
Meaning Analysis
  • In the last decade, research in nanotechnology conducted at university-funded laboratories fell to a record low
    • because grants for scientists
      • whoconducted independent research
  • were not easily approved,
  • but, because the necessary technical toolswere rising in costs,
    • those of expenses incurred during such research increased rapidly.            
This sentence tells us that the research in nanotechnology that is carried out at university-funded laboratories decreased significantly in the last decade. It further gives the following two reasons for this decrease:
  1. Grants for scientists conducting independent research were not approved easily.
  2. The expenses for independent researches increased because of the increasing costs of the necessary technical tools.
So, the sentence explains why nanotechnology research in university-funded laboratories decreased: grants were not easily approved while the expenses increased.
Error Analysis
1)      The two reasons have been connected using ‘but’, a contrast word.  This connection is not logical since there is no apparent contrast between the two reasons.  Both the reasons present rationale for why the research decreased – grants were not easily approved and at the same time the expenses increased.
2)      The phrase “those of” does not make much sense in the context of this sentence. Since “those” is a demonstrative pronoun, it should refer to a noun that has already been mentioned in the sentence. However, in this sentence, there is no logical antecedent for the pronoun “those.” So, the phrase “those of” should be removed from the sentence.
It is illogical to say that the tools were rising. The costs of the tools were rising, not the tools themselves. 
Answer Choices
A
who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those of
Incorrect:
This choice has the errors pointed out in the error analysis.
B
conducting independent research were not easily approved while, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools,
Correct:      
This choice corrects all the errors of the original choice.   
C
conducting independent research were not easily approved, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools, and those of
Incorrect:
1)     As in choice A, “those of” has no function in the sentence.
2)     This choice distorts the meaning of the sentence. The sentence now incorrectly states that grants were not easily approved because of two reasons:
  1. the rising costs of tools.
  2. the increase of expenses
3)     Furthermore, the two reasons mentioned are not parallel.  One is a phrase “rising costs…” and the other is a clause “expenses increased...”
D
that conducted independent research that was not easily approved; however, because the necessary tools were rising in costs,
Incorrect:
1)     There is no verb for the subject “grants for scientists”. 
2)     This sentence conveys a different meaning from that of the original sentence. It says that the research was not easily approved. However, according to the original sentence the grants for scientists were not easily approved.
3)     The relative pronoun modifier “that” is incorrectly used to refer to the scientists; “that” cannot be used to refer to people.
4)     It is illogical to say that the tools were rising. The costs of the tools were rising, not the tools.  
conducting independent research that was not easily approved, but, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools,  
Incorrect:    
1)     This choice changes the meaning in the same way as choice D does.
2)     There is no verb for the subject “grants for scientists”. 
3)     This choice contains the error pertaining to “but” as Choice A does.
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In the last decade, research in nanotechnology conducted at university-funded laboratories fell to a record low because grants for scientists who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those of expenses incurred during such research increased rapidly.a)who conducted independent research were not easily approved, but, because the necessary technical tools were rising in costs, those ofb)conducting independent research were not easily approved while, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools,c)conducting independent research were not easily approved, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools, and those ofd)that conducted independent research that was not easily approved; however, because the necessary tools were rising in costs,e)conducting independent research that was not easily approved, but, because of the rising costs of the necessary technical tools, Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Question Description
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